zshall(1) zshall(1)
NAME
zshall - the Z shell meta-man page
OVERVIEW
Because zsh contains many features, the zsh manual has been split into
a number of sections. This manual page includes all the separate man-
ual pages in the following order:
zshroadmap Informal introduction to the manual
zshmisc Anything not fitting into the other sections
zshexpn Zsh command and parameter expansion
zshparam Zsh parameters
zshoptions Zsh options
zshbuiltins Zsh built-in functions
zshzle Zsh command line editing
zshcompwid Zsh completion widgets
zshcompsys Zsh completion system
zshcompctl Zsh completion control
zshmodules Zsh loadable modules
zshtcpsys Zsh built-in TCP functions
zshzftpsys Zsh built-in FTP client
zshcontrib Additional zsh functions and utilities
DESCRIPTION
Zsh is a UNIX command interpreter (shell) usable as an interactive
login shell and as a shell script command processor. Of the standard
shells, zsh most closely resembles ksh but includes many enhancements.
Zsh has command line editing, builtin spelling correction, programmable
command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history mech-
anism, and a host of other features.
AUTHOR
Zsh was originally written by Paul Falstad <pf@zsh.org>. Zsh is now
maintained by the members of the zsh-workers mailing list <zsh-work-
ers@sunsite.dk>. The development is currently coordinated by Peter
Stephenson <pws@zsh.org>. The coordinator can be contacted at <coordi-
nator@zsh.org>, but matters relating to the code should generally go to
the mailing list.
AVAILABILITY
Zsh is available from the following anonymous FTP sites. These mirror
sites are kept frequently up to date. The sites marked with (H) may be
mirroring ftp.cs.elte.hu instead of the primary site.
Primary site
ftp://ftp.zsh.org/pub/zsh/
http://www.zsh.org/pub/zsh/
Australia
ftp://ftp.zsh.org/pub/zsh/
http://www.zsh.org/pub/zsh/
Denmark
ftp://sunsite.dk/pub/unix/shells/zsh/
Finland
ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/unix/shells/zsh/
Germany
ftp://ftp.fu-berlin.de/pub/unix/shells/zsh/ (H)
ftp://ftp.gmd.de/packages/zsh/
ftp://ftp.uni-trier.de/pub/unix/shell/zsh/
Hungary
ftp://ftp.cs.elte.hu/pub/zsh/
http://www.cs.elte.hu/pub/zsh/
ftp://ftp.kfki.hu/pub/packages/zsh/
Israel
ftp://ftp.math.technion.ac.il/pub/zsh/
http://www.math.technion.ac.il/pub/zsh/
Japan
ftp://ftp.win.ne.jp/pub/shell/zsh/
Korea
ftp://linux.sarang.net/mirror/system/shell/zsh/
Netherlands
ftp://ftp.demon.nl/pub/mirrors/zsh/
Norway
ftp://ftp.uit.no/pub/unix/shells/zsh/
Poland
ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/unix/shells/zsh/
Romania
ftp://ftp.roedu.net/pub/mirrors/ftp.zsh.org/pub/zsh/
ftp://ftp.kappa.ro/pub/mirrors/ftp.zsh.org/pub/zsh/
Slovenia
ftp://ftp.siol.net/mirrors/zsh/
Sweden
ftp://ftp.lysator.liu.se/pub/unix/zsh/
UK
ftp://ftp.net.lut.ac.uk/zsh/
ftp://sunsite.org.uk/packages/zsh/
USA
http://zsh.open-mirror.com/
The up-to-date source code is available via anonymous CVS from Source-
forge. See http://sourceforge.net/projects/zsh/ for details.
MAILING LISTS
Zsh has 3 mailing lists:
<zsh-announce@sunsite.dk>
Announcements about releases, major changes in the shell and the
monthly posting of the Zsh FAQ. (moderated)
<zsh-users@sunsite.dk>
User discussions.
<zsh-workers@sunsite.dk>
Hacking, development, bug reports and patches.
To subscribe or unsubscribe, send mail to the associated administrative
address for the mailing list.
<zsh-announce-subscribe@sunsite.dk>
<zsh-users-subscribe@sunsite.dk>
<zsh-workers-subscribe@sunsite.dk>
<zsh-announce-unsubscribe@sunsite.dk>
<zsh-users-unsubscribe@sunsite.dk>
<zsh-workers-unsubscribe@sunsite.dk>
YOU ONLY NEED TO JOIN ONE OF THE MAILING LISTS AS THEY ARE NESTED. All
submissions to zsh-announce are automatically forwarded to zsh-users.
All submissions to zsh-users are automatically forwarded to zsh-work-
ers.
If you have problems subscribing/unsubscribing to any of the mailing
lists, send mail to <listmaster@zsh.org>. The mailing lists are main-
tained by Karsten Thygesen <karthy@kom.auc.dk>.
The mailing lists are archived; the archives can be accessed via the
administrative addresses listed above. There is also a hypertext ar-
chive, maintained by Geoff Wing <gcw@zsh.org>, available at
http://www.zsh.org/mla/.
THE ZSH FAQ
Zsh has a list of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ), maintained by Peter
Stephenson <pws@zsh.org>. It is regularly posted to the newsgroup
comp.unix.shell and the zsh-announce mailing list. The latest version
can be found at any of the Zsh FTP sites, or at
http://www.zsh.org/FAQ/. The contact address for FAQ-related matters
is <faqmaster@zsh.org>.
THE ZSH WEB PAGE
Zsh has a web page which is located at http://www.zsh.org/. This is
maintained by Karsten Thygesen <karthy@zsh.org>, of SunSITE Denmark.
The contact address for web-related matters is <webmaster@zsh.org>.
THE ZSH USERGUIDE
A userguide is currently in preparation. It is intended to complement
the manual, with explanations and hints on issues where the manual can
be cabbalistic, hierographic, or downright mystifying (for example, the
word `hierographic' does not exist). It can be viewed in its current
state at http://zsh.sunsite.dk/Guide/. At the time of writing, chap-
ters dealing with startup files and their contents and the new comple-
tion system were essentially complete.
THE ZSH WIKI
A `wiki' website for zsh has been created at http://www.zshwiki.org/.
This is a site which can be added to and modified directly by users
without any special permission. You can add your own zsh tips and con-
figurations.
INVOCATION OPTIONS
The following flags are interpreted by the shell when invoked to deter-
mine where the shell will read commands from:
-c Take the first argument as a command to execute, rather than
reading commands from a script or standard input. If any fur-
ther arguments are given, the first one is assigned to $0,
rather than being used as a positional parameter.
-i Force shell to be interactive.
-s Force shell to read commands from the standard input. If the -s
flag is not present and an argument is given, the first argument
is taken to be the pathname of a script to execute.
After the first one or two arguments have been appropriated as
described above, the remaining arguments are assigned to the positional
parameters.
For further options, which are common to invocation and the set
builtin, see zshoptions(1).
Options may be specified by name using the -o option. -o acts like a
single-letter option, but takes a following string as the option name.
For example,
zsh -x -o shwordsplit scr
runs the script scr, setting the XTRACE option by the corresponding
letter `-x' and the SH_WORD_SPLIT option by name. Options may be
turned off by name by using +o instead of -o. -o can be stacked up
with preceding single-letter options, so for example `-xo shwordsplit'
or `-xoshwordsplit' is equivalent to `-x -o shwordsplit'.
Options may also be specified by name in GNU long option style,
`--option-name'. When this is done, `-' characters in the option name
are permitted: they are translated into `_', and thus ignored. So, for
example, `zsh --sh-word-split' invokes zsh with the SH_WORD_SPLIT
option turned on. Like other option syntaxes, options can be turned
off by replacing the initial `-' with a `+'; thus `+-sh-word-split' is
equivalent to `--no-sh-word-split'. Unlike other option syntaxes,
GNU-style long options cannot be stacked with any other options, so for
example `-x-shwordsplit' is an error, rather than being treated like
`-x --shwordsplit'.
The special GNU-style option `--version' is handled; it sends to stan-
dard output the shell's version information, then exits successfully.
`--help' is also handled; it sends to standard output a list of options
that can be used when invoking the shell, then exits successfully.
Option processing may be finished, allowing following arguments that
start with `-' or `+' to be treated as normal arguments, in two ways.
Firstly, a lone `-' (or `+') as an argument by itself ends option pro-
cessing. Secondly, a special option `--' (or `+-'), which may be spec-
ified on its own (which is the standard POSIX usage) or may be stacked
with preceding options (so `-x-' is equivalent to `-x --'). Options
are not permitted to be stacked after `--' (so `-x-f' is an error), but
note the GNU-style option form discussed above, where `--shwordsplit'
is permitted and does not end option processing.
Except when the sh/ksh emulation single-letter options are in effect,
the option `-b' (or `+b') ends option processing. `-b' is like `--',
except that further single-letter options can be stacked after the `-b'
and will take effect as normal.
COMPATIBILITY
Zsh tries to emulate sh or ksh when it is invoked as sh or ksh respec-
tively; more precisely, it looks at the first letter of the name by
which it was invoked, excluding any initial `r' (assumed to stand for
`restricted'), and if that is `s' or `k' it will emulate sh or ksh.
Furthermore, if invoked as su (which happens on certain systems when
the shell is executed by the su command), the shell will try to find an
alternative name from the SHELL environment variable and perform emula-
tion based on that.
In sh and ksh compatibility modes the following parameters are not spe-
cial and not initialized by the shell: ARGC, argv, cdpath, fignore,
fpath, HISTCHARS, mailpath, MANPATH, manpath, path, prompt, PROMPT,
PROMPT2, PROMPT3, PROMPT4, psvar, status, watch.
The usual zsh startup/shutdown scripts are not executed. Login shells
source /etc/profile followed by $HOME/.profile. If the ENV environment
variable is set on invocation, $ENV is sourced after the profile
scripts. The value of ENV is subjected to parameter expansion, command
substitution, and arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a
pathname. Note that the PRIVILEGED option also affects the execution
of startup files.
The following options are set if the shell is invoked as sh or ksh:
NO_BAD_PATTERN, NO_BANG_HIST, NO_BG_NICE, NO_EQUALS, NO_FUNC-
TION_ARGZERO, GLOB_SUBST, NO_GLOBAL_EXPORT, NO_HUP, INTERACTIVE_COM-
MENTS, KSH_ARRAYS, NO_MULTIOS, NO_NOMATCH, NO_NOTIFY, POSIX_BUILTINS,
NO_PROMPT_PERCENT, RM_STAR_SILENT, SH_FILE_EXPANSION, SH_GLOB,
SH_OPTION_LETTERS, SH_WORD_SPLIT. Additionally the BSD_ECHO and
IGNORE_BRACES options are set if zsh is invoked as sh. Also, the
KSH_OPTION_PRINT, LOCAL_OPTIONS, PROMPT_BANG, PROMPT_SUBST and SIN-
GLE_LINE_ZLE options are set if zsh is invoked as ksh.
RESTRICTED SHELL
When the basename of the command used to invoke zsh starts with the
letter `r' or the `-r' command line option is supplied at invocation,
the shell becomes restricted. Emulation mode is determined after
stripping the letter `r' from the invocation name. The following are
disabled in restricted mode:
o changing directories with the cd builtin
o changing or unsetting the PATH, path, MODULE_PATH, module_path,
SHELL, HISTFILE, HISTSIZE, GID, EGID, UID, EUID, USERNAME,
LD_LIBRARY_PATH, LD_AOUT_LIBRARY_PATH, LD_PRELOAD and
LD_AOUT_PRELOAD parameters
o specifying command names containing /
o specifying command pathnames using hash
o redirecting output to files
o using the exec builtin command to replace the shell with another
command
o using jobs -Z to overwrite the shell process' argument and envi-
ronment space
o using the ARGV0 parameter to override argv[0] for external com-
mands
o turning off restricted mode with set +r or unsetopt RESTRICTED
These restrictions are enforced after processing the startup files.
The startup files should set up PATH to point to a directory of com-
mands which can be safely invoked in the restricted environment. They
may also add further restrictions by disabling selected builtins.
Restricted mode can also be activated any time by setting the
RESTRICTED option. This immediately enables all the restrictions
described above even if the shell still has not processed all startup
files.
STARTUP/SHUTDOWN FILES
Commands are first read from /etc/zshenv; this cannot be overridden.
Subsequent behaviour is modified by the RCS and GLOBAL_RCS options; the
former affects all startup files, while the second only affects global
startup files (those shown here with an path starting with a /). If
one of the options is unset at any point, any subsequent startup
file(s) of the corresponding type will not be read. It is also possi-
ble for a file in $ZDOTDIR to re-enable GLOBAL_RCS. Both RCS and
GLOBAL_RCS are set by default.
Commands are then read from $ZDOTDIR/.zshenv. If the shell is a login
shell, commands are read from /etc/zprofile and then $ZDOTDIR/.zpro-
file. Then, if the shell is interactive, commands are read from
/etc/zshrc and then $ZDOTDIR/.zshrc. Finally, if the shell is a login
shell, /etc/zlogin and $ZDOTDIR/.zlogin are read.
When a login shell exits, the files $ZDOTDIR/.zlogout and then
/etc/zlogout are read. This happens with either an explicit exit via
the exit or logout commands, or an implicit exit by reading end-of-file
from the terminal. However, if the shell terminates due to exec'ing
another process, the logout files are not read. These are also
affected by the RCS and GLOBAL_RCS options. Note also that the RCS
option affects the saving of history files, i.e. if RCS is unset when
the shell exits, no history file will be saved.
If ZDOTDIR is unset, HOME is used instead. Files listed above as being
in /etc may be in another directory, depending on the installation.
As /etc/zshenv is run for all instances of zsh, it is important that it
be kept as small as possible. In particular, it is a good idea to put
code that does not need to be run for every single shell behind a test
of the form `if [[ -o rcs ]]; then ...' so that it will not be executed
when zsh is invoked with the `-f' option.
Any of these files may be pre-compiled with the zcompile builtin com-
mand (see zshbuiltins(1)). If a compiled file exists (named for the
original file plus the .zwc extension) and it is newer than the origi-
nal file, the compiled file will be used instead.
ZSHROADMAP(1) ZSHROADMAP(1)
NAME
zshroadmap - informal introduction to the zsh manual
The Zsh Manual, like the shell itself, is large and often complicated.
This section of the manual provides some pointers to areas of the shell
that are likely to be of particular interest to new users, and indi-
cates where in the rest of the manual the documentation is to be found.
WHEN THE SHELL STARTS
When it starts, the shell reads commands from various files. These can
be created or edited to customize the shell. See the section
Startup/Shutdown Files in zsh(1).
If no personal initialization files exist for the current user, a func-
tion is run to help you change some of the most common settings. It
won't appear if your administrator has disabled the zsh/newuser module.
The function is designed to be self-explanatory. You can run it by
hand with `autoload -Uz zsh-newuser-install; zsh-newuser-install -f'.
See also the section User Configuration Functions in zshcontrib(1).
INTERACTIVE USE
Interaction with the shell uses the builtin Zsh Line Editor, ZLE. This
is described in detail in zshzle(1).
The first decision a user must make is whether to use the Emacs or Vi
editing mode as the keys for editing are substantially different.
Emacs editing mode is probably more natural for beginners and can be
selected explicitly with the command bindkey -e.
A history mechanism for retrieving previously typed lines (most simply
with the Up or Down arrow keys) is available; note that, unlike other
shells, zsh will not save these lines when the shell exits unless you
set appropriate variables, and the number of history lines retained by
default is quite small (30 lines). See the description of the shell
variables (referred to in the documentation as parameters) HISTFILE,
HISTSIZE and SAVEHIST in zshparam(1).
The shell now supports the UTF-8 character set (and also others if sup-
ported by the operating system). This is (mostly) handled transpar-
ently by the shell, but the degree of support in terminal emulators is
variable. There is some discussion of this in the shell FAQ,
http://zsh.dotsrc.org/FAQ/ . Note in particular that for combining
characters to be handled the option COMBINING_CHARS needs to be set.
Completion
Completion is a feature present in many shells. It allows the user to
type only a part (usually the prefix) of a word and have the shell fill
in the rest. The completion system in zsh is programmable. For exam-
ple, the shell can be set to complete email addresses in arguments to
the mail command from your ~/.abook/addressbook; usernames, hostnames,
and even remote paths in arguments to scp, and so on. Anything that
can be written in or glued together with zsh can be the source of what
the line editor offers as possible completions.
Zsh has two completion systems, an old, so called compctl completion
(named after the builtin command that serves as its complete and only
user interface), and a new one, referred to as compsys, organized as
library of builtin and user-defined functions. The two systems differ
in their interface for specifying the completion behavior. The new
system is more customizable and is supplied with completions for many
commonly used commands; it is therefore to be preferred.
The completion system must be enabled explicitly when the shell starts.
For more information see zshcompsys(1).
Extending the line editor
Apart from completion, the line editor is highly extensible by means of
shell functions. Some useful functions are provided with the shell;
they provide facilities such as:
insert-composed-char
composing characters not found on the keyboard
match-words-by-style
configuring what the line editor considers a word when moving or
deleting by word
history-beginning-search-backward-end, etc.
alternative ways of searching the shell history
replace-string, replace-pattern
functions for replacing strings or patterns globally in the com-
mand line
edit-command-line
edit the command line with an external editor.
See the section `ZLE Functions' in zshcontrib(1) for descriptions of
these.
OPTIONS
The shell has a large number of options for changing its behaviour.
These cover all aspects of the shell; browsing the full documentation
is the only good way to become acquainted with the many possibilities.
See zshoptions(1).
PATTERN MATCHING
The shell has a rich set of patterns which are available for file
matching (described in the documentation as `filename generation' and
also known for historical reasons as `globbing') and for use when pro-
gramming. These are described in the section `Filename Generation' in
zshexpn(1).
Of particular interest are the following patterns that are not commonly
supported by other systems of pattern matching:
** for matching over multiple directories
~, ^ the ability to exclude patterns from matching when the
EXTENDED_GLOB option is set
(...) glob qualifiers, included in parentheses at the end of the pat-
tern, which select files by type (such as directories) or
attribute (such as size).
GENERAL COMMENTS ON SYNTAX
Although the syntax of zsh is in ways similar to the Korn shell, and
therefore more remotely to the original UNIX shell, the Bourne shell,
its default behaviour does not entirely correspond to those shells.
General shell syntax is introduced in the section `Shell Grammar' in
zshmisc(1).
One commonly encountered difference is that variables substituted onto
the command line are not split into words. See the description of the
shell option SH_WORD_SPLIT in the section `Parameter Expansion' in zsh-
expn(1). In zsh, you can either explicitly request the splitting (e.g.
${=foo}) or use an array when you want a variable to expand to more
than one word. See the section `Array Parameters' in zshparam(1).
PROGRAMMING
The most convenient way of adding enhancements to the shell is typi-
cally by writing a shell function and arranging for it to be
autoloaded. Functions are described in the section `Functions' in zsh-
misc(1). Users changing from the C shell and its relatives should
notice that aliases are less used in zsh as they don't perform argument
substitution, only simple text replacement.
A few general functions, other than those for the line editor described
above, are provided with the shell and are described in zshcontrib(1).
Features include:
promptinit
a prompt theme system for changing prompts easily, see the sec-
tion `Prompt Themes'
zsh-mime-setup
a MIME-handling system which dispatches commands according to
the suffix of a file as done by graphical file managers
zcalc a calculator
zargs a version of xargs that makes the find command redundant
zmv a command for renaming files by means of shell patterns.
ZSHMISC(1) ZSHMISC(1)
NAME
zshmisc - everything and then some
SIMPLE COMMANDS & PIPELINES
A simple command is a sequence of optional parameter assignments fol-
lowed by blank-separated words, with optional redirections inter-
spersed. The first word is the command to be executed, and the remain-
ing words, if any, are arguments to the command. If a command name is
given, the parameter assignments modify the environment of the command
when it is executed. The value of a simple command is its exit status,
or 128 plus the signal number if terminated by a signal. For example,
echo foo
is a simple command with arguments.
A pipeline is either a simple command, or a sequence of two or more
simple commands where each command is separated from the next by `|' or
`|&'. Where commands are separated by `|', the standard output of the
first command is connected to the standard input of the next. `|&' is
shorthand for `2>&1 |', which connects both the standard output and the
standard error of the command to the standard input of the next. The
value of a pipeline is the value of the last command, unless the pipe-
line is preceded by `!' in which case the value is the logical inverse
of the value of the last command. For example,
echo foo | sed 's/foo/bar/'
is a pipeline, where the output (`foo' plus a newline) of the first
command will be passed to the input of the second.
If a pipeline is preceded by `coproc', it is executed as a coprocess; a
two-way pipe is established between it and the parent shell. The shell
can read from or write to the coprocess by means of the `>&p' and `<&p'
redirection operators or with `print -p' and `read -p'. A pipeline
cannot be preceded by both `coproc' and `!'. If job control is active,
the coprocess can be treated in other than input and output as an ordi-
nary background job.
A sublist is either a single pipeline, or a sequence of two or more
pipelines separated by `&&' or `||'. If two pipelines are separated by
`&&', the second pipeline is executed only if the first succeeds
(returns a zero status). If two pipelines are separated by `||', the
second is executed only if the first fails (returns a nonzero status).
Both operators have equal precedence and are left associative. The
value of the sublist is the value of the last pipeline executed. For
example,
dmesg | grep panic && print yes
is a sublist consisting of two pipelines, the second just a simple com-
mand which will be executed if and only if the grep command returns a
zero status. If it does not, the value of the sublist is that return
status, else it is the status returned by the print (almost certainly
zero).
A list is a sequence of zero or more sublists, in which each sublist is
terminated by `;', `&', `&|', `&!', or a newline. This terminator may
optionally be omitted from the last sublist in the list when the list
appears as a complex command inside `(...)' or `{...}'. When a sublist
is terminated by `;' or newline, the shell waits for it to finish
before executing the next sublist. If a sublist is terminated by a
`&', `&|', or `&!', the shell executes the last pipeline in it in the
background, and does not wait for it to finish (note the difference
from other shells which execute the whole sublist in the background).
A backgrounded pipeline returns a status of zero.
More generally, a list can be seen as a set of any shell commands what-
soever, including the complex commands below; this is implied wherever
the word `list' appears in later descriptions. For example, the com-
mands in a shell function form a special sort of list.
PRECOMMAND MODIFIERS
A simple command may be preceded by a precommand modifier, which will
alter how the command is interpreted. These modifiers are shell
builtin commands with the exception of nocorrect which is a reserved
word.
- The command is executed with a `-' prepended to its argv[0]
string.
builtin
The command word is taken to be the name of a builtin command,
rather than a shell function or external command.
command [ -pvV ]
The command word is taken to be the name of an external command,
rather than a shell function or builtin. If the POSIX_BUILTINS
option is set, builtins will also be executed but certain spe-
cial properties of them are suppressed. The -p flag causes a
default path to be searched instead of that in $path. With the
-v flag, command is similar to whence and with -V, it is equiva-
lent to whence -v.
exec [ -cl ] [ -a argv0 ]
The following command together with any arguments is run in
place of the current process, rather than as a sub-process. The
shell does not fork and is replaced. The shell does not invoke
TRAPEXIT, nor does it source zlogout files. The options are
provided for compatibility with other shells.
The -c option clears the environment.
The -l option is equivalent to the - precommand modifier, to
treat the replacement command as a login shell; the command is
executed with a - prepended to its argv[0] string. This flag
has no effect if used together with the -a option.
The -a option is used to specify explicitly the argv[0] string
(the name of the command as seen by the process itself) to be
used by the replacement command and is directly equivalent to
setting a value for the ARGV0 environment variable.
nocorrect
Spelling correction is not done on any of the words. This must
appear before any other precommand modifier, as it is inter-
preted immediately, before any parsing is done. It has no
effect in non-interactive shells.
noglob Filename generation (globbing) is not performed on any of the
words.
COMPLEX COMMANDS
A complex command in zsh is one of the following:
if list then list [ elif list then list ] ... [ else list ] fi
The if list is executed, and if it returns a zero exit status,
the then list is executed. Otherwise, the elif list is executed
and if its status is zero, the then list is executed. If each
elif list returns nonzero status, the else list is executed.
for name ... [ in word ... ] term do list done
where term is at least one newline or ;. Expand the list of
words, and set the parameter name to each of them in turn, exe-
cuting list each time. If the in word is omitted, use the posi-
tional parameters instead of the words.
More than one parameter name can appear before the list of
words. If N names are given, then on each execution of the loop
the next N words are assigned to the corresponding parameters.
If there are more names than remaining words, the remaining
parameters are each set to the empty string. Execution of the
loop ends when there is no remaining word to assign to the first
name. It is only possible for in to appear as the first name in
the list, else it will be treated as marking the end of the
list.
for (( [expr1] ; [expr2] ; [expr3] )) do list done
The arithmetic expression expr1 is evaluated first (see the sec-
tion `Arithmetic Evaluation'). The arithmetic expression expr2
is repeatedly evaluated until it evaluates to zero and when
non-zero, list is executed and the arithmetic expression expr3
evaluated. If any expression is omitted, then it behaves as if
it evaluated to 1.
while list do list done
Execute the do list as long as the while list returns a zero
exit status.
until list do list done
Execute the do list as long as until list returns a nonzero exit
status.
repeat word do list done
word is expanded and treated as an arithmetic expression, which
must evaluate to a number n. list is then executed n times.
case word in [ [(] pattern [ | pattern ] ... ) list (;;|;&|;|) ] ...
esac
Execute the list associated with the first pattern that matches
word, if any. The form of the patterns is the same as that used
for filename generation. See the section `Filename Generation'.
If the list that is executed is terminated with ;& rather than
;;, the following list is also executed. The rule for the ter-
minator of the following list ;;, ;& or ;| is applied unless the
esac is reached.
If the list that is executed is terminated with ;| the shell
continues to scan the patterns looking for the next match, exe-
cuting the corresponding list, and applying the rule for the
corresponding terminator ;;, ;& or ;|. Note that word is not
re-expanded; all applicable patterns are tested with the same
word.
select name [ in word ... term ] do list done
where term is one or more newline or ; to terminate the words.
Print the set of words, each preceded by a number. If the in
word is omitted, use the positional parameters. The PROMPT3
prompt is printed and a line is read from the line editor if the
shell is interactive and that is active, or else standard input.
If this line consists of the number of one of the listed words,
then the parameter name is set to the word corresponding to this
number. If this line is empty, the selection list is printed
again. Otherwise, the value of the parameter name is set to
null. The contents of the line read from standard input is
saved in the parameter REPLY. list is executed for each selec-
tion until a break or end-of-file is encountered.
( list )
Execute list in a subshell. Traps set by the trap builtin are
reset to their default values while executing list.
{ list }
Execute list.
{ try-list } always { always-list }
First execute try-list. Regardless of errors, or break, con-
tinue, or return commands encountered within try-list, execute
always-list. Execution then continues from the result of the
execution of try-list; in other words, any error, or break, con-
tinue, or return command is treated in the normal way, as if
always-list were not present. The two chunks of code are
referred to as the `try block' and the `always block'.
Optional newlines or semicolons may appear after the always;
note, however, that they may not appear between the preceding
closing brace and the always.
An `error' in this context is a condition such as a syntax error
which causes the shell to abort execution of the current func-
tion, script, or list. Syntax errors encountered while the
shell is parsing the code do not cause the always-list to be
executed. For example, an erroneously constructed if block in
try-list would cause the shell to abort during parsing, so that
always-list would not be executed, while an erroneous substitu-
tion such as ${*foo*} would cause a run-time error, after which
always-list would be executed.
An error condition can be tested and reset with the special
integer variable TRY_BLOCK_ERROR. Outside an always-list the
value is irrelevant, but it is initialised to -1. Inside
always-list, the value is 1 if an error occurred in the
try-list, else 0. If TRY_BLOCK_ERROR is set to 0 during the
always-list, the error condition caused by the try-list is
reset, and shell execution continues normally after the end of
always-list. Altering the value during the try-list is not use-
ful (unless this forms part of an enclosing always block).
Regardless of TRY_BLOCK_ERROR, after the end of always-list the
normal shell status $? is the value returned from always-list.
This will be non-zero if there was an error, even if
TRY_BLOCK_ERROR was set to zero.
The following executes the given code, ignoring any errors it
causes. This is an alternative to the usual convention of pro-
tecting code by executing it in a subshell.
{
# code which may cause an error
} always {
# This code is executed regardless of the error.
(( TRY_BLOCK_ERROR = 0 ))
}
# The error condition has been reset.
An exit command (or a return command executed at the outermost
function level of a script) encountered in try-list does not
cause the execution of always-list. Instead, the shell exits
immediately after any EXIT trap has been executed.
function word ... [ () ] [ term ] { list }
word ... () [ term ] { list }
word ... () [ term ] command
where term is one or more newline or ;. Define a function which
is referenced by any one of word. Normally, only one word is
provided; multiple words are usually only useful for setting
traps. The body of the function is the list between the { and
}. See the section `Functions'.
If the option SH_GLOB is set for compatibility with other
shells, then whitespace may appear between between the left and
right parentheses when there is a single word; otherwise, the
parentheses will be treated as forming a globbing pattern in
that case.
time [ pipeline ]
The pipeline is executed, and timing statistics are reported on
the standard error in the form specified by the TIMEFMT parame-
ter. If pipeline is omitted, print statistics about the shell
process and its children.
[[ exp ]]
Evaluates the conditional expression exp and return a zero exit
status if it is true. See the section `Conditional Expressions'
for a description of exp.
ALTERNATE FORMS FOR COMPLEX COMMANDS
Many of zsh's complex commands have alternate forms. These particular
versions of complex commands should be considered deprecated and may be
removed in the future. The versions in the previous section should be
preferred instead.
The short versions below only work if sublist is of the form `{ list }'
or if the SHORT_LOOPS option is set. For the if, while and until com-
mands, in both these cases the test part of the loop must also be suit-
ably delimited, such as by `[[ ... ]]' or `(( ... ))', else the end of
the test will not be recognized. For the for, repeat, case and select
commands no such special form for the arguments is necessary, but the
other condition (the special form of sublist or use of the SHORT_LOOPS
option) still applies.
if list { list } [ elif list { list } ] ... [ else { list } ]
An alternate form of if. The rules mean that
if [[ -o ignorebraces ]] {
print yes
}
works, but
if true { # Does not work!
print yes
}
does not, since the test is not suitably delimited.
if list sublist
A short form of the alternate `if'. The same limitations on the
form of list apply as for the previous form.
for name ... ( word ... ) sublist
A short form of for.
for name ... [ in word ... ] term sublist
where term is at least one newline or ;. Another short form of
for.
for (( [expr1] ; [expr2] ; [expr3] )) sublist
A short form of the arithmetic for command.
foreach name ... ( word ... ) list end
Another form of for.
while list { list }
An alternative form of while. Note the limitations on the form
of list mentioned above.
until list { list }
An alternative form of until. Note the limitations on the form
of list mentioned above.
repeat word sublist
This is a short form of repeat.
case word { [ [(] pattern [ | pattern ] ... ) list (;;|;&|;|) ] ... }
An alternative form of case.
select name [ in word term ] sublist
where term is at least one newline or ;. A short form of
select.
RESERVED WORDS
The following words are recognized as reserved words when used as the
first word of a command unless quoted or disabled using disable -r:
do done esac then elif else fi for case if while function repeat time
until select coproc nocorrect foreach end ! [[ { }
Additionally, `}' is recognized in any position if the IGNORE_BRACES
option is not set.
COMMENTS
In non-interactive shells, or in interactive shells with the INTERAC-
TIVE_COMMENTS option set, a word beginning with the third character of
the histchars parameter (`#' by default) causes that word and all the
following characters up to a newline to be ignored.
ALIASING
Every token in the shell input is checked to see if there is an alias
defined for it. If so, it is replaced by the text of the alias if it
is in command position (if it could be the first word of a simple com-
mand), or if the alias is global. If the text ends with a space, the
next word in the shell input is treated as though it were in command
position for purposes of alias expansion. An alias is defined using
the alias builtin; global aliases may be defined using the -g option to
that builtin.
Alias expansion is done on the shell input before any other expansion
except history expansion. Therefore, if an alias is defined for the
word foo, alias expansion may be avoided by quoting part of the word,
e.g. \foo. But there is nothing to prevent an alias being defined for
\foo as well.
There is a commonly encountered problem with aliases illustrated by the
following code:
alias echobar='echo bar'; echobar
This prints a message that the command echobar could not be found.
This happens because aliases are expanded when the code is read in; the
entire line is read in one go, so that when echobar is executed it is
too late to expand the newly defined alias. This is often a problem in
shell scripts, functions, and code executed with `source' or `.'. Con-
sequently, use of functions rather than aliases is recommended in
non-interactive code.
QUOTING
A character may be quoted (that is, made to stand for itself) by pre-
ceding it with a `\'. `\' followed by a newline is ignored.
A string enclosed between `$'' and `'' is processed the same way as the
string arguments of the print builtin, and the resulting string is con-
sidered to be entirely quoted. A literal `'' character can be included
in the string by using the `\'' escape.
All characters enclosed between a pair of single quotes ('') that is
not preceded by a `$' are quoted. A single quote cannot appear within
single quotes unless the option RC_QUOTES is set, in which case a pair
of single quotes are turned into a single quote. For example,
print ''''
outputs nothing apart from a newline if RC_QUOTES is not set, but one
single quote if it is set.
Inside double quotes (""), parameter and command substitution occur,
and `\' quotes the characters `\', ``', `"', and `$'.
REDIRECTION
If a command is followed by & and job control is not active, then the
default standard input for the command is the empty file /dev/null.
Otherwise, the environment for the execution of a command contains the
file descriptors of the invoking shell as modified by input/output
specifications.
The following may appear anywhere in a simple command or may precede or
follow a complex command. Expansion occurs before word or digit is
used except as noted below. If the result of substitution on word pro-
duces more than one filename, redirection occurs for each separate
filename in turn.
< word Open file word for reading as standard input.
<> word
Open file word for reading and writing as standard input. If
the file does not exist then it is created.
> word Open file word for writing as standard output. If the file does
not exist then it is created. If the file exists, and the CLOB-
BER option is unset, this causes an error; otherwise, it is
truncated to zero length.
>| word
>! word
Same as >, except that the file is truncated to zero length if
it exists, even if CLOBBER is unset.
>> word
Open file word for writing in append mode as standard output.
If the file does not exist, and the CLOBBER option is unset,
this causes an error; otherwise, the file is created.
>>| word
>>! word
Same as >>, except that the file is created if it does not
exist, even if CLOBBER is unset.
<<[-] word
The shell input is read up to a line that is the same as word,
or to an end-of-file. No parameter expansion, command substitu-
tion or filename generation is performed on word. The resulting
document, called a here-document, becomes the standard input.
If any character of word is quoted with single or double quotes
or a `\', no interpretation is placed upon the characters of the
document. Otherwise, parameter and command substitution occurs,
`\' followed by a newline is removed, and `\' must be used to
quote the characters `\', `$', ``' and the first character of
word.
Note that word itself does not undergo shell expansion. Back-
quotes in word do not have their usual effect; instead they
behave similarly to double quotes, except that the backquotes
themselves are passed through unchanged. (This information is
given for completeness and it is not recommended that backquotes
be used.) Quotes in the form $'...' have their standard effect
of expanding backslashed references to special characters.
If <<- is used, then all leading tabs are stripped from word and
from the document.
<<< word
Perform shell expansion on word and pass the result to standard
input. This is known as a here-string. Compare the use of word
in here-documents above, where word does not undergo shell
expansion.
<& number
>& number
The standard input/output is duplicated from file descriptor
number (see dup2(2)).
<& -
>& - Close the standard input/output.
<& p
>& p The input/output from/to the coprocess is moved to the standard
input/output.
>& word
&> word
(Except where `>& word' matches one of the above syntaxes; `&>'
can always be used to avoid this ambiguity.) Redirects both
standard output and standard error (file descriptor 2) in the
manner of `> word'. Note that this does not have the same
effect as `> word 2>&1' in the presence of multios (see the sec-
tion below).
>&| word
>&! word
&>| word
&>! word
Redirects both standard output and standard error (file descrip-
tor 2) in the manner of `>| word'.
>>& word
&>> word
Redirects both standard output and standard error (file descrip-
tor 2) in the manner of `>> word'.
>>&| word
>>&! word
&>>| word
&>>! word
Redirects both standard output and standard error (file descrip-
tor 2) in the manner of `>>| word'.
If one of the above is preceded by a digit, then the file descriptor
referred to is that specified by the digit instead of the default 0 or
1. The order in which redirections are specified is significant. The
shell evaluates each redirection in terms of the (file descriptor,
file) association at the time of evaluation. For example:
... 1>fname 2>&1
first associates file descriptor 1 with file fname. It then associates
file descriptor 2 with the file associated with file descriptor 1 (that
is, fname). If the order of redirections were reversed, file descrip-
tor 2 would be associated with the terminal (assuming file descriptor 1
had been) and then file descriptor 1 would be associated with file
fname.
If instead of a digit one of the operators above is preceded by a valid
identifier enclosed in braces, the shell will open a new file descrip-
tor that is guaranteed to be at least 10 and set the parameter named by
the identifier to the file descriptor opened. No whitespace is allowed
between the closing brace and the redirection character. The option
IGNORE_BRACES must not be set. For example:
... {myfd}>&1
This opens a new file descriptor that is a duplicate of file descriptor
1 and sets the parameter myfd to the number of the file descriptor,
which will be at least 10. The new file descriptor can be written to
using the syntax >&$myfd.
The syntax {varid}>&-, for example {myfd}>&-, may be used to close a
file descriptor opened in this fashion. Note that the parameter given
by varid must previously be set to a file descriptor in this case.
It is an error to open or close a file descriptor in this fashion when
the parameter is readonly. However, it is not an error to read or
write a file descriptor using <&$param or >&$param if param is read-
only.
If the option CLOBBER is unset, it is an error to open a file descrip-
tor using a parameter that is already set to an open file descriptor
previously allocated by this mechanism. Unsetting the parameter before
using it for allocating a file descriptor avoids the error.
Note that this mechanism merely allocates or closes a file descriptor;
it does not perform any redirections from or to it. It is usually con-
venient to allocate a file descriptor prior to use as an argument to
exec. The following shows a typical sequence of allocation, use, and
closing of a file descriptor:
integer myfd
exec {myfd}>~/logs/mylogfile.txt
print This is a log message. >&$myfd
exec {myfd}>&-
Note that the expansion of the variable in the expression >&$myfd
occurs at the point the redirection is opened. This is after the
expansion of command arguments and after any redirections to the left
on the command line have been processed.
The `|&' command separator described in Simple Commands & Pipelines in
zshmisc(1) is a shorthand for `2>&1 |'.
The various forms of process substitution, `<(list)', and `=(list())'
for input and `>(list)' for output, are often used together with redi-
rection. For example, if word in an output redirection is of the form
`>(list)' then the output is piped to the command represented by list.
See Process Substitution in zshexpn(1).
MULTIOS
If the user tries to open a file descriptor for writing more than once,
the shell opens the file descriptor as a pipe to a process that copies
its input to all the specified outputs, similar to tee, provided the
MULTIOS option is set, as it is by default. Thus:
date >foo >bar
writes the date to two files, named `foo' and `bar'. Note that a pipe
is an implicit redirection; thus
date >foo | cat
writes the date to the file `foo', and also pipes it to cat.
If the MULTIOS option is set, the word after a redirection operator is
also subjected to filename generation (globbing). Thus
: > *
will truncate all files in the current directory, assuming there's at
least one. (Without the MULTIOS option, it would create an empty file
called `*'.) Similarly, you can do
echo exit 0 >> *.sh
If the user tries to open a file descriptor for reading more than once,
the shell opens the file descriptor as a pipe to a process that copies
all the specified inputs to its output in the order specified, similar
to cat, provided the MULTIOS option is set. Thus
sort <foo <fubar
or even
sort <f{oo,ubar}
is equivalent to `cat foo fubar | sort'.
Expansion of the redirection argument occurs at the point the redirect-
ion is opened, at the point described above for the expansion of the
variable in >&$myfd.
Note that a pipe is an implicit redirection; thus
cat bar | sort <foo
is equivalent to `cat bar foo | sort' (note the order of the inputs).
If the MULTIOS option is unset, each redirection replaces the previous
redirection for that file descriptor. However, all files redirected to
are actually opened, so
echo foo > bar > baz
when MULTIOS is unset will truncate bar, and write `foo' into baz.
There is a problem when an output multio is attached to an external
program. A simple example shows this:
cat file >file1 >file2
cat file1 file2
Here, it is possible that the second `cat' will not display the full
contents of file1 and file2 (i.e. the original contents of file
repeated twice).
The reason for this is that the multios are spawned after the cat
process is forked from the parent shell, so the parent shell does not
wait for the multios to finish writing data. This means the command as
shown can exit before file1 and file2 are completely written. As a
workaround, it is possible to run the cat process as part of a job in
the current shell:
{ cat file } >file >file2
Here, the {...} job will pause to wait for both files to be written.
REDIRECTIONS WITH NO COMMAND
When a simple command consists of one or more redirection operators and
zero or more parameter assignments, but no command name, zsh can behave
in several ways.
If the parameter NULLCMD is not set or the option CSH_NULLCMD is set,
an error is caused. This is the csh behavior and CSH_NULLCMD is set by
default when emulating csh.
If the option SH_NULLCMD is set, the builtin `:' is inserted as a com-
mand with the given redirections. This is the default when emulating
sh or ksh.
Otherwise, if the parameter NULLCMD is set, its value will be used as a
command with the given redirections. If both NULLCMD and READNULLCMD
are set, then the value of the latter will be used instead of that of
the former when the redirection is an input. The default for NULLCMD
is `cat' and for READNULLCMD is `more'. Thus
< file
shows the contents of file on standard output, with paging if that is a
terminal. NULLCMD and READNULLCMD may refer to shell functions.
COMMAND EXECUTION
If a command name contains no slashes, the shell attempts to locate it.
If there exists a shell function by that name, the function is invoked
as described in the section `Functions'. If there exists a shell
builtin by that name, the builtin is invoked.
Otherwise, the shell searches each element of $path for a directory
containing an executable file by that name. If the search is unsuc-
cessful, the shell prints an error message and returns a nonzero exit
status.
If execution fails because the file is not in executable format, and
the file is not a directory, it is assumed to be a shell script.
/bin/sh is spawned to execute it. If the program is a file beginning
with `#!', the remainder of the first line specifies an interpreter for
the program. The shell will execute the specified interpreter on oper-
ating systems that do not handle this executable format in the kernel.
If no external command is found but a function command_not_found_han-
dler exists the shell executes this function with all command line
arguments. The function should return status zero if it successfully
handled the command, or non-zero status if it failed. In the latter
case the standard handling is applied: `command not found' is printed
to standard error and the shell exits with status 127. Note that the
handler is executed in a subshell forked to execute an external com-
mand, hence changes to directories, shell parameters, etc. have no
effect on the main shell.
FUNCTIONS
Shell functions are defined with the function reserved word or the spe-
cial syntax `funcname ()'. Shell functions are read in and stored
internally. Alias names are resolved when the function is read. Func-
tions are executed like commands with the arguments passed as posi-
tional parameters. (See the section `Command Execution'.)
Functions execute in the same process as the caller and share all files
and present working directory with the caller. A trap on EXIT set
inside a function is executed after the function completes in the envi-
ronment of the caller.
The return builtin is used to return from function calls.
Function identifiers can be listed with the functions builtin. Func-
tions can be undefined with the unfunction builtin.
AUTOLOADING FUNCTIONS
A function can be marked as undefined using the autoload builtin (or
`functions -u' or `typeset -fu'). Such a function has no body. When
the function is first executed, the shell searches for its definition
using the elements of the fpath variable. Thus to define functions for
autoloading, a typical sequence is:
fpath=(~/myfuncs $fpath)
autoload myfunc1 myfunc2 ...
The usual alias expansion during reading will be suppressed if the
autoload builtin or its equivalent is given the option -U. This is rec-
ommended for the use of functions supplied with the zsh distribution.
Note that for functions precompiled with the zcompile builtin command
the flag -U must be provided when the .zwc file is created, as the cor-
responding information is compiled into the latter.
For each element in fpath, the shell looks for three possible files,
the newest of which is used to load the definition for the function:
element.zwc
A file created with the zcompile builtin command, which is
expected to contain the definitions for all functions in the
directory named element. The file is treated in the same manner
as a directory containing files for functions and is searched
for the definition of the function. If the definition is not
found, the search for a definition proceeds with the other two
possibilities described below.
If element already includes a .zwc extension (i.e. the extension
was explicitly given by the user), element is searched for the
definition of the function without comparing its age to that of
other files; in fact, there does not need to be any directory
named element without the suffix. Thus including an element
such as `/usr/local/funcs.zwc' in fpath will speed up the search
for functions, with the disadvantage that functions included
must be explicitly recompiled by hand before the shell notices
any changes.
element/function.zwc
A file created with zcompile, which is expected to contain the
definition for function. It may include other function defini-
tions as well, but those are neither loaded nor executed; a file
found in this way is searched only for the definition of func-
tion.
element/function
A file of zsh command text, taken to be the definition for func-
tion.
In summary, the order of searching is, first, in the parents of direc-
tories in fpath for the newer of either a compiled directory or a
directory in fpath; second, if more than one of these contains a defi-
nition for the function that is sought, the leftmost in the fpath is
chosen; and third, within a directory, the newer of either a compiled
function or an ordinary function definition is used.
If the KSH_AUTOLOAD option is set, or the file contains only a simple
definition of the function, the file's contents will be executed. This
will normally define the function in question, but may also perform
initialization, which is executed in the context of the function execu-
tion, and may therefore define local parameters. It is an error if the
function is not defined by loading the file.
Otherwise, the function body (with no surrounding `funcname() {...}')
is taken to be the complete contents of the file. This form allows the
file to be used directly as an executable shell script. If processing
of the file results in the function being re-defined, the function
itself is not re-executed. To force the shell to perform initializa-
tion and then call the function defined, the file should contain ini-
tialization code (which will be executed then discarded) in addition to
a complete function definition (which will be retained for subsequent
calls to the function), and a call to the shell function, including any
arguments, at the end.
For example, suppose the autoload file func contains
func() { print This is func; }
print func is initialized
then `func; func' with KSH_AUTOLOAD set will produce both messages on
the first call, but only the message `This is func' on the second and
subsequent calls. Without KSH_AUTOLOAD set, it will produce the ini-
tialization message on the first call, and the other message on the
second and subsequent calls.
It is also possible to create a function that is not marked as
autoloaded, but which loads its own definition by searching fpath, by
using `autoload -X' within a shell function. For example, the follow-
ing are equivalent:
myfunc() {
autoload -X
}
myfunc args...
and
unfunction myfunc # if myfunc was defined
autoload myfunc
myfunc args...
In fact, the functions command outputs `builtin autoload -X' as the
body of an autoloaded function. This is done so that
eval "$(functions)"
produces a reasonable result. A true autoloaded function can be iden-
tified by the presence of the comment `# undefined' in the body,
because all comments are discarded from defined functions.
To load the definition of an autoloaded function myfunc without execut-
ing myfunc, use:
autoload +X myfunc
ANONYMOUS FUNCTIONS
If no name is given for a function, it is `anonymous' and is handled
specially. Either form of function definition may be used: a `()' with
no preceding name, or a `function' with an immediately following open
brace. The function is executed immediately at the point of definition
and is not stored for future use. The function name is set to `(anon)'
and the parameter list passed to the function is empty. Note that this
means the argument list of any enclosing script or function is hidden.
Redirections may be applied to the anonymous function in the same man-
ner as to a current-shell structure enclosed in braces. The main use
of anonymous functions is to provide a scope for local variables. This
is particularly convenient in start-up files as these do not provide
their own local variable scope.
For example,
variable=outside
function {
local variable=inside
print "I am $variable"
}
print "I am $variable"
outputs the following:
I am inside
I am outside
Note that function definitions with arguments that expand to nothing,
for example `name=; function $name { ... }', are not treated as anony-
mous functions. Instead, they are treated as normal function defini-
tions where the definition is silently discarded.
SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
Certain functions, if defined, have special meaning to the shell.
In the case of chpwd, periodic, precmd and preexec it is possible to
define an array that has the same name with `_functions' appended. Any
element in such an array is taken as the name of a function to execute;
it is executed in the same context and with the same arguments as the
basic function. For example, if $chpwd_functions is an array contain-
ing the values `mychpwd', `chpwd_save_dirstack', then the shell
attempts to execute the functions `chpwd', `mychpwd' and
`chpwd_save_dirstack', in that order. Any function that does not exist
is silently ignored. A function found by this mechanism is referred to
elsewhere as a `hook function'. An error in any function causes subse-
quent functions not to be run. Note further that an error in a precmd
hook causes an immediately following periodic function not to run
(thought it may run at the next opportunity).
chpwd Executed whenever the current working directory is changed.
periodic
If the parameter PERIOD is set, this function is executed every
$PERIOD seconds, just before a prompt. Note that if multiple
functions are defined using the array periodic_functions only
one period is applied to the complete set of functions, and the
scheduled time is not reset if the list of functions is altered.
Hence the set of functions is always called together.
precmd Executed before each prompt. Note that precommand functions are
not re-executed simply because the command line is redrawn, as
happens, for example, when a notification about an exiting job
is displayed.
preexec
Executed just after a command has been read and is about to be
executed. If the history mechanism is active (and the line was
not discarded from the history buffer), the string that the user
typed is passed as the first argument, otherwise it is an empty
string. The actual command that will be executed (including
expanded aliases) is passed in two different forms: the second
argument is a single-line, size-limited version of the command
(with things like function bodies elided); the third argument
contains the full text that is being executed.
zshaddhistory
Executed when a history line has been read interactively, but
before it is executed. The sole argument is the complete his-
tory line (so that any terminating newline will still be
present).
If any of the hook functions return a non-zero value the history
line will not be saved, although it lingers in the history until
the next line is executed allow you to reuse or edit it immedi-
ately.
A hook function may call `fc -p ...' to switch the history con-
text so that the history is saved in a different file from the
that in the global HISTFILE parameter. This is handled spe-
cially: the history context is automatically restored after the
processing of the history line is finished.
The following example function first adds the history line to
the normal history with the newline stripped, which is usually
the correct behaviour. Then it switches the history context so
that the line will be written to a history file in the current
directory.
zshaddhistory() {
print -sr -- ${1%%$'\n'}
fc -p .zsh_local_history
}
zshexit
Executed at the point where the main shell is about to exit nor-
mally. This is not called by exiting subshells, nor when the
exec precommand modifier is used before an external command.
Also, unlike TRAPEXIT, it is not called when functions exit.
TRAPNAL
If defined and non-null, this function will be executed whenever
the shell catches a signal SIGNAL, where NAL is a signal name as
specified for the kill builtin. The signal number will be
passed as the first parameter to the function.
If a function of this form is defined and null, the shell and
processes spawned by it will ignore SIGNAL.
The return status from the function is handled specially. If it
is zero, the signal is assumed to have been handled, and execu-
tion continues normally. Otherwise, the shell will behave as
interrupted except that the return status of the trap is
retained.
Programs terminated by uncaught signals typically return the
status 128 plus the signal number. Hence the following causes
the handler for SIGINT to print a message, then mimic the usual
effect of the signal.
TRAPINT() {
print "Caught SIGINT, aborting."
return $(( 128 + $1 ))
}
The functions TRAPZERR, TRAPDEBUG and TRAPEXIT are never exe-
cuted inside other traps.
TRAPDEBUG
If the option DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD is set (as it is by default),
executed before each command; otherwise executed after each com-
mand. See the description of the trap builtin in zshbuiltins(1)
for details of additional features provided in debug traps.
TRAPEXIT
Executed when the shell exits, or when the current function
exits if defined inside a function. The value of $? at the
start of execution is the exit status of the shell or the return
status of the function exiting.
TRAPZERR
Executed whenever a command has a non-zero exit status. How-
ever, the function is not executed if the command occurred in a
sublist followed by `&&' or `||'; only the final command in a
sublist of this type causes the trap to be executed. The func-
tion TRAPERR acts the same as TRAPZERR on systems where there is
no SIGERR (this is the usual case).
The functions beginning `TRAP' may alternatively be defined with the
trap builtin: this may be preferable for some uses, as they are then
run in the environment of the calling process, rather than in their own
function environment. Apart from the difference in calling procedure
and the fact that the function form appears in lists of functions, the
forms
TRAPNAL() {
# code
}
and
trap '
# code
' NAL
are equivalent.
JOBS
If the MONITOR option is set, an interactive shell associates a job
with each pipeline. It keeps a table of current jobs, printed by the
jobs command, and assigns them small integer numbers. When a job is
started asynchronously with `&', the shell prints a line to standard
error which looks like:
[1] 1234
indicating that the job which was started asynchronously was job number
1 and had one (top-level) process, whose process ID was 1234.
If a job is started with `&|' or `&!', then that job is immediately
disowned. After startup, it does not have a place in the job table,
and is not subject to the job control features described here.
If you are running a job and wish to do something else you may hit the
key ^Z (control-Z) which sends a TSTP signal to the current job: this
key may be redefined by the susp option of the external stty command.
The shell will then normally indicate that the job has been `sus-
pended', and print another prompt. You can then manipulate the state
of this job, putting it in the background with the bg command, or run
some other commands and then eventually bring the job back into the
foreground with the foreground command fg. A ^Z takes effect immedi-
ately and is like an interrupt in that pending output and unread input
are discarded when it is typed.
A job being run in the background will suspend if it tries to read from
the terminal. Background jobs are normally allowed to produce output,
but this can be disabled by giving the command `stty tostop'. If you
set this tty option, then background jobs will suspend when they try to
produce output like they do when they try to read input.
When a command is suspended and continued later with the fg or wait
builtins, zsh restores tty modes that were in effect when it was sus-
pended. This (intentionally) does not apply if the command is contin-
ued via `kill -CONT', nor when it is continued with bg.
There are several ways to refer to jobs in the shell. A job can be
referred to by the process ID of any process of the job or by one of
the following:
%number
The job with the given number.
%string
Any job whose command line begins with string.
%?string
Any job whose command line contains string.
%% Current job.
%+ Equivalent to `%%'.
%- Previous job.
The shell learns immediately whenever a process changes state. It nor-
mally informs you whenever a job becomes blocked so that no further
progress is possible. If the NOTIFY option is not set, it waits until
just before it prints a prompt before it informs you. All such notifi-
cations are sent directly to the terminal, not to the standard output
or standard error.
When the monitor mode is on, each background job that completes trig-
gers any trap set for CHLD.
When you try to leave the shell while jobs are running or suspended,
you will be warned that `You have suspended (running) jobs'. You may
use the jobs command to see what they are. If you do this or immedi-
ately try to exit again, the shell will not warn you a second time; the
suspended jobs will be terminated, and the running jobs will be sent a
SIGHUP signal, if the HUP option is set.
To avoid having the shell terminate the running jobs, either use the
nohup command (see nohup(1)) or the disown builtin.
SIGNALS
The INT and QUIT signals for an invoked command are ignored if the com-
mand is followed by `&' and the MONITOR option is not active. The
shell itself always ignores the QUIT signal. Otherwise, signals have
the values inherited by the shell from its parent (but see the TRAPNAL
special functions in the section `Functions').
ARITHMETIC EVALUATION
The shell can perform integer and floating point arithmetic, either
using the builtin let, or via a substitution of the form $((...)). For
integers, the shell is usually compiled to use 8-byte precision where
this is available, otherwise precision is 4 bytes. This can be tested,
for example, by giving the command `print - $(( 12345678901 ))'; if the
number appears unchanged, the precision is at least 8 bytes. Floating
point arithmetic always uses the `double' type with whatever corre-
sponding precision is provided by the compiler and the library.
The let builtin command takes arithmetic expressions as arguments; each
is evaluated separately. Since many of the arithmetic operators, as
well as spaces, require quoting, an alternative form is provided: for
any command which begins with a `((', all the characters until a match-
ing `))' are treated as a quoted expression and arithmetic expansion
performed as for an argument of let. More precisely, `((...))' is
equivalent to `let "..."'. The return status is 0 if the arithmetic
value of the expression is non-zero, 1 if it is zero, and 2 if an error
occurred.
For example, the following statement
(( val = 2 + 1 ))
is equivalent to
let "val = 2 + 1"
both assigning the value 3 to the shell variable val and returning a
zero status.
Integers can be in bases other than 10. A leading `0x' or `0X' denotes
hexadecimal. Integers may also be of the form `base#n', where base is
a decimal number between two and thirty-six representing the arithmetic
base and n is a number in that base (for example, `16#ff' is 255 in
hexadecimal). The base# may also be omitted, in which case base 10 is
used. For backwards compatibility the form `[base]n' is also accepted.
It is also possible to specify a base to be used for output in the form
`[#base]', for example `[#16]'. This is used when outputting arith-
metical substitutions or when assigning to scalar parameters, but an
explicitly defined integer or floating point parameter will not be
affected. If an integer variable is implicitly defined by an arith-
metic expression, any base specified in this way will be set as the
variable's output arithmetic base as if the option `-i base' to the
typeset builtin had been used. The expression has no precedence and if
it occurs more than once in a mathematical expression, the last encoun-
tered is used. For clarity it is recommended that it appear at the
beginning of an expression. As an example:
typeset -i 16 y
print $(( [#8] x = 32, y = 32 ))
print $x $y
outputs first `8#40', the rightmost value in the given output base, and
then `8#40 16#20', because y has been explicitly declared to have out-
put base 16, while x (assuming it does not already exist) is implicitly
typed by the arithmetic evaluation, where it acquires the output base
8.
If the C_BASES option is set, hexadecimal numbers in the standard C
format, for example 0xFF instead of the usual `16#FF'. If the option
OCTAL_ZEROES is also set (it is not by default), octal numbers will be
treated similarly and hence appear as `077' instead of `8#77'. This
option has no effect on the output of bases other than hexadecimal and
octal, and these formats are always understood on input.
When an output base is specified using the `[#base]' syntax, an appro-
priate base prefix will be output if necessary, so that the value out-
put is valid syntax for input. If the # is doubled, for example
`[##16]', then no base prefix is output.
Floating point constants are recognized by the presence of a decimal
point or an exponent. The decimal point may be the first character of
the constant, but the exponent character e or E may not, as it will be
taken for a parameter name.
An arithmetic expression uses nearly the same syntax and associativity
of expressions as in C.
In the native mode of operation, the following operators are supported
(listed in decreasing order of precedence):
+ - ! ~ ++ --
unary plus/minus, logical NOT, complement, {pre,post}{in,de}cre-
ment
<< >> bitwise shift left, right
& bitwise AND
^ bitwise XOR
| bitwise OR
** exponentiation
* / % multiplication, division, modulus (remainder)
+ - addition, subtraction
< > <= >=
comparison
== != equality and inequality
&& logical AND
|| ^^ logical OR, XOR
? : ternary operator
= += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= &&= ||= ^^= **=
assignment
, comma operator
The operators `&&', `||', `&&=', and `||=' are short-circuiting, and
only one of the latter two expressions in a ternary operator is evalu-
ated. Note the precedence of the bitwise AND, OR, and XOR operators.
With the option C_PRECEDENCES the precedences (but no other properties)
of the operators are altered to be the same as those in most other lan-
guages that support the relevant operators:
+ - ! ~ ++ --
unary plus/minus, logical NOT, complement, {pre,post}{in,de}cre-
ment
** exponentiation
* / % multiplication, division, modulus (remainder)
+ - addition, subtraction
<< >> bitwise shift left, right
< > <= >=
comparison
== != equality and inequality
& bitwise AND
^ bitwise XOR
| bitwise OR
&& logical AND
^^ logical XOR
|| logical OR
? : ternary operator
= += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= &&= ||= ^^= **=
assignment
, comma operator
Note the precedence of exponentiation in both cases is below that of
unary operators, hence `-3**2' evaluates as `9', not -9. Use parenthe-
ses where necessary: `-(3**2)'. This is for compatibility with other
shells.
Mathematical functions can be called with the syntax `func(args)',
where the function decides if the args is used as a string or a
comma-separated list of arithmetic expressions. The shell currently
defines no mathematical functions by default, but the module zsh/math-
func may be loaded with the zmodload builtin to provide standard float-
ing point mathematical functions.
An expression of the form `##x' where x is any character sequence such
as `a', `^A', or `\M-\C-x' gives the value of this character and an
expression of the form `#foo' gives the value of the first character of
the contents of the parameter foo. Character values are according to
the character set used in the current locale; for multibyte character
handling the option MULTIBYTE must be set. Note that this form is dif-
ferent from `$#foo', a standard parameter substitution which gives the
length of the parameter foo. `#\' is accepted instead of `##', but its
use is deprecated.
Named parameters and subscripted arrays can be referenced by name
within an arithmetic expression without using the parameter expansion
syntax. For example,
((val2 = val1 * 2))
assigns twice the value of $val1 to the parameter named val2.
An internal integer representation of a named parameter can be speci-
fied with the integer builtin. Arithmetic evaluation is performed on
the value of each assignment to a named parameter declared integer in
this manner. Assigning a floating point number to an integer results
in rounding down to the next integer.
Likewise, floating point numbers can be declared with the float
builtin; there are two types, differing only in their output format, as
described for the typeset builtin. The output format can be bypassed
by using arithmetic substitution instead of the parameter substitution,
i.e. `${float}' uses the defined format, but `$((float))' uses a
generic floating point format.
Promotion of integer to floating point values is performed where neces-
sary. In addition, if any operator which requires an integer (`~',
`&', `|', `^', `%', `<<', `>>' and their equivalents with assignment)
is given a floating point argument, it will be silently rounded down to
the next integer.
Scalar variables can hold integer or floating point values at different
times; there is no memory of the numeric type in this case.
If a variable is first assigned in a numeric context without previously
being declared, it will be implicitly typed as integer or float and
retain that type either until the type is explicitly changed or until
the end of the scope. This can have unforeseen consequences. For
example, in the loop
for (( f = 0; f < 1; f += 0.1 )); do
# use $f
done
if f has not already been declared, the first assignment will cause it
to be created as an integer, and consequently the operation `f += 0.1'
will always cause the result to be truncated to zero, so that the loop
will fail. A simple fix would be to turn the initialization into `f =
0.0'. It is therefore best to declare numeric variables with explicit
types.
CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
A conditional expression is used with the [[ compound command to test
attributes of files and to compare strings. Each expression can be
constructed from one or more of the following unary or binary expres-
sions:
-a file
true if file exists.
-b file
true if file exists and is a block special file.
-c file
true if file exists and is a character special file.
-d file
true if file exists and is a directory.
-e file
true if file exists.
-f file
true if file exists and is a regular file.
-g file
true if file exists and has its setgid bit set.
-h file
true if file exists and is a symbolic link.
-k file
true if file exists and has its sticky bit set.
-n string
true if length of string is non-zero.
-o option
true if option named option is on. option may be a single char-
acter, in which case it is a single letter option name. (See
the section `Specifying Options'.)
-p file
true if file exists and is a FIFO special file (named pipe).
-r file
true if file exists and is readable by current process.
-s file
true if file exists and has size greater than zero.
-t fd true if file descriptor number fd is open and associated with a
terminal device. (note: fd is not optional)
-u file
true if file exists and has its setuid bit set.
-w file
true if file exists and is writable by current process.
-x file
true if file exists and is executable by current process. If
file exists and is a directory, then the current process has
permission to search in the directory.
-z string
true if length of string is zero.
-L file
true if file exists and is a symbolic link.
-O file
true if file exists and is owned by the effective user ID of
this process.
-G file
true if file exists and its group matches the effective group ID
of this process.
-S file
true if file exists and is a socket.
-N file
true if file exists and its access time is not newer than its
modification time.
file1 -nt file2
true if file1 exists and is newer than file2.
file1 -ot file2
true if file1 exists and is older than file2.
file1 -ef file2
true if file1 and file2 exist and refer to the same file.
string = pattern
string == pattern
true if string matches pattern. The `==' form is the preferred
one. The `=' form is for backward compatibility and should be
considered obsolete.
string != pattern
true if string does not match pattern.
string =~ regexp
true if string matches the regular expression regexp. If the
option RE_MATCH_PCRE is set regexp is tested as a PCRE regular
expression using the zsh/pcre module, else it is tested as a
POSIX extended regular expression using the zsh/regex module.
If the option BASH_REMATCH is set the array BASH_REMATCH is set
to the substring that matched the pattern followed by the sub-
strings that matched parenthesised subexpressions within the
pattern; otherwise, the scalar parameter MATCH is set to the
substring that matched the pattern and and the array match to
the substrings that matched parenthesised subexpressions.
string1 < string2
true if string1 comes before string2 based on ASCII value of
their characters.
string1 > string2
true if string1 comes after string2 based on ASCII value of
their characters.
exp1 -eq exp2
true if exp1 is numerically equal to exp2.
exp1 -ne exp2
true if exp1 is numerically not equal to exp2.
exp1 -lt exp2
true if exp1 is numerically less than exp2.
exp1 -gt exp2
true if exp1 is numerically greater than exp2.
exp1 -le exp2
true if exp1 is numerically less than or equal to exp2.
exp1 -ge exp2
true if exp1 is numerically greater than or equal to exp2.
( exp )
true if exp is true.
! exp true if exp is false.
exp1 && exp2
true if exp1 and exp2 are both true.
exp1 || exp2
true if either exp1 or exp2 is true.
Normal shell expansion is performed on the file, string and pattern
arguments, but the result of each expansion is constrained to be a sin-
gle word, similar to the effect of double quotes. However, pattern
metacharacters are active for the pattern arguments; the patterns are
the same as those used for filename generation, see zshexpn(1), but
there is no special behaviour of `/' nor initial dots, and no glob
qualifiers are allowed.
In each of the above expressions, if file is of the form `/dev/fd/n',
where n is an integer, then the test applied to the open file whose
descriptor number is n, even if the underlying system does not support
the /dev/fd directory.
In the forms which do numeric comparison, the expressions exp undergo
arithmetic expansion as if they were enclosed in $((...)).
For example, the following:
[[ ( -f foo || -f bar ) && $report = y* ]] && print File exists.
tests if either file foo or file bar exists, and if so, if the value of
the parameter report begins with `y'; if the complete condition is
true, the message `File exists.' is printed.
EXPANSION OF PROMPT SEQUENCES
Prompt sequences undergo a special form of expansion. This type of
expansion is also available using the -P option to the print builtin.
If the PROMPT_SUBST option is set, the prompt string is first subjected
to parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic expansion.
See zshexpn(1).
Certain escape sequences may be recognised in the prompt string.
If the PROMPT_BANG option is set, a `!' in the prompt is replaced by
the current history event number. A literal `!' may then be repre-
sented as `!!'.
If the PROMPT_PERCENT option is set, certain escape sequences that
start with `%' are expanded. Many escapes are followed by a single
character, although some of these take an optional integer argument
that should appear between the `%' and the next character of the
sequence. More complicated escape sequences are available to provide
conditional expansion.
SIMPLE PROMPT ESCAPES
Special characters
%% A `%'.
%) A `)'.
Login information
%l The line (tty) the user is logged in on, without `/dev/' prefix.
If the name starts with `/dev/tty', that prefix is stripped.
%M The full machine hostname.
%m The hostname up to the first `.'. An integer may follow the `%'
to specify how many components of the hostname are desired.
With a negative integer, trailing components of the hostname are
shown.
%n $USERNAME.
%y The line (tty) the user is logged in on, without `/dev/' prefix.
This does not treat `/dev/tty' names specially.
Shell state
%# A `#' if the shell is running with privileges, a `%' if not.
Equivalent to `%(!.#.%%)'. The definition of `privileged', for
these purposes, is that either the effective user ID is zero,
or, if POSIX.1e capabilities are supported, that at least one
capability is raised in either the Effective or Inheritable
capability vectors.
%? The return status of the last command executed just before the
prompt.
%_ The status of the parser, i.e. the shell constructs (like `if'
and `for') that have been started on the command line. If given
an integer number that many strings will be printed; zero or
negative or no integer means print as many as there are. This
is most useful in prompts PS2 for continuation lines and PS4 for
debugging with the XTRACE option; in the latter case it will
also work non-interactively.
%d
%/ Present working directory ($PWD). If an integer follows the
`%', it specifies a number of trailing components of $PWD to
show; zero means the whole path. A negative integer specifies
leading components, i.e. %-1d specifies the first component.
%~ As %d and %/, but if $PWD has a named directory as its prefix,
that part is replaced by a `~' followed by the name of the
directory. If it starts with $HOME, that part is replaced by a
`~'.
%h
%! Current history event number.
%i The line number currently being executed in the script, sourced
file, or shell function given by %N. This is most useful for
debugging as part of $PS4.
%I The line number currently being executed in the file %x. This
is similar to %i, but the line number is always a line number in
the file where the code was defined, even if the code is a shell
function.
%j The number of jobs.
%L The current value of $SHLVL.
%N The name of the script, sourced file, or shell function that zsh
is currently executing, whichever was started most recently. If
there is none, this is equivalent to the parameter $0. An inte-
ger may follow the `%' to specify a number of trailing path com-
ponents to show; zero means the full path. A negative integer
specifies leading components.
%x The name of the file containing the source code currently being
executed. This behaves as %N except that function and eval com-
mand names are not shown, instead the file where they were
defined.
%c
%.
%C Trailing component of $PWD. An integer may follow the `%' to
get more than one component. Unless `%C' is used, tilde con-
traction is performed first. These are deprecated as %c and %C
are equivalent to %1~ and %1/, respectively, while explicit pos-
itive integers have the same effect as for the latter two
sequences.
Date and time
%D The date in yy-mm-dd format.
%T Current time of day, in 24-hour format.
%t
%@ Current time of day, in 12-hour, am/pm format.
%* Current time of day in 24-hour format, with seconds.
%w The date in day-dd format.
%W The date in mm/dd/yy format.
%D{string}
string is formatted using the strftime function. See strf-
time(3) for more details. Three additional codes are available:
%f prints the day of the month, like %e but without any preced-
ing space if the day is a single digit, and %K/%L correspond to
%k/%l for the hour of the day (24/12 hour clock) in the same
way.
Visual effects
%B (%b)
Start (stop) boldface mode.
%E Clear to end of line.
%U (%u)
Start (stop) underline mode.
%S (%s)
Start (stop) standout mode.
%F (%f)
Start (stop) using a different foreground colour, if supported
by the terminal. The colour may be specified two ways: either
as a numeric argument, as normal, or by a sequence in braces
following the %F, for example %F{red}. In the latter case the
values allowed are as described for the fg zle_highlight
attribute; see Character Highlighting in zshzle(1). This means
that numeric colours are allowed in the second format also.
%K (%k)
Start (stop) using a different bacKground colour. The syntax is
identical to that for %F and %f.
%{...%}
Include a string as a literal escape sequence. The string
within the braces should not change the cursor position. Brace
pairs can nest.
A positive numeric argument between the % and the { is treated
as described for %G below.
%G Within a %{...%} sequence, include a `glitch': that is, assume
that a single character width will be output. This is useful
when outputting characters that otherwise cannot be correctly
handled by the shell, such as the alternate character set on
some terminals. The characters in question can be included
within a %{...%} sequence together with the appropriate number
of %G sequences to indicate the correct width. An integer
between the `%' and `G' indicates a character width other than
one. Hence %{seq%2G%} outputs seq and assumes it takes up the
width of two standard characters.
Multiple uses of %G accumulate in the obvious fashion; the posi-
tion of the %G is unimportant. Negative integers are not han-
dled.
Note that when prompt truncation is in use it is advisable to
divide up output into single characters within each %{...%}
group so that the correct truncation point can be found.
CONDITIONAL SUBSTRINGS IN PROMPTS
%v The value of the first element of the psvar array parameter.
Following the `%' with an integer gives that element of the
array. Negative integers count from the end of the array.
%(x.true-text.false-text)
Specifies a ternary expression. The character following the x
is arbitrary; the same character is used to separate the text
for the `true' result from that for the `false' result. This
separator may not appear in the true-text, except as part of a
%-escape sequence. A `)' may appear in the false-text as `%)'.
true-text and false-text may both contain arbitrarily-nested
escape sequences, including further ternary expressions.
The left parenthesis may be preceded or followed by a positive
integer n, which defaults to zero. A negative integer will be
multiplied by -1. The test character x may be any of the fol-
lowing:
! True if the shell is running with privileges.
# True if the effective uid of the current process is n.
? True if the exit status of the last command was n.
_ True if at least n shell constructs were started.
C
/ True if the current absolute path has at least n elements
relative to the root directory, hence / is counted as 0
elements.
c
.
~ True if the current path, with prefix replacement, has at
least n elements relative to the root directory, hence /
is counted as 0 elements.
D True if the month is equal to n (January = 0).
d True if the day of the month is equal to n.
g True if the effective gid of the current process is n.
j True if the number of jobs is at least n.
L True if the SHLVL parameter is at least n.
l True if at least n characters have already been printed
on the current line.
S True if the SECONDS parameter is at least n.
T True if the time in hours is equal to n.
t True if the time in minutes is equal to n.
v True if the array psvar has at least n elements.
V True if element n of the array psvar is set and
non-empty.
w True if the day of the week is equal to n (Sunday = 0).
%<string<
%>string>
%[xstring]
Specifies truncation behaviour for the remainder of the prompt
string. The third, deprecated, form is equivalent to
`%xstringx', i.e. x may be `<' or `>'. The numeric argument,
which in the third form may appear immediately after the `[',
specifies the maximum permitted length of the various strings
that can be displayed in the prompt. The string will be dis-
played in place of the truncated portion of any string; note
this does not undergo prompt expansion.
The forms with `<' truncate at the left of the string, and the
forms with `>' truncate at the right of the string. For exam-
ple, if the current directory is `/home/pike', the prompt
`%8<..<%/' will expand to `..e/pike'. In this string, the ter-
minating character (`<', `>' or `]'), or in fact any character,
may be quoted by a preceding `\'; note when using print -P, how-
ever, that this must be doubled as the string is also subject to
standard print processing, in addition to any backslashes
removed by a double quoted string: the worst case is therefore
`print -P "%<\\\\<<..."'.
If the string is longer than the specified truncation length, it
will appear in full, completely replacing the truncated string.
The part of the prompt string to be truncated runs to the end of
the string, or to the end of the next enclosing group of the
`%(' construct, or to the next truncation encountered at the
same grouping level (i.e. truncations inside a `%(' are sepa-
rate), which ever comes first. In particular, a truncation with
argument zero (e.g. `%<<') marks the end of the range of the
string to be truncated while turning off truncation from there
on. For example, the prompt '%10<...<%~%<<%# ' will print a
truncated representation of the current directory, followed by a
`%' or `#', followed by a space. Without the `%<<', those two
characters would be included in the string to be truncated.
ZSHEXPN(1) ZSHEXPN(1)
NAME
zshexpn - zsh expansion and substitution
DESCRIPTION
The following types of expansions are performed in the indicated order
in five steps:
History Expansion
This is performed only in interactive shells.
Alias Expansion
Aliases are expanded immediately before the command line is
parsed as explained under Aliasing in zshmisc(1).
Process Substitution
Parameter Expansion
Command Substitution
Arithmetic Expansion
Brace Expansion
These five are performed in one step in left-to-right fashion.
After these expansions, all unquoted occurrences of the charac-
ters `\', `'' and `"' are removed.
Filename Expansion
If the SH_FILE_EXPANSION option is set, the order of expansion
is modified for compatibility with sh and ksh. In that case
filename expansion is performed immediately after alias expan-
sion, preceding the set of five expansions mentioned above.
Filename Generation
This expansion, commonly referred to as globbing, is always done
last.
The following sections explain the types of expansion in detail.
HISTORY EXPANSION
History expansion allows you to use words from previous command lines
in the command line you are typing. This simplifies spelling correc-
tions and the repetition of complicated commands or arguments. Immedi-
ately before execution, each command is saved in the history list, the
size of which is controlled by the HISTSIZE parameter. The one most
recent command is always retained in any case. Each saved command in
the history list is called a history event and is assigned a number,
beginning with 1 (one) when the shell starts up. The history number
that you may see in your prompt (see Prompt Expansion in zshmisc(1)) is
the number that is to be assigned to the next command.
Overview
A history expansion begins with the first character of the histchars
parameter, which is `!' by default, and may occur anywhere on the com-
mand line; history expansions do not nest. The `!' can be escaped with
`\' or can be enclosed between a pair of single quotes ('') to suppress
its special meaning. Double quotes will not work for this. Following
this history character is an optional event designator (see the section
`Event Designators') and then an optional word designator (the section
`Word Designators'); if neither of these designators is present, no
history expansion occurs.
Input lines containing history expansions are echoed after being
expanded, but before any other expansions take place and before the
command is executed. It is this expanded form that is recorded as the
history event for later references.
By default, a history reference with no event designator refers to the
same event as any preceding history reference on that command line; if
it is the only history reference in a command, it refers to the previ-
ous command. However, if the option CSH_JUNKIE_HISTORY is set, then
every history reference with no event specification always refers to
the previous command.
For example, `!' is the event designator for the previous command, so
`!!:1' always refers to the first word of the previous command, and
`!!$' always refers to the last word of the previous command. With
CSH_JUNKIE_HISTORY set, then `!:1' and `!$' function in the same manner
as `!!:1' and `!!$', respectively. Conversely, if CSH_JUNKIE_HISTORY
is unset, then `!:1' and `!$' refer to the first and last words,
respectively, of the same event referenced by the nearest other history
reference preceding them on the current command line, or to the previ-
ous command if there is no preceding reference.
The character sequence `^foo^bar' (where `^' is actually the second
character of the histchars parameter) repeats the last command, replac-
ing the string foo with bar. More precisely, the sequence `^foo^bar^'
is synonymous with `!!:s^foo^bar^', hence other modifiers (see the sec-
tion `Modifiers') may follow the final `^'. In particular,
`^foo^bar:G' performs a global substitution.
If the shell encounters the character sequence `!"' in the input, the
history mechanism is temporarily disabled until the current list (see
zshmisc(1)) is fully parsed. The `!"' is removed from the input, and
any subsequent `!' characters have no special significance.
A less convenient but more comprehensible form of command history sup-
port is provided by the fc builtin.
Event Designators
An event designator is a reference to a command-line entry in the his-
tory list. In the list below, remember that the initial `!' in each
item may be changed to another character by setting the histchars
parameter.
! Start a history expansion, except when followed by a blank, new-
line, `=' or `('. If followed immediately by a word designator
(see the section `Word Designators'), this forms a history ref-
erence with no event designator (see the section `Overview').
!! Refer to the previous command. By itself, this expansion
repeats the previous command.
!n Refer to command-line n.
!-n Refer to the current command-line minus n.
!str Refer to the most recent command starting with str.
!?str[?]
Refer to the most recent command containing str. The trailing
`?' is necessary if this reference is to be followed by a modi-
fier or followed by any text that is not to be considered part
of str.
!# Refer to the current command line typed in so far. The line is
treated as if it were complete up to and including the word
before the one with the `!#' reference.
!{...} Insulate a history reference from adjacent characters (if neces-
sary).
Word Designators
A word designator indicates which word or words of a given command line
are to be included in a history reference. A `:' usually separates the
event specification from the word designator. It may be omitted only
if the word designator begins with a `^', `$', `*', `-' or `%'. Word
designators include:
0 The first input word (command).
n The nth argument.
^ The first argument. That is, 1.
$ The last argument.
% The word matched by (the most recent) ?str search.
x-y A range of words; x defaults to 0.
* All the arguments, or a null value if there are none.
x* Abbreviates `x-$'.
x- Like `x*' but omitting word $.
Note that a `%' word designator works only when used in one of `!%',
`!:%' or `!?str?:%', and only when used after a !? expansion (possibly
in an earlier command). Anything else results in an error, although
the error may not be the most obvious one.
Modifiers
After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or
more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. These modi-
fiers also work on the result of filename generation and parameter
expansion, except where noted.
h Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving the head. This
works like `dirname'.
r Remove a filename extension of the form `.xxx', leaving the root
name.
e Remove all but the extension.
t Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. This
works like `basename'.
p Print the new command but do not execute it. Only works with
history expansion.
q Quote the substituted words, escaping further substitutions.
Works with history expansion and parameter expansion, though for
parameters it is only useful if the resulting text is to be
re-evaluated such as by eval.
Q Remove one level of quotes from the substituted words.
x Like q, but break into words at whitespace. Does not work with
parameter expansion.
l Convert the words to all lowercase.
u Convert the words to all uppercase.
s/l/r[/]
Substitute r for l as described below. The substitution is done
only for the first string that matches l. For arrays and for
filename generation, this applies to each word of the expanded
text. See below for further notes on substitutions.
The forms `gs/l/r' and `s/l/r/:G' perform global substitution,
i.e. substitute every occurrence of r for l. Note that the g or
:G must appear in exactly the position shown.
& Repeat the previous s substitution. Like s, may be preceded
immediately by a g. In parameter expansion the & must appear
inside braces, and in filename generation it must be quoted with
a backslash.
The s/l/r/ substitution works as follows. By default the left-hand
side of substitutions are not patterns, but character strings. Any
character can be used as the delimiter in place of `/'. A backslash
quotes the delimiter character. The character `&', in the
right-hand-side r, is replaced by the text from the left-hand-side l.
The `&' can be quoted with a backslash. A null l uses the previous
string either from the previous l or from the contextual scan string s
from `!?s'. You can omit the rightmost delimiter if a newline immedi-
ately follows r; the rightmost `?' in a context scan can similarly be
omitted. Note the same record of the last l and r is maintained across
all forms of expansion.
If the option HIST_SUBST_PATTERN is set, l is treated as a pattern of
the usual form described in the section FILENAME GENERATION below.
This can be used in all the places where modifiers are available; note,
however, that in globbing qualifiers parameter substitution has already
taken place, so parameters in the replacement string should be quoted
to ensure they are replaced at the correct time. Note also that com-
plicated patterns used in globbing qualifiers may need the extended
glob qualifier notation (#q:s/.../.../) in order for the shell to rec-
ognize the expression as a glob qualifier. Further, note that bad pat-
terns in the substitution are not subject to the NO_BAD_PATTERN option
so will cause an error.
When HIST_SUBST_PATTERN is set, l may start with a # to indicate that
the pattern must match at the start of the string to be substituted,
and a % may appear at the start or after an # to indicate that the pat-
tern must match at the end of the string to be substituted. The % or #
may be quoted with two backslashes.
For example, the following piece of filename generation code with the
EXTENDED_GLOB option:
print *.c(#q:s/#%(#b)s(*).c/'S${match[1]}.C'/)
takes the expansion of *.c and applies the glob qualifiers in the
(#q...) expression, which consists of a substitution modifier anchored
to the start and end of each word (#%). This turns on backreferences
((#b)), so that the parenthesised subexpression is available in the
replacement string as ${match[1]}. The replacement string is quoted so
that the parameter is not substituted before the start of filename gen-
eration.
The following f, F, w and W modifiers work only with parameter expan-
sion and filename generation. They are listed here to provide a single
point of reference for all modifiers.
f Repeats the immediately (without a colon) following modifier
until the resulting word doesn't change any more.
F:expr:
Like f, but repeats only n times if the expression expr evalu-
ates to n. Any character can be used instead of the `:'; if
`(', `[', or `{' is used as the opening delimiter, the closing
delimiter should be ')', `]', or `}', respectively.
w Makes the immediately following modifier work on each word in
the string.
W:sep: Like w but words are considered to be the parts of the string
that are separated by sep. Any character can be used instead of
the `:'; opening parentheses are handled specially, see above.
PROCESS SUBSTITUTION
Each command argument of the form `<(list)', `>(list)' or `=(list)' is
subject to process substitution. In the case of the < or > forms, the
shell runs process list asynchronously. If the system supports the
/dev/fd mechanism, the command argument is the name of the device file
corresponding to a file descriptor; otherwise, if the system supports
named pipes (FIFOs), the command argument will be a named pipe. If the
form with > is selected then writing on this special file will provide
input for list. If < is used, then the file passed as an argument will
be connected to the output of the list process. For example,
paste <(cut -f1 file1) <(cut -f3 file2) |
tee >(process1) >(process2) >/dev/null
cuts fields 1 and 3 from the files file1 and file2 respectively, pastes
the results together, and sends it to the processes process1 and
process2.
If =(...) is used instead of <(...), then the file passed as an argu-
ment will be the name of a temporary file containing the output of the
list process. This may be used instead of the < form for a program
that expects to lseek (see lseek(2)) on the input file.
There is an optimisation for substitutions of the form =(<<<arg), where
arg is a single-word argument to the here-string redirection <<<. This
form produces a file name containing the value of arg after any substi-
tutions have been performed. This is handled entirely within the cur-
rent shell. This is effectively the reverse of the special form
$(<arg) which treats arg as a file name and replaces it with the file's
contents.
The = form is useful as both the /dev/fd and the named pipe implementa-
tion of <(...) have drawbacks. In the former case, some programmes may
automatically close the file descriptor in question before examining
the file on the command line, particularly if this is necessary for
security reasons such as when the programme is running setuid. In the
second case, if the programme does not actually open the file, the sub-
shell attempting to read from or write to the pipe will (in a typical
implementation, different operating systems may have different behav-
iour) block for ever and have to be killed explicitly. In both cases,
the shell actually supplies the information using a pipe, so that pro-
grammes that expect to lseek (see lseek(2)) on the file will not work.
Also note that the previous example can be more compactly and effi-
ciently written (provided the MULTIOS option is set) as:
paste <(cut -f1 file1) <(cut -f3 file2) \
> >(process1) > >(process2)
The shell uses pipes instead of FIFOs to implement the latter two
process substitutions in the above example.
There is an additional problem with >(process); when this is attached
to an external command, the parent shell does not wait for process to
finish and hence an immediately following command cannot rely on the
results being complete. The problem and solution are the same as
described in the section MULTIOS in zshmisc(1). Hence in a simplified
version of the example above:
paste <(cut -f1 file1) <(cut -f3 file2) > >(process)
(note that no MULTIOS are involved), process will be run asyn-
chronously. The workaround is:
{ paste <(cut -f1 file1) <(cut -f3 file2) } > >(process)
The extra processes here are spawned from the parent shell which will
wait for their completion.
PARAMETER EXPANSION
The character `$' is used to introduce parameter expansions. See zsh-
param(1) for a description of parameters, including arrays, associative
arrays, and subscript notation to access individual array elements.
Note in particular the fact that words of unquoted parameters are not
automatically split on whitespace unless the option SH_WORD_SPLIT is
set; see references to this option below for more details. This is an
important difference from other shells.
In the expansions discussed below that require a pattern, the form of
the pattern is the same as that used for filename generation; see the
section `Filename Generation'. Note that these patterns, along with
the replacement text of any substitutions, are themselves subject to
parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.
In addition to the following operations, the colon modifiers described
in the section `Modifiers' in the section `History Expansion' can be
applied: for example, ${i:s/foo/bar/} performs string substitution on
the expansion of parameter $i.
${name}
The value, if any, of the parameter name is substituted. The
braces are required if the expansion is to be followed by a let-
ter, digit, or underscore that is not to be interpreted as part
of name. In addition, more complicated forms of substitution
usually require the braces to be present; exceptions, which only
apply if the option KSH_ARRAYS is not set, are a single sub-
script or any colon modifiers appearing after the name, or any
of the characters `^', `=', `~', `#' or `+' appearing before the
name, all of which work with or without braces.
If name is an array parameter, and the KSH_ARRAYS option is not
set, then the value of each element of name is substituted, one
element per word. Otherwise, the expansion results in one word
only; with KSH_ARRAYS, this is the first element of an array.
No field splitting is done on the result unless the
SH_WORD_SPLIT option is set. See also the flags = and
s:string:.
${+name}
If name is the name of a set parameter `1' is substituted, oth-
erwise `0' is substituted.
${name-word}
${name:-word}
If name is set, or in the second form is non-null, then substi-
tute its value; otherwise substitute word. In the second form
name may be omitted, in which case word is always substituted.
${name+word}
${name:+word}
If name is set, or in the second form is non-null, then substi-
tute word; otherwise substitute nothing.
${name=word}
${name:=word}
${name::=word}
In the first form, if name is unset then set it to word; in the
second form, if name is unset or null then set it to word; and
in the third form, unconditionally set name to word. In all
forms, the value of the parameter is then substituted.
${name?word}
${name:?word}
In the first form, if name is set, or in the second form if name
is both set and non-null, then substitute its value; otherwise,
print word and exit from the shell. Interactive shells instead
return to the prompt. If word is omitted, then a standard mes-
sage is printed.
In any of the above expressions that test a variable and substitute an
alternate word, note that you can use standard shell quoting in the
word value to selectively override the splitting done by the
SH_WORD_SPLIT option and the = flag, but not splitting by the s:string:
flag.
In the following expressions, when name is an array and the substitu-
tion is not quoted, or if the `(@)' flag or the name[@] syntax is used,
matching and replacement is performed on each array element separately.
${name#pattern}
${name##pattern}
If the pattern matches the beginning of the value of name, then
substitute the value of name with the matched portion deleted;
otherwise, just substitute the value of name. In the first
form, the smallest matching pattern is preferred; in the second
form, the largest matching pattern is preferred.
${name%pattern}
${name%%pattern}
If the pattern matches the end of the value of name, then sub-
stitute the value of name with the matched portion deleted; oth-
erwise, just substitute the value of name. In the first form,
the smallest matching pattern is preferred; in the second form,
the largest matching pattern is preferred.
${name:#pattern}
If the pattern matches the value of name, then substitute the
empty string; otherwise, just substitute the value of name. If
name is an array the matching array elements are removed (use
the `(M)' flag to remove the non-matched elements).
${name/pattern/repl}
${name//pattern/repl}
Replace the longest possible match of pattern in the expansion
of parameter name by string repl. The first form replaces just
the first occurrence, the second form all occurrences. Both
pattern and repl are subject to double-quoted substitution, so
that expressions like ${name/$opat/$npat} will work, but note
the usual rule that pattern characters in $opat are not treated
specially unless either the option GLOB_SUBST is set, or $opat
is instead substituted as ${~opat}.
The pattern may begin with a `#', in which case the pattern must
match at the start of the string, or `%', in which case it must
match at the end of the string, or `#%' in which case the pat-
tern must match the entire string. The repl may be an empty
string, in which case the final `/' may also be omitted. To
quote the final `/' in other cases it should be preceded by a
single backslash; this is not necessary if the `/' occurs inside
a substituted parameter. Note also that the `#', `%' and `#%
are not active if they occur inside a substituted parameter,
even at the start.
The first `/' may be preceded by a `:', in which case the match
will only succeed if it matches the entire word. Note also the
effect of the I and S parameter expansion flags below; however,
the flags M, R, B, E and N are not useful.
For example,
foo="twinkle twinkle little star" sub="t*e" rep="spy"
print ${foo//${~sub}/$rep}
print ${(S)foo//${~sub}/$rep}
Here, the `~' ensures that the text of $sub is treated as a pat-
tern rather than a plain string. In the first case, the longest
match for t*e is substituted and the result is `spy star', while
in the second case, the shortest matches are taken and the
result is `spy spy lispy star'.
${#spec}
If spec is one of the above substitutions, substitute the length
in characters of the result instead of the result itself. If
spec is an array expression, substitute the number of elements
of the result. Note that `^', `=', and `~', below, must appear
to the left of `#' when these forms are combined.
${^spec}
Turn on the RC_EXPAND_PARAM option for the evaluation of spec;
if the `^' is doubled, turn it off. When this option is set,
array expansions of the form foo${xx}bar, where the parameter xx
is set to (a b c), are substituted with `fooabar foobbar
foocbar' instead of the default `fooa b cbar'. Note that an
empty array will therefore cause all arguments to be removed.
Internally, each such expansion is converted into the equivalent
list for brace expansion. E.g., ${^var} becomes
{$var[1],$var[2],...}, and is processed as described in the sec-
tion `Brace Expansion' below. If word splitting is also in
effect the $var[N] may themselves be split into different list
elements.
${=spec}
Perform word splitting using the rules for SH_WORD_SPLIT during
the evaluation of spec, but regardless of whether the parameter
appears in double quotes; if the `=' is doubled, turn it off.
This forces parameter expansions to be split into separate words
before substitution, using IFS as a delimiter. This is done by
default in most other shells.
Note that splitting is applied to word in the assignment forms
of spec before the assignment to name is performed. This
affects the result of array assignments with the A flag.
${~spec}
Turn on the GLOB_SUBST option for the evaluation of spec; if the
`~' is doubled, turn it off. When this option is set, the
string resulting from the expansion will be interpreted as a
pattern anywhere that is possible, such as in filename expansion
and filename generation and pattern-matching contexts like the
right hand side of the `=' and `!=' operators in conditions.
In nested substitutions, note that the effect of the ~ applies
to the result of the current level of substitution. A surround-
ing pattern operation on the result may cancel it. Hence, for
example, if the parameter foo is set to *, ${~foo//\*/*.c} is
substituted by the pattern *.c, which may be expanded by file-
name generation, but ${${~foo}//\*/*.c} substitutes to the
string *.c, which will not be further expanded.
If a ${...} type parameter expression or a $(...) type command substi-
tution is used in place of name above, it is expanded first and the
result is used as if it were the value of name. Thus it is possible to
perform nested operations: ${${foo#head}%tail} substitutes the value
of $foo with both `head' and `tail' deleted. The form with $(...) is
often useful in combination with the flags described next; see the
examples below. Each name or nested ${...} in a parameter expansion
may also be followed by a subscript expression as described in Array
Parameters in zshparam(1).
Note that double quotes may appear around nested expressions, in which
case only the part inside is treated as quoted; for example,
${(f)"$(foo)"} quotes the result of $(foo), but the flag `(f)' (see
below) is applied using the rules for unquoted expansions. Note fur-
ther that quotes are themselves nested in this context; for example, in
"${(@f)"$(foo)"}", there are two sets of quotes, one surrounding the
whole expression, the other (redundant) surrounding the $(foo) as
before.
Parameter Expansion Flags
If the opening brace is directly followed by an opening parenthesis,
the string up to the matching closing parenthesis will be taken as a
list of flags. In cases where repeating a flag is meaningful, the rep-
etitions need not be consecutive; for example, `(q%q%q)' means the same
thing as the more readable `(%%qqq)'. The following flags are sup-
ported:
# Evaluate the resulting words as numeric expressions and output
the characters corresponding to the resulting integer. Note
that this form is entirely distinct from use of the # without
parentheses.
If the MULTIBYTE option is set and the number is greater than
127 (i.e. not an ASCII character) it is treated as a Unicode
character.
% Expand all % escapes in the resulting words in the same way as
in prompts (see the section `Prompt Expansion'). If this flag is
given twice, full prompt expansion is done on the resulting
words, depending on the setting of the PROMPT_PERCENT,
PROMPT_SUBST and PROMPT_BANG options.
@ In double quotes, array elements are put into separate words.
E.g., `"${(@)foo}"' is equivalent to `"${foo[@]}"' and
`"${(@)foo[1,2]}"' is the same as `"$foo[1]" "$foo[2]"'. This
is distinct from field splitting by the the f, s or z flags,
which still applies within each array element.
A Create an array parameter with `${...=...}', `${...:=...}' or
`${...::=...}'. If this flag is repeated (as in `AA'), create
an associative array parameter. Assignment is made before sort-
ing or padding. The name part may be a subscripted range for
ordinary arrays; the word part must be converted to an array,
for example by using `${(AA)=name=...}' to activate field split-
ting, when creating an associative array.
a Sort in array index order; when combined with `O' sort in
reverse array index order. Note that `a' is therefore equiva-
lent to the default but `Oa' is useful for obtaining an array's
elements in reverse order.
c With ${#name}, count the total number of characters in an array,
as if the elements were concatenated with spaces between them.
C Capitalize the resulting words. `Words' in this case refers to
sequences of alphanumeric characters separated by non-alphanu-
merics, not to words that result from field splitting.
e Perform parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic
expansion on the result. Such expansions can be nested but too
deep recursion may have unpredictable effects.
f Split the result of the expansion to lines. This is a shorthand
for `ps:\n:'.
F Join the words of arrays together using newline as a separator.
This is a shorthand for `pj:\n:'.
i Sort case-insensitively. May be combined with `n' or `O'.
k If name refers to an associative array, substitute the keys
(element names) rather than the values of the elements. Used
with subscripts (including ordinary arrays), force indices or
keys to be substituted even if the subscript form refers to val-
ues. However, this flag may not be combined with subscript
ranges.
L Convert all letters in the result to lower case.
n Sort decimal integers numerically; if the first differing char-
acters of two test strings are not digits, sorting is lexical.
Integers with more initial zeroes are sorted before those with
fewer or none. Hence the array `foo1 foo02 foo2 foo3 foo20
foo23' is sorted into the order shown. May be combined with `i'
or `O'.
o Sort the resulting words in ascending order; if this appears on
its own the sorting is lexical and case-sensitive (unless the
locale renders it case-insensitive). Sorting in ascending order
is the default for other forms of sorting, so this is ignored if
combined with `a', `i' or `n'.
O Sort the resulting words in descending order; `O' without `a',
`i' or `n' sorts in reverse lexical order. May be combined with
`a', `i' or `n' to reverse the order of sorting.
P This forces the value of the parameter name to be interpreted as
a further parameter name, whose value will be used where appro-
priate. Note that flags set with one of the typeset family of
commands (in particular case transformations) are not applied to
the value of name used in this fashion.
If used with a nested parameter or command substitution, the
result of that will be taken as a parameter name in the same
way. For example, if you have `foo=bar' and `bar=baz', the
strings ${(P)foo}, ${(P)${foo}}, and ${(P)$(echo bar)} will be
expanded to `baz'.
q Quote the resulting words with backslashes; unprintable or
invalid characters are quoted using the $'\NNN' form, with sepa-
rate quotes for each octet. If this flag is given twice, the
resulting words are quoted in single quotes and if it is given
three times, the words are quoted in double quotes; in these
forms no special handling of unprintable or invalid characters
is attempted. If the flag is given four times, the words are
quoted in single quotes preceded by a $.
Q Remove one level of quotes from the resulting words.
t Use a string describing the type of the parameter where the
value of the parameter would usually appear. This string con-
sists of keywords separated by hyphens (`-'). The first keyword
in the string describes the main type, it can be one of
`scalar', `array', `integer', `float' or `association'. The
other keywords describe the type in more detail:
local for local parameters
left for left justified parameters
right_blanks
for right justified parameters with leading blanks
right_zeros
for right justified parameters with leading zeros
lower for parameters whose value is converted to all lower case
when it is expanded
upper for parameters whose value is converted to all upper case
when it is expanded
readonly
for readonly parameters
tag for tagged parameters
export for exported parameters
unique for arrays which keep only the first occurrence of dupli-
cated values
hide for parameters with the `hide' flag
special
for special parameters defined by the shell
u Expand only the first occurrence of each unique word.
U Convert all letters in the result to upper case.
v Used with k, substitute (as two consecutive words) both the key
and the value of each associative array element. Used with sub-
scripts, force values to be substituted even if the subscript
form refers to indices or keys.
V Make any special characters in the resulting words visible.
w With ${#name}, count words in arrays or strings; the s flag may
be used to set a word delimiter.
W Similar to w with the difference that empty words between
repeated delimiters are also counted.
X With this flag, parsing errors occurring with the Q, e and #
flags or the pattern matching forms such as `${name#pattern}'
are reported. Without the flag, errors are silently ignored.
z Split the result of the expansion into words using shell parsing
to find the words, i.e. taking into account any quoting in the
value.
Note that this is done very late, as for the `(s)' flag. So to
access single words in the result, one has to use nested expan-
sions as in `${${(z)foo}[2]}'. Likewise, to remove the quotes in
the resulting words one would do: `${(Q)${(z)foo}}'.
0 Split the result of the expansion on null bytes. This is a
shorthand for `ps:\0:'.
The following flags (except p) are followed by one or more arguments as
shown. Any character, or the matching pairs `(...)', `{...}', `[...]',
or `<...>', may be used in place of a colon as delimiters, but note
that when a flag takes more than one argument, a matched pair of delim-
iters must surround each argument.
p Recognize the same escape sequences as the print builtin in
string arguments to any of the flags described below that follow
this argument.
~ Force string arguments to any of the flags below that follow
within the parentheses to be treated as patterns. Compare with
a ~ outside parentheses, which forces the entire substituted
string to be treated as a pattern. Hence, for example,
[[ "?" = ${(~j.|.)array} ]]
with the EXTENDED_GLOB option set succeeds if and only if $array con-
tains the string `?' as an element. The argument may be repeated to
toggle the behaviour; its effect only lasts to the end of the parenthe-
sised group.
j:string:
Join the words of arrays together using string as a separator.
Note that this occurs before field splitting by the s:string:
flag or the SH_WORD_SPLIT option.
l:expr::string1::string2:
Pad the resulting words on the left. Each word will be trun-
cated if required and placed in a field expr characters wide.
The arguments :string1: and :string2: are optional; neither, the
first, or both may be given. Note that the same pairs of delim-
iters must be used for each of the three arguments. The space
to the left will be filled with string1 (concatenated as often
as needed) or spaces if string1 is not given. If both string1
and string2 are given, string2 is inserted once directly to the
left of each word, truncated if necessary, before string1 is
used to produce any remaining padding.
If the MULTIBYTE option is in effect, the flag m may also be
given, in which case widths will be used for the calculation of
padding; otherwise individual multibyte characters are treated
as occupying one unit of width.
IF the MULTIBYTE option is not in effect, each byte in the
string is treated as occupying one unit of width.
Control characters are always assumed to be one unit wide; this
allows the mechanism to be used for generating repetitions of
control characters.
m Only useful together with one of the flags l or r or with the #
length operator when the MULTIBYTE option is in effect. Use the
character width reported by the system in calculating the how
much of the string it occupies or the overall length of the
string. Most printable characters have a width of one unit,
however certain Asian character sets and certain special effects
use wider characters; combining characters have zero width.
r:expr::string1::string2:
As l, but pad the words on the right and insert string2 immedi-
ately to the right of the string to be padded.
Left and right padding may be used together. In this case the
strategy is to apply left padding to the first half width of
each of the resulting words, and right padding to the second
half. If the string to be padded has odd width the extra pad-
ding is applied on the left.
s:string:
Force field splitting at the separator string. Note that a
string of two or more characters means that all of them must
match in sequence; this differs from the treatment of two or
more characters in the IFS parameter. See also the = flag and
the SH_WORD_SPLIT option.
For historical reasons, the usual behaviour that empty array
elements are retained inside double quotes is disabled for
arrays generated by splitting; hence the following:
line="one::three"
print -l "${(s.:.)line}"
produces two lines of output for one and three and elides the
empty field. To override this behaviour, supply the "(@)" flag
as well, i.e. "${(@s.:.)line}".
The following flags are meaningful with the ${...#...} or ${...%...}
forms. The S and I flags may also be used with the ${.../...} forms.
S Search substrings as well as beginnings or ends; with # start
from the beginning and with % start from the end of the string.
With substitution via ${.../...} or ${...//...}, specifies
non-greedy matching, i.e. that the shortest instead of the long-
est match should be replaced.
I:expr:
Search the exprth match (where expr evaluates to a number).
This only applies when searching for substrings, either with the
S flag, or with ${.../...} (only the exprth match is substi-
tuted) or ${...//...} (all matches from the exprth on are sub-
stituted). The default is to take the first match.
The exprth match is counted such that there is either one or
zero matches from each starting position in the string, although
for global substitution matches overlapping previous replace-
ments are ignored. With the ${...%...} and ${...%%...} forms,
the starting position for the match moves backwards from the end
as the index increases, while with the other forms it moves for-
ward from the start.
Hence with the string
which switch is the right switch for Ipswich?
substitutions of the form ${(SI:N:)string#w*ch} as N increases
from 1 will match and remove `which', `witch', `witch' and
`wich'; the form using `##' will match and remove `which switch
is the right switch for Ipswich', `witch is the right switch for
Ipswich', `witch for Ipswich' and `wich'. The form using `%'
will remove the same matches as for `#', but in reverse order,
and the form using `%%' will remove the same matches as for `##'
in reverse order.
B Include the index of the beginning of the match in the result.
E Include the index of the end of the match in the result.
M Include the matched portion in the result.
N Include the length of the match in the result.
R Include the unmatched portion in the result (the Rest).
Rules
Here is a summary of the rules for substitution; this assumes that
braces are present around the substitution, i.e. ${...}. Some particu-
lar examples are given below. Note that the Zsh Development Group
accepts no responsibility for any brain damage which may occur during
the reading of the following rules.
1. Nested Substitution
If multiple nested ${...} forms are present, substitution is
performed from the inside outwards. At each level, the substi-
tution takes account of whether the current value is a scalar or
an array, whether the whole substitution is in double quotes,
and what flags are supplied to the current level of substitu-
tion, just as if the nested substitution were the outermost.
The flags are not propagated up to enclosing substitutions; the
nested substitution will return either a scalar or an array as
determined by the flags, possibly adjusted for quoting. All the
following steps take place where applicable at all levels of
substitution. Note that, unless the `(P)' flag is present, the
flags and any subscripts apply directly to the value of the
nested substitution; for example, the expansion ${${foo}}
behaves exactly the same as ${foo}.
At each nested level of substitution, the substituted words
undergo all forms of single-word substitution (i.e. not filename
generation), including command substitution, arithmetic expan-
sion and filename expansion (i.e. leading ~ and =). Thus, for
example, ${${:-=cat}:h} expands to the directory where the cat
program resides. (Explanation: the internal substitution has no
parameter but a default value =cat, which is expanded by file-
name expansion to a full path; the outer substitution then
applies the modifier :h and takes the directory part of the
path.)
2. Internal Parameter Flags
Any parameter flags set by one of the typeset family of com-
mands, in particular the L, R, Z, u and l flags for padding and
capitalization, are applied directly to the parameter value.
3. Parameter Subscripting
If the value is a raw parameter reference with a subscript, such
as ${var[3]}, the effect of subscripting is applied directly to
the parameter. Subscripts are evaluated left to right; subse-
quent subscripts apply to the scalar or array value yielded by
the previous subscript. Thus if var is an array, ${var[1][2]}
is the second character of the first word, but ${var[2,4][2]} is
the entire third word (the second word of the range of words two
through four of the original array). Any number of subscripts
may appear.
4. Parameter Name Replacement
The effect of any (P) flag, which treats the value so far as a
parameter name and replaces it with the corresponding value, is
applied.
5. Double-Quoted Joining
If the value after this process is an array, and the substitu-
tion appears in double quotes, and no (@) flag is present at the
current level, the words of the value are joined with the first
character of the parameter $IFS, by default a space, between
each word (single word arrays are not modified). If the (j)
flag is present, that is used for joining instead of $IFS.
6. Nested Subscripting
Any remaining subscripts (i.e. of a nested substitution) are
evaluated at this point, based on whether the value is an array
or a scalar. As with 2., multiple subscripts can appear. Note
that ${foo[2,4][2]} is thus equivalent to ${${foo[2,4]}[2]} and
also to "${${(@)foo[2,4]}[2]}" (the nested substitution returns
an array in both cases), but not to "${${foo[2,4]}[2]}" (the
nested substitution returns a scalar because of the quotes).
7. Modifiers
Any modifiers, as specified by a trailing `#', `%', `/' (possi-
bly doubled) or by a set of modifiers of the form :... (see the
section `Modifiers' in the section `History Expansion'), are
applied to the words of the value at this level.
8. Forced Joining
If the `(j)' flag is present, or no `(j)' flag is present but
the string is to be split as given by rules 8. or 9., and join-
ing did not take place at step 4., any words in the value are
joined together using the given string or the first character of
$IFS if none. Note that the `(F)' flag implicitly supplies a
string for joining in this manner.
9. Forced Splitting
If one of the `(s)', `(f)' or `(z)' flags are present, or the
`=' specifier was present (e.g. ${=var}), the word is split on
occurrences of the specified string, or (for = with neither of
the two flags present) any of the characters in $IFS.
10. Shell Word Splitting
If no `(s)', `(f)' or `=' was given, but the word is not quoted
and the option SH_WORD_SPLIT is set, the word is split on occur-
rences of any of the characters in $IFS. Note this step, too,
takes place at all levels of a nested substitution.
11. Uniqueness
If the result is an array and the `(u)' flag was present, dupli-
cate elements are removed from the array.
12. Ordering
If the result is still an array and one of the `(o)' or `(O)'
flags was present, the array is reordered.
13. Re-Evaluation
Any `(e)' flag is applied to the value, forcing it to be
re-examined for new parameter substitutions, but also for com-
mand and arithmetic substitutions.
14. Padding
Any padding of the value by the `(l.fill.)' or `(r.fill.)' flags
is applied.
15. Semantic Joining
In contexts where expansion semantics requires a single word to
result, all words are rejoined with the first character of IFS
between. So in `${(P)${(f)lines}}' the value of ${lines} is
split at newlines, but then must be joined again before the P
flag can be applied.
If a single word is not required, this rule is skipped.
Examples
The flag f is useful to split a double-quoted substitution line by
line. For example, ${(f)"$(<file)"} substitutes the contents of file
divided so that each line is an element of the resulting array. Com-
pare this with the effect of $(<file) alone, which divides the file up
by words, or the same inside double quotes, which makes the entire con-
tent of the file a single string.
The following illustrates the rules for nested parameter expansions.
Suppose that $foo contains the array (bar baz):
"${(@)${foo}[1]}"
This produces the result b. First, the inner substitution
"${foo}", which has no array (@) flag, produces a single word
result "bar baz". The outer substitution "${(@)...[1]}" detects
that this is a scalar, so that (despite the `(@)' flag) the sub-
script picks the first character.
"${${(@)foo}[1]}"
This produces the result `bar'. In this case, the inner substi-
tution "${(@)foo}" produces the array `(bar baz)'. The outer
substitution "${...[1]}" detects that this is an array and picks
the first word. This is similar to the simple case "${foo[1]}".
As an example of the rules for word splitting and joining, suppose $foo
contains the array `(ax1 bx1)'. Then
${(s/x/)foo}
produces the words `a', `1 b' and `1'.
${(j/x/s/x/)foo}
produces `a', `1', `b' and `1'.
${(s/x/)foo%%1*}
produces `a' and ` b' (note the extra space). As substitution
occurs before either joining or splitting, the operation first
generates the modified array (ax bx), which is joined to give
"ax bx", and then split to give `a', ` b' and `'. The final
empty string will then be elided, as it is not in double quotes.
COMMAND SUBSTITUTION
A command enclosed in parentheses preceded by a dollar sign, like
`$(...)', or quoted with grave accents, like ``...`', is replaced with
its standard output, with any trailing newlines deleted. If the sub-
stitution is not enclosed in double quotes, the output is broken into
words using the IFS parameter. The substitution `$(cat foo)' may be
replaced by the equivalent but faster `$(<foo)'. In either case, if
the option GLOB_SUBST is set, the output is eligible for filename gen-
eration.
ARITHMETIC EXPANSION
A string of the form `$[exp]' or `$((exp))' is substituted with the
value of the arithmetic expression exp. exp is subjected to parameter
expansion, command substitution and arithmetic expansion before it is
evaluated. See the section `Arithmetic Evaluation'.
BRACE EXPANSION
A string of the form `foo{xx,yy,zz}bar' is expanded to the individual
words `fooxxbar', `fooyybar' and `foozzbar'. Left-to-right order is
preserved. This construct may be nested. Commas may be quoted in
order to include them literally in a word.
An expression of the form `{n1..n2}', where n1 and n2 are integers, is
expanded to every number between n1 and n2 inclusive. If either number
begins with a zero, all the resulting numbers will be padded with lead-
ing zeroes to that minimum width. If the numbers are in decreasing
order the resulting sequence will also be in decreasing order.
If a brace expression matches none of the above forms, it is left
unchanged, unless the option BRACE_CCL (an abbreviation for `brace
character class') is set. In that case, it is expanded to a list of
the individual characters between the braces sorted into the order of
the characters in the ASCII character set (multibyte characters are not
currently handled). The syntax is similar to a [...] expression in
filename generation: `-' is treated specially to denote a range of
characters, but `^' or `!' as the first character is treated normally.
For example, `{abcdef0-9}' expands to 16 words 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b
c d e f.
Note that brace expansion is not part of filename generation (glob-
bing); an expression such as */{foo,bar} is split into two separate
words */foo and */bar before filename generation takes place. In par-
ticular, note that this is liable to produce a `no match' error if
either of the two expressions does not match; this is to be contrasted
with */(foo|bar), which is treated as a single pattern but otherwise
has similar effects.
To combine brace expansion with array expansion, see the ${^spec} form
described in the section Parameter Expansion above.
FILENAME EXPANSION
Each word is checked to see if it begins with an unquoted `~'. If it
does, then the word up to a `/', or the end of the word if there is no
`/', is checked to see if it can be substituted in one of the ways
described here. If so, then the `~' and the checked portion are
replaced with the appropriate substitute value.
A `~' by itself is replaced by the value of $HOME. A `~' followed by a
`+' or a `-' is replaced by the value of $PWD or $OLDPWD, respectively.
A `~' followed by a number is replaced by the directory at that posi-
tion in the directory stack. `~0' is equivalent to `~+', and `~1' is
the top of the stack. `~+' followed by a number is replaced by the
directory at that position in the directory stack. `~+0' is equivalent
to `~+', and `~+1' is the top of the stack. `~-' followed by a number
is replaced by the directory that many positions from the bottom of the
stack. `~-0' is the bottom of the stack. The PUSHD_MINUS option
exchanges the effects of `~+' and `~-' where they are followed by a
number.
Dynamic named directories
The feature described here is only available if the shell function
zsh_directory_name exists.
A `~' followed by a string namstr in unquoted square brackets is
treated specially as a dynamic directory name. Note that the first
unquoted closing square bracket always terminates namstr. The shell
function is passed two arguments: the string n (for name) and namstr.
It should either set the array reply to a single element which is the
directory corresponding to the name and return status zero (executing
an assignment as the last statement is usually sufficient), or it
should return status non-zero. In the former case the element of reply
is used as the directory; in the latter case the substitution is deemed
to have failed and NOMATCH handling is applied if the option is set.
The function zsh_directory_name is also used to see if a directory can
be turned into a name, for example when printing the directory stack or
when expanding %~ in prompts. In this case the function is passed two
arguments: the string d (for directory) and the candidate for dynamic
naming. The function should either return non-zero status, if the
directory cannot be named by the function, or it should set the array
reply to consist of two elements: the first is the dynamic name for the
directory (as would appear within `~[...]'), and the second is the pre-
fix length of the directory to be replaced. For example, if the trial
directory is /home/myname/src/zsh and the dynamic name for
/home/myname/src (which has 16 characters) is s, then the function sets
reply=(s 16)
The directory name so returned is compared with possible static names
for parts of the directory path, as described below; it is used if the
prefix length matched (16 in the example) is longer than that matched
by any static name.
As a working example, here is a function that expands any dynamic names
beginning with the string p: to directories below /home/pws/perforce.
In this simple case a static name for the directory would be just as
effective.
zsh_directory_name() {
emulate -L zsh
setopt extendedglob
local -a match mbegin mend
if [[ $1 = d ]]; then
if [[ $2 = (#b)(/home/pws/perforce/)([^/]##)* ]]; then
typeset -ga reply
reply=(p:$match[2] $(( ${#match[1]} + ${#match[2]} )) )
else
return 1
fi
else
[[ $2 != (#b)p:(?*) ]] && return 1
typeset -ga reply
reply=(/home/pws/perforce/$match[1])
fi
return 0
}
Static named directories
A `~' followed by anything not already covered consisting of any number
of alphanumeric characters or underscore (`_'), hyphen (`-'), or dot
(`.') is looked up as a named directory, and replaced by the value of
that named directory if found. Named directories are typically home
directories for users on the system. They may also be defined if the
text after the `~' is the name of a string shell parameter whose value
begins with a `/'. Note that trailing slashes will be removed from the
path to the directory (though the original parameter is not modified).
It is also possible to define directory names using the -d option to
the hash builtin.
In certain circumstances (in prompts, for instance), when the shell
prints a path, the path is checked to see if it has a named directory
as its prefix. If so, then the prefix portion is replaced with a `~'
followed by the name of the directory. The shortest way of referring
to the directory is used, with ties broken in favour of using a named
directory, except when the directory is / itself. The parameters $PWD
and $OLDPWD are never abbreviated in this fashion.
`=' expansion
If a word begins with an unquoted `=' and the EQUALS option is set, the
remainder of the word is taken as the name of a command. If a command
exists by that name, the word is replaced by the full pathname of the
command.
Notes
Filename expansion is performed on the right hand side of a parameter
assignment, including those appearing after commands of the typeset
family. In this case, the right hand side will be treated as a
colon-separated list in the manner of the PATH parameter, so that a `~'
or an `=' following a `:' is eligible for expansion. All such behav-
iour can be disabled by quoting the `~', the `=', or the whole expres-
sion (but not simply the colon); the EQUALS option is also respected.
If the option MAGIC_EQUAL_SUBST is set, any unquoted shell argument in
the form `identifier=expression' becomes eligible for file expansion as
described in the previous paragraph. Quoting the first `=' also
inhibits this.
FILENAME GENERATION
If a word contains an unquoted instance of one of the characters `*',
`(', `|', `<', `[', or `?', it is regarded as a pattern for filename
generation, unless the GLOB option is unset. If the EXTENDED_GLOB
option is set, the `^' and `#' characters also denote a pattern; other-
wise they are not treated specially by the shell.
The word is replaced with a list of sorted filenames that match the
pattern. If no matching pattern is found, the shell gives an error
message, unless the NULL_GLOB option is set, in which case the word is
deleted; or unless the NOMATCH option is unset, in which case the word
is left unchanged.
In filename generation, the character `/' must be matched explicitly;
also, a `.' must be matched explicitly at the beginning of a pattern or
after a `/', unless the GLOB_DOTS option is set. No filename genera-
tion pattern matches the files `.' or `..'. In other instances of pat-
tern matching, the `/' and `.' are not treated specially.
Glob Operators
* Matches any string, including the null string.
? Matches any character.
[...] Matches any of the enclosed characters. Ranges of characters
can be specified by separating two characters by a `-'. A `-'
or `]' may be matched by including it as the first character in
the list. There are also several named classes of characters,
in the form `[:name:]' with the following meanings. The first
set use the macros provided by the operating system to test for
the given character combinations, including any modifications
due to local language settings, see ctype(3):
[:alnum:]
The character is alphanumeric
[:alpha:]
The character is alphabetic
[:ascii:]
The character is 7-bit, i.e. is a single-byte character
without the top bit set.
[:blank:]
The character is either space or tab
[:cntrl:]
The character is a control character
[:digit:]
The character is a decimal digit
[:graph:]
The character is a printable character other than white-
space
[:lower:]
The character is a lowercase letter
[:print:]
The character is printable
[:punct:]
The character is printable but neither alphanumeric nor
whitespace
[:space:]
The character is whitespace
[:upper:]
The character is an uppercase letter
[:xdigit:]
The character is a hexadecimal digit
Another set of named classes is handled internally by the shell
and is not sensitive to the locale:
[:IDENT:]
The character is allowed to form part of a shell identi-
fier, such as a parameter name
[:IFS:]
The character is used as an input field separator, i.e.
is contained in the IFS parameter
[:IFSSPACE:]
The character is an IFS white space character; see the
documentation for IFS in the zshparam(1) manual page.
[:WORD:]
The character is treated as part of a word; this test is
sensitive to the value of the WORDCHARS parameter
Note that the square brackets are additional to those enclosing
the whole set of characters, so to test for a single alphanu-
meric character you need `[[:alnum:]]'. Named character sets
can be used alongside other types, e.g. `[[:alpha:]0-9]'.
[^...]
[!...] Like [...], except that it matches any character which is not in
the given set.
<[x]-[y]>
Matches any number in the range x to y, inclusive. Either of
the numbers may be omitted to make the range open-ended; hence
`<->' matches any number. To match individual digits, the [...]
form is more efficient.
Be careful when using other wildcards adjacent to patterns of
this form; for example, <0-9>* will actually match any number
whatsoever at the start of the string, since the `<0-9>' will
match the first digit, and the `*' will match any others. This
is a trap for the unwary, but is in fact an inevitable conse-
quence of the rule that the longest possible match always suc-
ceeds. Expressions such as `<0-9>[^[:digit:]]*' can be used
instead.
(...) Matches the enclosed pattern. This is used for grouping. If
the KSH_GLOB option is set, then a `@', `*', `+', `?' or `!'
immediately preceding the `(' is treated specially, as detailed
below. The option SH_GLOB prevents bare parentheses from being
used in this way, though the KSH_GLOB option is still available.
Note that grouping cannot extend over multiple directories: it
is an error to have a `/' within a group (this only applies for
patterns used in filename generation). There is one exception:
a group of the form (pat/)# appearing as a complete path segment
can match a sequence of directories. For example, foo/(a*/)#bar
matches foo/bar, foo/any/bar, foo/any/anyother/bar, and so on.
x|y Matches either x or y. This operator has lower precedence than
any other. The `|' character must be within parentheses, to
avoid interpretation as a pipeline.
^x (Requires EXTENDED_GLOB to be set.) Matches anything except the
pattern x. This has a higher precedence than `/', so `^foo/bar'
will search directories in `.' except `./foo' for a file named
`bar'.
x~y (Requires EXTENDED_GLOB to be set.) Match anything that matches
the pattern x but does not match y. This has lower precedence
than any operator except `|', so `*/*~foo/bar' will search for
all files in all directories in `.' and then exclude `foo/bar'
if there was such a match. Multiple patterns can be excluded by
`foo~bar~baz'. In the exclusion pattern (y), `/' and `.' are
not treated specially the way they usually are in globbing.
x# (Requires EXTENDED_GLOB to be set.) Matches zero or more occur-
rences of the pattern x. This operator has high precedence;
`12#' is equivalent to `1(2#)', rather than `(12)#'. It is an
error for an unquoted `#' to follow something which cannot be
repeated; this includes an empty string, a pattern already fol-
lowed by `##', or parentheses when part of a KSH_GLOB pattern
(for example, `!(foo)#' is invalid and must be replaced by
`*(!(foo))').
x## (Requires EXTENDED_GLOB to be set.) Matches one or more occur-
rences of the pattern x. This operator has high precedence;
`12##' is equivalent to `1(2##)', rather than `(12)##'. No more
than two active `#' characters may appear together. (Note the
potential clash with glob qualifiers in the form `1(2##)' which
should therefore be avoided.)
ksh-like Glob Operators
If the KSH_GLOB option is set, the effects of parentheses can be modi-
fied by a preceding `@', `*', `+', `?' or `!'. This character need not
be unquoted to have special effects, but the `(' must be.
@(...) Match the pattern in the parentheses. (Like `(...)'.)
*(...) Match any number of occurrences. (Like `(...)#'.)
+(...) Match at least one occurrence. (Like `(...)##'.)
?(...) Match zero or one occurrence. (Like `(|...)'.)
!(...) Match anything but the expression in parentheses. (Like
`(^(...))'.)
Precedence
The precedence of the operators given above is (highest) `^', `/', `~',
`|' (lowest); the remaining operators are simply treated from left to
right as part of a string, with `#' and `##' applying to the shortest
possible preceding unit (i.e. a character, `?', `[...]', `<...>', or a
parenthesised expression). As mentioned above, a `/' used as a direc-
tory separator may not appear inside parentheses, while a `|' must do
so; in patterns used in other contexts than filename generation (for
example, in case statements and tests within `[[...]]'), a `/' is not
special; and `/' is also not special after a `~' appearing outside
parentheses in a filename pattern.
Globbing Flags
There are various flags which affect any text to their right up to the
end of the enclosing group or to the end of the pattern; they require
the EXTENDED_GLOB option. All take the form (#X) where X may have one
of the following forms:
i Case insensitive: upper or lower case characters in the pattern
match upper or lower case characters.
l Lower case characters in the pattern match upper or lower case
characters; upper case characters in the pattern still only
match upper case characters.
I Case sensitive: locally negates the effect of i or l from that
point on.
b Activate backreferences for parenthesised groups in the pattern;
this does not work in filename generation. When a pattern with
a set of active parentheses is matched, the strings matched by
the groups are stored in the array $match, the indices of the
beginning of the matched parentheses in the array $mbegin, and
the indices of the end in the array $mend, with the first ele-
ment of each array corresponding to the first parenthesised
group, and so on. These arrays are not otherwise special to the
shell. The indices use the same convention as does parameter
substitution, so that elements of $mend and $mbegin may be used
in subscripts; the KSH_ARRAYS option is respected. Sets of
globbing flags are not considered parenthesised groups; only the
first nine active parentheses can be referenced.
For example,
foo="a string with a message"
if [[ $foo = (a|an)' '(#b)(*)' '* ]]; then
print ${foo[$mbegin[1],$mend[1]]}
fi
prints `string with a'. Note that the first parenthesis is
before the (#b) and does not create a backreference.
Backreferences work with all forms of pattern matching other
than filename generation, but note that when performing matches
on an entire array, such as ${array#pattern}, or a global sub-
stitution, such as ${param//pat/repl}, only the data for the
last match remains available. In the case of global replace-
ments this may still be useful. See the example for the m flag
below.
The numbering of backreferences strictly follows the order of
the opening parentheses from left to right in the pattern
string, although sets of parentheses may be nested. There are
special rules for parentheses followed by `#' or `##'. Only the
last match of the parenthesis is remembered: for example, in `[[
abab = (#b)([ab])# ]]', only the final `b' is stored in
match[1]. Thus extra parentheses may be necessary to match the
complete segment: for example, use `X((ab|cd)#)Y' to match a
whole string of either `ab' or `cd' between `X' and `Y', using
the value of $match[1] rather than $match[2].
If the match fails none of the parameters is altered, so in some
cases it may be necessary to initialise them beforehand. If
some of the backreferences fail to match -- which happens if
they are in an alternate branch which fails to match, or if they
are followed by # and matched zero times -- then the matched
string is set to the empty string, and the start and end indices
are set to -1.
Pattern matching with backreferences is slightly slower than
without.
B Deactivate backreferences, negating the effect of the b flag
from that point on.
cN,M The flag (#cN,M) can be used anywhere that the # or ## operators
can be used; it cannot be combined with other globbing flags and
a bad pattern error occurs if it is misplaced. It is equivalent
to the form {N,M} in regular expressions. The previous charac-
ter or group is required to match between N and M times, inclu-
sive. The form (#cN) requires exactly N matches; (#c,M) is
equivalent to specifying N as 0; (#cN,) specifies that there is
no maximum limit on the number of matches.
m Set references to the match data for the entire string matched;
this is similar to backreferencing and does not work in filename
generation. The flag must be in effect at the end of the pat-
tern, i.e. not local to a group. The parameters $MATCH, $MBEGIN
and $MEND will be set to the string matched and to the indices
of the beginning and end of the string, respectively. This is
most useful in parameter substitutions, as otherwise the string
matched is obvious.
For example,
arr=(veldt jynx grimps waqf zho buck)
print ${arr//(#m)[aeiou]/${(U)MATCH}}
forces all the matches (i.e. all vowels) into uppercase, print-
ing `vEldt jynx grImps wAqf zhO bUck'.
Unlike backreferences, there is no speed penalty for using match
references, other than the extra substitutions required for the
replacement strings in cases such as the example shown.
M Deactivate the m flag, hence no references to match data will be
created.
anum Approximate matching: num errors are allowed in the string
matched by the pattern. The rules for this are described in the
next subsection.
s, e Unlike the other flags, these have only a local effect, and each
must appear on its own: `(#s)' and `(#e)' are the only valid
forms. The `(#s)' flag succeeds only at the start of the test
string, and the `(#e)' flag succeeds only at the end of the test
string; they correspond to `^' and `$' in standard regular
expressions. They are useful for matching path segments in pat-
terns other than those in filename generation (where path seg-
ments are in any case treated separately). For example,
`*((#s)|/)test((#e)|/)*' matches a path segment `test' in any of
the following strings: test, test/at/start, at/end/test,
in/test/middle.
Another use is in parameter substitution; for example
`${array/(#s)A*Z(#e)}' will remove only elements of an array
which match the complete pattern `A*Z'. There are other ways of
performing many operations of this type, however the combination
of the substitution operations `/' and `//' with the `(#s)' and
`(#e)' flags provides a single simple and memorable method.
Note that assertions of the form `(^(#s))' also work, i.e. match
anywhere except at the start of the string, although this actu-
ally means `anything except a zero-length portion at the start
of the string'; you need to use `(""~(#s))' to match a
zero-length portion of the string not at the start.
q A `q' and everything up to the closing parenthesis of the glob-
bing flags are ignored by the pattern matching code. This is
intended to support the use of glob qualifiers, see below. The
result is that the pattern `(#b)(*).c(#q.)' can be used both for
globbing and for matching against a string. In the former case,
the `(#q.)' will be treated as a glob qualifier and the `(#b)'
will not be useful, while in the latter case the `(#b)' is use-
ful for backreferences and the `(#q.)' will be ignored. Note
that colon modifiers in the glob qualifiers are also not applied
in ordinary pattern matching.
u Respect the current locale in determining the presence of multi-
byte characters in a pattern, provided the shell was compiled
with MULTIBYTE_SUPPORT. This overrides the MULTIBYTE option;
the default behaviour is taken from the option. Compare U.
(Mnemonic: typically multibyte characters are from Unicode in
the UTF-8 encoding, although any extension of ASCII supported by
the system library may be used.)
U All characters are considered to be a single byte long. The
opposite of u. This overrides the MULTIBYTE option.
For example, the test string fooxx can be matched by the pattern
(#i)FOOXX, but not by (#l)FOOXX, (#i)FOO(#I)XX or ((#i)FOOX)X. The
string (#ia2)readme specifies case-insensitive matching of readme with
up to two errors.
When using the ksh syntax for grouping both KSH_GLOB and EXTENDED_GLOB
must be set and the left parenthesis should be preceded by @. Note
also that the flags do not affect letters inside [...] groups, in other
words (#i)[a-z] still matches only lowercase letters. Finally, note
that when examining whole paths case-insensitively every directory must
be searched for all files which match, so that a pattern of the form
(#i)/foo/bar/... is potentially slow.
Approximate Matching
When matching approximately, the shell keeps a count of the errors
found, which cannot exceed the number specified in the (#anum) flags.
Four types of error are recognised:
1. Different characters, as in fooxbar and fooybar.
2. Transposition of characters, as in banana and abnana.
3. A character missing in the target string, as with the pattern
road and target string rod.
4. An extra character appearing in the target string, as with stove
and strove.
Thus, the pattern (#a3)abcd matches dcba, with the errors occurring by
using the first rule twice and the second once, grouping the string as
[d][cb][a] and [a][bc][d].
Non-literal parts of the pattern must match exactly, including charac-
ters in character ranges: hence (#a1)??? matches strings of length
four, by applying rule 4 to an empty part of the pattern, but not
strings of length two, since all the ? must match. Other characters
which must match exactly are initial dots in filenames (unless the
GLOB_DOTS option is set), and all slashes in filenames, so that a/bc is
two errors from ab/c (the slash cannot be transposed with another char-
acter). Similarly, errors are counted separately for non-contiguous
strings in the pattern, so that (ab|cd)ef is two errors from aebf.
When using exclusion via the ~ operator, approximate matching is
treated entirely separately for the excluded part and must be activated
separately. Thus, (#a1)README~READ_ME matches READ.ME but not READ_ME,
as the trailing READ_ME is matched without approximation. However,
(#a1)README~(#a1)READ_ME does not match any pattern of the form READ?ME
as all such forms are now excluded.
Apart from exclusions, there is only one overall error count; however,
the maximum errors allowed may be altered locally, and this can be
delimited by grouping. For example, (#a1)cat((#a0)dog)fox allows one
error in total, which may not occur in the dog section, and the pattern
(#a1)cat(#a0)dog(#a1)fox is equivalent. Note that the point at which
an error is first found is the crucial one for establishing whether to
use approximation; for example, (#a1)abc(#a0)xyz will not match
abcdxyz, because the error occurs at the `x', where approximation is
turned off.
Entire path segments may be matched approximately, so that
`(#a1)/foo/d/is/available/at/the/bar' allows one error in any path seg-
ment. This is much less efficient than without the (#a1), however,
since every directory in the path must be scanned for a possible
approximate match. It is best to place the (#a1) after any path seg-
ments which are known to be correct.
Recursive Globbing
A pathname component of the form `(foo/)#' matches a path consisting of
zero or more directories matching the pattern foo.
As a shorthand, `**/' is equivalent to `(*/)#'; note that this there-
fore matches files in the current directory as well as subdirectories.
Thus:
ls (*/)#bar
or
ls **/bar
does a recursive directory search for files named `bar' (potentially
including the file `bar' in the current directory). This form does not
follow symbolic links; the alternative form `***/' does, but is other-
wise identical. Neither of these can be combined with other forms of
globbing within the same path segment; in that case, the `*' operators
revert to their usual effect.
Glob Qualifiers
Patterns used for filename generation may end in a list of qualifiers
enclosed in parentheses. The qualifiers specify which filenames that
otherwise match the given pattern will be inserted in the argument
list.
If the option BARE_GLOB_QUAL is set, then a trailing set of parentheses
containing no `|' or `(' characters (or `~' if it is special) is taken
as a set of glob qualifiers. A glob subexpression that would normally
be taken as glob qualifiers, for example `(^x)', can be forced to be
treated as part of the glob pattern by doubling the parentheses, in
this case producing `((^x))'.
If the option EXTENDED_GLOB is set, a different syntax for glob quali-
fiers is available, namely `(#qx)' where x is any of the same glob
qualifiers used in the other format. The qualifiers must still appear
at the end of the pattern. However, with this syntax multiple glob
qualifiers may be chained together. They are treated as a logical AND
of the individual sets of flags. Also, as the syntax is unambiguous,
the expression will be treated as glob qualifiers just as long any
parentheses contained within it are balanced; appearance of `|', `(' or
`~' does not negate the effect. Note that qualifiers will be recog-
nised in this form even if a bare glob qualifier exists at the end of
the pattern, for example `*(#q*)(.)' will recognise executable regular
files if both options are set; however, mixed syntax should probably be
avoided for the sake of clarity.
A qualifier may be any one of the following:
/ directories
F `full' (i.e. non-empty) directories. Note that the opposite
sense (^F) expands to empty directories and all non-directories.
Use (/^F) for empty directories
. plain files
@ symbolic links
= sockets
p named pipes (FIFOs)
* executable plain files (0100)
% device files (character or block special)
%b block special files
%c character special files
r owner-readable files (0400)
w owner-writable files (0200)
x owner-executable files (0100)
A group-readable files (0040)
I group-writable files (0020)
E group-executable files (0010)
R world-readable files (0004)
W world-writable files (0002)
X world-executable files (0001)
s setuid files (04000)
S setgid files (02000)
t files with the sticky bit (01000)
fspec files with access rights matching spec. This spec may be a octal
number optionally preceded by a `=', a `+', or a `-'. If none of
these characters is given, the behavior is the same as for `='.
The octal number describes the mode bits to be expected, if com-
bined with a `=', the value given must match the file-modes
exactly, with a `+', at least the bits in the given number must
be set in the file-modes, and with a `-', the bits in the number
must not be set. Giving a `?' instead of a octal digit anywhere
in the number ensures that the corresponding bits in the
file-modes are not checked, this is only useful in combination
with `='.
If the qualifier `f' is followed by any other character anything
up to the next matching character (`[', `{', and `<' match `]',
`}', and `>' respectively, any other character matches itself)
is taken as a list of comma-separated sub-specs. Each sub-spec
may be either an octal number as described above or a list of
any of the characters `u', `g', `o', and `a', followed by a `=',
a `+', or a `-', followed by a list of any of the characters
`r', `w', `x', `s', and `t', or an octal digit. The first list
of characters specify which access rights are to be checked. If
a `u' is given, those for the owner of the file are used, if a
`g' is given, those of the group are checked, a `o' means to
test those of other users, and the `a' says to test all three
groups. The `=', `+', and `-' again says how the modes are to be
checked and have the same meaning as described for the first
form above. The second list of characters finally says which
access rights are to be expected: `r' for read access, `w' for
write access, `x' for the right to execute the file (or to
search a directory), `s' for the setuid and setgid bits, and `t'
for the sticky bit.
Thus, `*(f70?)' gives the files for which the owner has read,
write, and execute permission, and for which other group members
have no rights, independent of the permissions for other users.
The pattern `*(f-100)' gives all files for which the owner does
not have execute permission, and `*(f:gu+w,o-rx:)' gives the
files for which the owner and the other members of the group
have at least write permission, and for which other users don't
have read or execute permission.
estring
+cmd The string will be executed as shell code. The filename will be
included in the list if and only if the code returns a zero sta-
tus (usually the status of the last command). The first charac-
ter after the `e' will be used as a separator and anything up to
the next matching separator will be taken as the string; `[',
`{', and `<' match `]', `}', and `>', respectively, while any
other character matches itself. Note that expansions must be
quoted in the string to prevent them from being expanded before
globbing is done.
During the execution of string the filename currently being
tested is available in the parameter REPLY; the parameter may be
altered to a string to be inserted into the list instead of the
original filename. In addition, the parameter reply may be set
to an array or a string, which overrides the value of REPLY. If
set to an array, the latter is inserted into the command line
word by word.
For example, suppose a directory contains a single file
`lonely'. Then the expression `*(e:'reply=(${REPLY}{1,2})':)'
will cause the words `lonely1 lonely2' to be inserted into the
command line. Note the quotation marks.
The form +cmd has the same effect, but no delimiters appear
around cmd. Instead, cmd is taken as the longest sequence of
characters following the + that are alphanumeric or underscore.
Typically cmd will be the name of a shell function that contains
the appropriate test. For example,
nt() { [[ $REPLY -nt $NTREF ]] }
NTREF=reffile
ls -l *(+nt)
lists all files in the directory that have been modified more
recently than reffile.
ddev files on the device dev
l[-|+]ct
files having a link count less than ct (-), greater than ct (+),
or equal to ct
U files owned by the effective user ID
G files owned by the effective group ID
uid files owned by user ID id if that is a number. Otherwise, id
specifies a user name: the character after the `u' will be taken
as a separator and the string between it and the next matching
separator will be taken as a user name. The starting separators
`[', `{', and `<' match the final separators `]', `}', and `>',
respectively; any other character matches itself. The selected
files are those owned by this user. For example, `u:foo:' or
`u[foo]' selects files owned by user `foo'.
gid like uid but with group IDs or names
a[Mwhms][-|+]n
files accessed exactly n days ago. Files accessed within the
last n days are selected using a negative value for n (-n).
Files accessed more than n days ago are selected by a positive n
value (+n). Optional unit specifiers `M', `w', `h', `m' or `s'
(e.g. `ah5') cause the check to be performed with months (of 30
days), weeks, hours, minutes or seconds instead of days, respec-
tively.
Any fractional part of the difference between the access time
and the current part in the appropriate units is ignored in the
comparison. For instance, `echo *(ah-5)' would echo files
accessed within the last five hours, while `echo *(ah+5)' would
echo files accessed at least six hours ago, as times strictly
between five and six hours are treated as five hours.
m[Mwhms][-|+]n
like the file access qualifier, except that it uses the file
modification time.
c[Mwhms][-|+]n
like the file access qualifier, except that it uses the file
inode change time.
L[+|-]n
files less than n bytes (-), more than n bytes (+), or exactly n
bytes in length. If this flag is directly followed by a `k'
(`K'), `m' (`M'), or `p' (`P') (e.g. `Lk-50') the check is per-
formed with kilobytes, megabytes, or blocks (of 512 bytes)
instead.
^ negates all qualifiers following it
- toggles between making the qualifiers work on symbolic links
(the default) and the files they point to
M sets the MARK_DIRS option for the current pattern
T appends a trailing qualifier mark to the filenames, analogous to
the LIST_TYPES option, for the current pattern (overrides M)
N sets the NULL_GLOB option for the current pattern
D sets the GLOB_DOTS option for the current pattern
n sets the NUMERIC_GLOB_SORT option for the current pattern
oc specifies how the names of the files should be sorted. If c is n
they are sorted by name (the default); if it is L they are
sorted depending on the size (length) of the files; if l they
are sorted by the number of links; if a, m, or c they are sorted
by the time of the last access, modification, or inode change
respectively; if d, files in subdirectories appear before those
in the current directory at each level of the search -- this is
best combined with other criteria, for example `odon' to sort on
names for files within the same directory; if N, no sorting is
performed. Note that a, m, and c compare the age against the
current time, hence the first name in the list is the youngest
file. Also note that the modifiers ^ and - are used, so
`*(^-oL)' gives a list of all files sorted by file size in
descending order, following any symbolic links. Unless oN is
used, multiple order specifiers may occur to resolve ties.
Oc like `o', but sorts in descending order; i.e. `*(^oc)' is the
same as `*(Oc)' and `*(^Oc)' is the same as `*(oc)'; `Od' puts
files in the current directory before those in subdirectories at
each level of the search.
[beg[,end]]
specifies which of the matched filenames should be included in
the returned list. The syntax is the same as for array sub-
scripts. beg and the optional end may be mathematical expres-
sions. As in parameter subscripting they may be negative to make
them count from the last match backward. E.g.: `*(-OL[1,3])'
gives a list of the names of the three largest files.
More than one of these lists can be combined, separated by commas. The
whole list matches if at least one of the sublists matches (they are
`or'ed, the qualifiers in the sublists are `and'ed). Some qualifiers,
however, affect all matches generated, independent of the sublist in
which they are given. These are the qualifiers `M', `T', `N', `D',
`n', `o', `O' and the subscripts given in brackets (`[...]').
If a `:' appears in a qualifier list, the remainder of the expression
in parenthesis is interpreted as a modifier (see the section `Modi-
fiers' in the section `History Expansion'). Each modifier must be
introduced by a separate `:'. Note also that the result after modifi-
cation does not have to be an existing file. The name of any existing
file can be followed by a modifier of the form `(:..)' even if no
actual filename generation is performed, although note that the pres-
ence of the parentheses causes the entire expression to be subjected to
any global pattern matching options such as NULL_GLOB. Thus:
ls *(-/)
lists all directories and symbolic links that point to directories, and
ls *(%W)
lists all world-writable device files in the current directory, and
ls *(W,X)
lists all files in the current directory that are world-writable or
world-executable, and
echo /tmp/foo*(u0^@:t)
outputs the basename of all root-owned files beginning with the string
`foo' in /tmp, ignoring symlinks, and
ls *.*~(lex|parse).[ch](^D^l1)
lists all files having a link count of one whose names contain a dot
(but not those starting with a dot, since GLOB_DOTS is explicitly
switched off) except for lex.c, lex.h, parse.c and parse.h.
print b*.pro(#q:s/pro/shmo/)(#q.:s/builtin/shmiltin/)
demonstrates how colon modifiers and other qualifiers may be chained
together. The ordinary qualifier `.' is applied first, then the colon
modifiers in order from left to right. So if EXTENDED_GLOB is set and
the base pattern matches the regular file builtin.pro, the shell will
print `shmiltin.shmo'.
ZSHPARAM(1) ZSHPARAM(1)
NAME
zshparam - zsh parameters
DESCRIPTION
A parameter has a name, a value, and a number of attributes. A name
may be any sequence of alphanumeric characters and underscores, or the
single characters `*', `@', `#', `?', `-', `$', or `!'. The value may
be a scalar (a string), an integer, an array (indexed numerically), or
an associative array (an unordered set of name-value pairs, indexed by
name). To declare the type of a parameter, or to assign a scalar or
integer value to a parameter, use the typeset builtin.
The value of a scalar or integer parameter may also be assigned by
writing:
name=value
If the integer attribute, -i, is set for name, the value is subject to
arithmetic evaluation. Furthermore, by replacing `=' with `+=', a
parameter can be added or appended to. See the section `Array Parame-
ters' for additional forms of assignment.
To refer to the value of a parameter, write `$name' or `${name}'. See
Parameter Expansion in zshexpn(1) for complete details.
In the parameter lists that follow, the mark `<S>' indicates that the
parameter is special. Special parameters cannot have their type
changed or their readonly attribute turned off, and if a special param-
eter is unset, then later recreated, the special properties will be
retained. `<Z>' indicates that the parameter does not exist when the
shell initializes in sh or ksh emulation mode.
ARRAY PARAMETERS
To assign an array value, write one of:
set -A name value ...
name=(value ...)
If no parameter name exists, an ordinary array parameter is created.
If the parameter name exists and is a scalar, it is replaced by a new
array. Ordinary array parameters may also be explicitly declared with:
typeset -a name
Associative arrays must be declared before assignment, by using:
typeset -A name
When name refers to an associative array, the list in an assignment is
interpreted as alternating keys and values:
set -A name key value ...
name=(key value ...)
Every key must have a value in this case. Note that this assigns to
the entire array, deleting any elements that do not appear in the list.
To create an empty array (including associative arrays), use one of:
set -A name
name=()
Array Subscripts
Individual elements of an array may be selected using a subscript. A
subscript of the form `[exp]' selects the single element exp, where exp
is an arithmetic expression which will be subject to arithmetic expan-
sion as if it were surrounded by `$((...))'. The elements are numbered
beginning with 1, unless the KSH_ARRAYS option is set in which case
they are numbered from zero.
Subscripts may be used inside braces used to delimit a parameter name,
thus `${foo[2]}' is equivalent to `$foo[2]'. If the KSH_ARRAYS option
is set, the braced form is the only one that works, as bracketed
expressions otherwise are not treated as subscripts.
If the KSH_ARRAYS option is not set, then by default accesses to an
array element with a subscript that evaluates to zero return an empty
string, while an attempt to write such an element is treated as an
error. For backward compatibility the KSH_ZERO_SUBSCRIPT option can be
set to cause subscript values 0 and 1 to be equivalent; see the
description of the option in zshoptions(1).
The same subscripting syntax is used for associative arrays, except
that no arithmetic expansion is applied to exp. However, the parsing
rules for arithmetic expressions still apply, which affects the way
that certain special characters must be protected from interpretation.
See Subscript Parsing below for details.
A subscript of the form `[*]' or `[@]' evaluates to all elements of an
array; there is no difference between the two except when they appear
within double quotes. `"$foo[*]"' evaluates to `"$foo[1] $foo[2]
..."', whereas `"$foo[@]"' evaluates to `"$foo[1]" "$foo[2]" ...'. For
associative arrays, `[*]' or `[@]' evaluate to all the values, in no
particular order. Note that this does not substitute the keys; see the
documentation for the `k' flag under Parameter Expansion Flags in zsh-
expn(1) for complete details. When an array parameter is referenced as
`$name' (with no subscript) it evaluates to `$name[*]', unless the
KSH_ARRAYS option is set in which case it evaluates to `${name[0]}'
(for an associative array, this means the value of the key `0', which
may not exist even if there are values for other keys).
A subscript of the form `[exp1,exp2]' selects all elements in the range
exp1 to exp2, inclusive. (Associative arrays are unordered, and so do
not support ranges.) If one of the subscripts evaluates to a negative
number, say -n, then the nth element from the end of the array is used.
Thus `$foo[-3]' is the third element from the end of the array foo, and
`$foo[1,-1]' is the same as `$foo[*]'.
Subscripting may also be performed on non-array values, in which case
the subscripts specify a substring to be extracted. For example, if
FOO is set to `foobar', then `echo $FOO[2,5]' prints `ooba'.
Array Element Assignment
A subscript may be used on the left side of an assignment like so:
name[exp]=value
In this form of assignment the element or range specified by exp is
replaced by the expression on the right side. An array (but not an
associative array) may be created by assignment to a range or element.
Arrays do not nest, so assigning a parenthesized list of values to an
element or range changes the number of elements in the array, shifting
the other elements to accommodate the new values. (This is not sup-
ported for associative arrays.)
This syntax also works as an argument to the typeset command:
typeset "name[exp]"=value
The value may not be a parenthesized list in this case; only sin-
gle-element assignments may be made with typeset. Note that quotes are
necessary in this case to prevent the brackets from being interpreted
as filename generation operators. The noglob precommand modifier could
be used instead.
To delete an element of an ordinary array, assign `()' to that element.
To delete an element of an associative array, use the unset command:
unset "name[exp]"
Subscript Flags
If the opening bracket, or the comma in a range, in any subscript
expression is directly followed by an opening parenthesis, the string
up to the matching closing one is considered to be a list of flags, as
in `name[(flags)exp]'.
The flags s, n and b take an argument; the delimiter is shown below as
`:', but any character, or the matching pairs `(...)', `{...}',
`[...]', or `<...>', may be used.
The flags currently understood are:
w If the parameter subscripted is a scalar then this flag makes
subscripting work on words instead of characters. The default
word separator is whitespace. This flag may not be used with
the i or I flag.
s:string:
This gives the string that separates words (for use with the w
flag). The delimiter character : is arbitrary; see above.
p Recognize the same escape sequences as the print builtin in the
string argument of a subsequent `s' flag.
f If the parameter subscripted is a scalar then this flag makes
subscripting work on lines instead of characters, i.e. with ele-
ments separated by newlines. This is a shorthand for `pws:\n:'.
r Reverse subscripting: if this flag is given, the exp is taken as
a pattern and the result is the first matching array element,
substring or word (if the parameter is an array, if it is a
scalar, or if it is a scalar and the `w' flag is given, respec-
tively). The subscript used is the number of the matching ele-
ment, so that pairs of subscripts such as `$foo[(r)??,3]' and
`$foo[(r)??,(r)f*]' are possible if the parameter is not an
associative array. If the parameter is an associative array,
only the value part of each pair is compared to the pattern, and
the result is that value.
If a search through an ordinary array failed, the search sets
the subscript to one past the end of the array, and hence
${array[(r)pattern]} will substitute the empty string. Thus the
success of a search can be tested by using the (i) flag, for
example (assuming the option KSH_ARRAYS is not in effect):
[[ ${array[(i)pattern]} -le ${#array} ]]
If KSH_ARRAYS is in effect, the -le should be replaced by -lt.
R Like `r', but gives the last match. For associative
arrays, gives all possible matches. May be used for
assigning to ordinary array elements, but not for assign-
ing to associative arrays. On failure, for normal arrays
this has the effect of returning the element correspond-
ing to subscript 0; this is empty unless one of the
options KSH_ARRAYS or KSH_ZERO_SUBSCRIPT is in effect.
Note that in subscripts with both `r' and `R' pattern
characters are active even if they were substituted for a
parameter (regardless of the setting of GLOB_SUBST which
controls this feature in normal pattern matching). The
flag `e' can be added to inhibit pattern matching. As
this flag does not inhibit other forms of substitution,
care is still required; using a parameter to hold the key
has the desired effect:
key2='original key'
print ${array[(Re)$key2]}
i Like `r', but gives the index of the match instead; this may not
be combined with a second argument. On the left side of an
assignment, behaves like `r'. For associative arrays, the key
part of each pair is compared to the pattern, and the first
matching key found is the result. On failure substitutes the
length of the array plus one, as discussed under the description
of `r', or the empty string for an associative array.
I Like `i', but gives the index of the last match, or all possible
matching keys in an associative array. On failure substitutes
0, or the empty string for an associative array. This flag is
best when testing for values or keys that do not exist.
k If used in a subscript on an associative array, this flag causes
the keys to be interpreted as patterns, and returns the value
for the first key found where exp is matched by the key. Note
this could be any such key as no ordering of associative arrays
is defined. This flag does not work on the left side of an
assignment to an associative array element. If used on another
type of parameter, this behaves like `r'.
K On an associative array this is like `k' but returns all values
where exp is matched by the keys. On other types of parameters
this has the same effect as `R'.
n:expr:
If combined with `r', `R', `i' or `I', makes them give the nth
or nth last match (if expr evaluates to n). This flag is
ignored when the array is associative. The delimiter character
: is arbitrary; see above.
b:expr:
If combined with `r', `R', `i' or `I', makes them begin at the
nth or nth last element, word, or character (if expr evaluates
to n). This flag is ignored when the array is associative. The
delimiter character : is arbitrary; see above.
e This flag causes any pattern matching that would be performed on
the subscript to use plain string matching instead. Hence
`${array[(re)*]}' matches only the array element whose value is
*. Note that other forms of substitution such as parameter sub-
stitution are not inhibited.
This flag can also be used to force * or @ to be interpreted as
a single key rather than as a reference to all values. It may
be used for either purpose on the left side of an assignment.
See Parameter Expansion Flags (zshexpn(1)) for additional ways to
manipulate the results of array subscripting.
Subscript Parsing
This discussion applies mainly to associative array key strings and to
patterns used for reverse subscripting (the `r', `R', `i', etc. flags),
but it may also affect parameter substitutions that appear as part of
an arithmetic expression in an ordinary subscript.
It is possible to avoid the use of subscripts in assignments to asso-
ciative array elements by using the syntax:
aa+=('key with "*strange*" characters' 'value string')
This adds a new key/value pair if the key is not already present, and
replaces the value for the existing key if it is.
The basic rule to remember when writing a subscript expression is that
all text between the opening `[' and the closing `]' is interpreted as
if it were in double quotes (see zshmisc(1)). However, unlike double
quotes which normally cannot nest, subscript expressions may appear
inside double-quoted strings or inside other subscript expressions (or
both!), so the rules have two important differences.
The first difference is that brackets (`[' and `]') must appear as bal-
anced pairs in a subscript expression unless they are preceded by a
backslash (`\'). Therefore, within a subscript expression (and unlike
true double-quoting) the sequence `\[' becomes `[', and similarly `\]'
becomes `]'. This applies even in cases where a backslash is not nor-
mally required; for example, the pattern `[^[]' (to match any character
other than an open bracket) should be written `[^\[]' in a reverse-sub-
script pattern. However, note that `\[^\[\]' and even `\[^[]' mean the
same thing, because backslashes are always stripped when they appear
before brackets!
The same rule applies to parentheses (`(' and `)') and braces (`{' and
`}'): they must appear either in balanced pairs or preceded by a back-
slash, and backslashes that protect parentheses or braces are removed
during parsing. This is because parameter expansions may be surrounded
by balanced braces, and subscript flags are introduced by balanced
parentheses.
The second difference is that a double-quote (`"') may appear as part
of a subscript expression without being preceded by a backslash, and
therefore that the two characters `\"' remain as two characters in the
subscript (in true double-quoting, `\"' becomes `"'). However, because
of the standard shell quoting rules, any double-quotes that appear must
occur in balanced pairs unless preceded by a backslash. This makes it
more difficult to write a subscript expression that contains an odd
number of double-quote characters, but the reason for this difference
is so that when a subscript expression appears inside true dou-
ble-quotes, one can still write `\"' (rather than `\\\"') for `"'.
To use an odd number of double quotes as a key in an assignment, use
the typeset builtin and an enclosing pair of double quotes; to refer to
the value of that key, again use double quotes:
typeset -A aa
typeset "aa[one\"two\"three\"quotes]"=QQQ
print "$aa[one\"two\"three\"quotes]"
It is important to note that the quoting rules do not change when a
parameter expansion with a subscript is nested inside another subscript
expression. That is, it is not necessary to use additional backslashes
within the inner subscript expression; they are removed only once, from
the innermost subscript outwards. Parameters are also expanded from
the innermost subscript first, as each expansion is encountered left to
right in the outer expression.
A further complication arises from a way in which subscript parsing is
not different from double quote parsing. As in true double-quoting,
the sequences `\*', and `\@' remain as two characters when they appear
in a subscript expression. To use a literal `*' or `@' as an associa-
tive array key, the `e' flag must be used:
typeset -A aa
aa[(e)*]=star
print $aa[(e)*]
A last detail must be considered when reverse subscripting is per-
formed. Parameters appearing in the subscript expression are first
expanded and then the complete expression is interpreted as a pattern.
This has two effects: first, parameters behave as if GLOB_SUBST were on
(and it cannot be turned off); second, backslashes are interpreted
twice, once when parsing the array subscript and again when parsing the
pattern. In a reverse subscript, it's necessary to use four back-
slashes to cause a single backslash to match literally in the pattern.
For complex patterns, it is often easiest to assign the desired pattern
to a parameter and then refer to that parameter in the subscript,
because then the backslashes, brackets, parentheses, etc., are seen
only when the complete expression is converted to a pattern. To match
the value of a parameter literally in a reverse subscript, rather than
as a pattern, use `${(q)name}' (see zshexpn(1)) to quote the expanded
value.
Note that the `k' and `K' flags are reverse subscripting for an ordi-
nary array, but are not reverse subscripting for an associative array!
(For an associative array, the keys in the array itself are interpreted
as patterns by those flags; the subscript is a plain string in that
case.)
One final note, not directly related to subscripting: the numeric names
of positional parameters (described below) are parsed specially, so for
example `$2foo' is equivalent to `${2}foo'. Therefore, to use sub-
script syntax to extract a substring from a positional parameter, the
expansion must be surrounded by braces; for example, `${2[3,5]}' evalu-
ates to the third through fifth characters of the second positional
parameter, but `$2[3,5]' is the entire second parameter concatenated
with the filename generation pattern `[3,5]'.
POSITIONAL PARAMETERS
The positional parameters provide access to the command-line arguments
of a shell function, shell script, or the shell itself; see the section
`Invocation', and also the section `Functions'. The parameter n, where
n is a number, is the nth positional parameter. The parameters *, @
and argv are arrays containing all the positional parameters; thus
`$argv[n]', etc., is equivalent to simply `$n'.
Positional parameters may be changed after the shell or function starts
by using the set builtin, by assigning to the argv array, or by direct
assignment of the form `n=value' where n is the number of the posi-
tional parameter to be changed. This also creates (with empty values)
any of the positions from 1 to n that do not already have values. Note
that, because the positional parameters form an array, an array assign-
ment of the form `n=(value ...)' is allowed, and has the effect of
shifting all the values at positions greater than n by as many posi-
tions as necessary to accommodate the new values.
LOCAL PARAMETERS
Shell function executions delimit scopes for shell parameters. (Param-
eters are dynamically scoped.) The typeset builtin, and its alterna-
tive forms declare, integer, local and readonly (but not export), can
be used to declare a parameter as being local to the innermost scope.
When a parameter is read or assigned to, the innermost existing parame-
ter of that name is used. (That is, the local parameter hides any
less-local parameter.) However, assigning to a non-existent parameter,
or declaring a new parameter with export, causes it to be created in
the outermost scope.
Local parameters disappear when their scope ends. unset can be used to
delete a parameter while it is still in scope; any outer parameter of
the same name remains hidden.
Special parameters may also be made local; they retain their special
attributes unless either the existing or the newly-created parameter
has the -h (hide) attribute. This may have unexpected effects: there
is no default value, so if there is no assignment at the point the
variable is made local, it will be set to an empty value (or zero in
the case of integers). The following:
typeset PATH=/new/directory:$PATH
is valid for temporarily allowing the shell or programmes called from
it to find the programs in /new/directory inside a function.
Note that the restriction in older versions of zsh that local parame-
ters were never exported has been removed.
PARAMETERS SET BY THE SHELL
The following parameters are automatically set by the shell:
! <S> The process ID of the last command started in the background
with &, or put into the background with the bg builtin.
# <S> The number of positional parameters in decimal. Note that some
confusion may occur with the syntax $#param which substitutes
the length of param. Use ${#} to resolve ambiguities. In par-
ticular, the sequence `$#-...' in an arithmetic expression is
interpreted as the length of the parameter -, q.v.
ARGC <S> <Z>
Same as #.
$ <S> The process ID of this shell. Note that this indicates the
original shell started by invoking zsh; all processes forked
from the shells without executing a new program, such as sub-
shells started by (...), substitute the same value.
- <S> Flags supplied to the shell on invocation or by the set or
setopt commands.
* <S> An array containing the positional parameters.
argv <S> <Z>
Same as *. Assigning to argv changes the local positional
parameters, but argv is not itself a local parameter. Deleting
argv with unset in any function deletes it everywhere, although
only the innermost positional parameter array is deleted (so *
and @ in other scopes are not affected).
@ <S> Same as argv[@], even when argv is not set.
? <S> The exit status returned by the last command.
0 <S> The name used to invoke the current shell. If the FUNC-
TION_ARGZERO option is set, this is set temporarily within a
shell function to the name of the function, and within a sourced
script to the name of the script.
status <S> <Z>
Same as ?.
pipestatus <S> <Z>
An array containing the exit statuses returned by all commands
in the last pipeline.
_ <S> The last argument of the previous command. Also, this parameter
is set in the environment of every command executed to the full
pathname of the command.
CPUTYPE
The machine type (microprocessor class or machine model), as
determined at run time.
EGID <S>
The effective group ID of the shell process. If you have suffi-
cient privileges, you may change the effective group ID of the
shell process by assigning to this parameter. Also (assuming
sufficient privileges), you may start a single command with a
different effective group ID by `(EGID=gid; command)'
EUID <S>
The effective user ID of the shell process. If you have suffi-
cient privileges, you may change the effective user ID of the
shell process by assigning to this parameter. Also (assuming
sufficient privileges), you may start a single command with a
different effective user ID by `(EUID=uid; command)'
ERRNO <S>
The value of errno (see errno(3)) as set by the most recently
failed system call. This value is system dependent and is
intended for debugging purposes. It is also useful with the
zsh/system module which allows the number to be turned into a
name or message.
GID <S>
The real group ID of the shell process. If you have sufficient
privileges, you may change the group ID of the shell process by
assigning to this parameter. Also (assuming sufficient privi-
leges), you may start a single command under a different group
ID by `(GID=gid; command)'
HISTCMD
The current history line number in an interactive shell, in
other words the line number for the command that caused $HISTCMD
to be read.
HOST The current hostname.
LINENO <S>
The line number of the current line within the current script,
sourced file, or shell function being executed, whichever was
started most recently. Note that in the case of shell functions
the line number refers to the function as it appeared in the
original definition, not necessarily as displayed by the func-
tions builtin.
LOGNAME
If the corresponding variable is not set in the environment of
the shell, it is initialized to the login name corresponding to
the current login session. This parameter is exported by default
but this can be disabled using the typeset builtin.
MACHTYPE
The machine type (microprocessor class or machine model), as
determined at compile time.
OLDPWD The previous working directory. This is set when the shell ini-
tializes and whenever the directory changes.
OPTARG <S>
The value of the last option argument processed by the getopts
command.
OPTIND <S>
The index of the last option argument processed by the getopts
command.
OSTYPE The operating system, as determined at compile time.
PPID <S>
The process ID of the parent of the shell. As for $$, the value
indicates the parent of the original shell and does not change
in subshells.
PWD The present working directory. This is set when the shell ini-
tializes and whenever the directory changes.
RANDOM <S>
A pseudo-random integer from 0 to 32767, newly generated each
time this parameter is referenced. The random number generator
can be seeded by assigning a numeric value to RANDOM.
The values of RANDOM form an intentionally-repeatable
pseudo-random sequence; subshells that reference RANDOM will
result in identical pseudo-random values unless the value of
RANDOM is referenced or seeded in the parent shell in between
subshell invocations.
SECONDS <S>
The number of seconds since shell invocation. If this parameter
is assigned a value, then the value returned upon reference will
be the value that was assigned plus the number of seconds since
the assignment.
Unlike other special parameters, the type of the SECONDS parame-
ter can be changed using the typeset command. Only integer and
one of the floating point types are allowed. For example,
`typeset -F SECONDS' causes the value to be reported as a float-
ing point number. The value is available to microsecond accu-
racy, although the shell may show more or fewer digits depending
on the use of typeset. See the documentation for the builtin
typeset in zshbuiltins(1) for more details.
SHLVL <S>
Incremented by one each time a new shell is started.
signals
An array containing the names of the signals.
TRY_BLOCK_ERROR <S>
In an always block, indicates whether the preceding list of code
caused an error. The value is 1 to indicate an error, 0 other-
wise. It may be reset, clearing the error condition. See Com-
plex Commands in zshmisc(1)
TTY The name of the tty associated with the shell, if any.
TTYIDLE <S>
The idle time of the tty associated with the shell in seconds or
-1 if there is no such tty.
UID <S>
The real user ID of the shell process. If you have sufficient
privileges, you may change the user ID of the shell by assigning
to this parameter. Also (assuming sufficient privileges), you
may start a single command under a different user ID by
`(UID=uid; command)'
USERNAME <S>
The username corresponding to the real user ID of the shell
process. If you have sufficient privileges, you may change the
username (and also the user ID and group ID) of the shell by
assigning to this parameter. Also (assuming sufficient privi-
leges), you may start a single command under a different user-
name (and user ID and group ID) by `(USERNAME=username; com-
mand)'
VENDOR The vendor, as determined at compile time.
ZSH_NAME
Expands to the basename of the command used to invoke this
instance of zsh.
zsh_scheduled_events
See the section `The zsh/sched Module' in zshmodules(1).
ZSH_SUBSHELL
Readonly integer. Initially zero, incremented each time the
shell forks to create a subshell for executing code. Hence
`(print $ZSH_SUBSHELL)' and `print $(print $ZSH_SUBSHELL)' out-
put 1, while `( (print $ZSH_SUBSHELL) )' outputs 2.
ZSH_VERSION
The version number of this zsh.
PARAMETERS USED BY THE SHELL
The following parameters are used by the shell.
In cases where there are two parameters with an upper- and lowercase
form of the same name, such as path and PATH, the lowercase form is an
array and the uppercase form is a scalar with the elements of the array
joined together by colons. These are similar to tied parameters cre-
ated via `typeset -T'. The normal use for the colon-separated form is
for exporting to the environment, while the array form is easier to
manipulate within the shell. Note that unsetting either of the pair
will unset the other; they retain their special properties when recre-
ated, and recreating one of the pair will recreate the other.
ARGV0 If exported, its value is used as the argv[0] of external com-
mands. Usually used in constructs like `ARGV0=emacs nethack'.
BAUD The rate in bits per second at which data reaches the terminal.
The line editor will use this value in order to compensate for a
slow terminal by delaying updates to the display until neces-
sary. If the parameter is unset or the value is zero the com-
pensation mechanism is turned off. The parameter is not set by
default.
This parameter may be profitably set in some circumstances, e.g.
for slow modems dialing into a communications server, or on a
slow wide area network. It should be set to the baud rate of
the slowest part of the link for best performance.
cdpath <S> <Z> (CDPATH <S>)
An array (colon-separated list) of directories specifying the
search path for the cd command.
COLUMNS <S>
The number of columns for this terminal session. Used for
printing select lists and for the line editor.
DIRSTACKSIZE
The maximum size of the directory stack. If the stack gets
larger than this, it will be truncated automatically. This is
useful with the AUTO_PUSHD option.
ENV If the ENV environment variable is set when zsh is invoked as sh
or ksh, $ENV is sourced after the profile scripts. The value of
ENV is subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution,
and arithmetic expansion before being interpreted as a pathname.
Note that ENV is not used unless zsh is emulating sh or ksh.
FCEDIT The default editor for the fc builtin. If FCEDIT is not set,
the parameter EDITOR is used; if that is not set either, a
builtin default, usually vi, is used.
fignore <S> <Z> (FIGNORE <S>)
An array (colon separated list) containing the suffixes of files
to be ignored during filename completion. However, if comple-
tion only generates files with suffixes in this list, then these
files are completed anyway.
fpath <S> <Z> (FPATH <S>)
An array (colon separated list) of directories specifying the
search path for function definitions. This path is searched
when a function with the -u attribute is referenced. If an exe-
cutable file is found, then it is read and executed in the cur-
rent environment.
histchars <S>
Three characters used by the shell's history and lexical analy-
sis mechanism. The first character signals the start of a his-
tory expansion (default `!'). The second character signals the
start of a quick history substitution (default `^'). The third
character is the comment character (default `#').
The characters must be in the ASCII character set; any attempt
to set histchars to characters with a locale-dependent meaning
will be rejected with an error message.
HISTCHARS <S> <Z>
Same as histchars. (Deprecated.)
HISTFILE
The file to save the history in when an interactive shell exits.
If unset, the history is not saved.
HISTSIZE <S>
The maximum number of events stored in the internal history
list. If you use the HIST_EXPIRE_DUPS_FIRST option, setting
this value larger than the SAVEHIST size will give you the dif-
ference as a cushion for saving duplicated history events.
HOME <S>
The default argument for the cd command. This is not set auto-
matically by the shell in sh, ksh or csh emulation, but it is
typically present in the environment anyway, and if it becomes
set it has its usual special behaviour.
IFS <S>
Internal field separators (by default space, tab, newline and
NUL), that are used to separate words which result from command
or parameter expansion and words read by the read builtin. Any
characters from the set space, tab and newline that appear in
the IFS are called IFS white space. One or more IFS white space
characters or one non-IFS white space character together with
any adjacent IFS white space character delimit a field. If an
IFS white space character appears twice consecutively in the
IFS, this character is treated as if it were not an IFS white
space character.
KEYTIMEOUT
The time the shell waits, in hundredths of seconds, for another
key to be pressed when reading bound multi-character sequences.
LANG <S>
This variable determines the locale category for any category
not specifically selected via a variable starting with `LC_'.
LC_ALL <S>
This variable overrides the value of the `LANG' variable and the
value of any of the other variables starting with `LC_'.
LC_COLLATE <S>
This variable determines the locale category for character col-
lation information within ranges in glob brackets and for sort-
ing.
LC_CTYPE <S>
This variable determines the locale category for character han-
dling functions.
LC_MESSAGES <S>
This variable determines the language in which messages should
be written. Note that zsh does not use message catalogs.
LC_NUMERIC <S>
This variable affects the decimal point character and thousands
separator character for the formatted input/output functions and
string conversion functions. Note that zsh ignores this setting
when parsing floating point mathematical expressions.
LC_TIME <S>
This variable determines the locale category for date and time
formatting in prompt escape sequences.
LINES <S>
The number of lines for this terminal session. Used for print-
ing select lists and for the line editor.
LISTMAX
In the line editor, the number of matches to list without asking
first. If the value is negative, the list will be shown if it
spans at most as many lines as given by the absolute value. If
set to zero, the shell asks only if the top of the listing would
scroll off the screen.
LOGCHECK
The interval in seconds between checks for login/logout activity
using the watch parameter.
MAIL If this parameter is set and mailpath is not set, the shell
looks for mail in the specified file.
MAILCHECK
The interval in seconds between checks for new mail.
mailpath <S> <Z> (MAILPATH <S>)
An array (colon-separated list) of filenames to check for new
mail. Each filename can be followed by a `?' and a message that
will be printed. The message will undergo parameter expansion,
command substitution and arithmetic expansion with the variable
$_ defined as the name of the file that has changed. The
default message is `You have new mail'. If an element is a
directory instead of a file the shell will recursively check
every file in every subdirectory of the element.
manpath <S> <Z> (MANPATH <S> <Z>)
An array (colon-separated list) whose value is not used by the
shell. The manpath array can be useful, however, since setting
it also sets MANPATH, and vice versa.
module_path <S> <Z> (MODULE_PATH <S>)
An array (colon-separated list) of directories that zmodload
searches for dynamically loadable modules. This is initialized
to a standard pathname, usually `/usr/local/lib/zsh/$ZSH_VER-
SION'. (The `/usr/local/lib' part varies from installation to
installation.) For security reasons, any value set in the envi-
ronment when the shell is started will be ignored.
These parameters only exist if the installation supports dynamic
module loading.
NULLCMD <S>
The command name to assume if a redirection is specified with no
command. Defaults to cat. For sh/ksh behavior, change this to
:. For csh-like behavior, unset this parameter; the shell will
print an error message if null commands are entered.
path <S> <Z> (PATH <S>)
An array (colon-separated list) of directories to search for
commands. When this parameter is set, each directory is scanned
and all files found are put in a hash table.
POSTEDIT <S>
This string is output whenever the line editor exits. It usu-
ally contains termcap strings to reset the terminal.
PROMPT <S> <Z>
PROMPT2 <S> <Z>
PROMPT3 <S> <Z>
PROMPT4 <S> <Z>
Same as PS1, PS2, PS3 and PS4, respectively.
prompt <S> <Z>
Same as PS1.
PS1 <S>
The primary prompt string, printed before a command is read.
the default is `%m%# '. It undergoes a special form of expan-
sion before being displayed; see the section `Prompt Expansion'.
PS2 <S>
The secondary prompt, printed when the shell needs more informa-
tion to complete a command. It is expanded in the same way as
PS1. The default is `%_> ', which displays any shell constructs
or quotation marks which are currently being processed.
PS3 <S>
Selection prompt used within a select loop. It is expanded in
the same way as PS1. The default is `?# '.
PS4 <S>
The execution trace prompt. Default is `+%N:%i> ', which dis-
plays the name of the current shell structure and the line num-
ber within it. In sh or ksh emulation, the default is `+ '.
psvar <S> <Z> (PSVAR <S>)
An array (colon-separated list) whose first nine values can be
used in PROMPT strings. Setting psvar also sets PSVAR, and vice
versa.
READNULLCMD <S>
The command name to assume if a single input redirection is
specified with no command. Defaults to more.
REPORTTIME
If nonnegative, commands whose combined user and system execu-
tion times (measured in seconds) are greater than this value
have timing statistics printed for them.
REPLY This parameter is reserved by convention to pass string values
between shell scripts and shell builtins in situations where a
function call or redirection are impossible or undesirable. The
read builtin and the select complex command may set REPLY, and
filename generation both sets and examines its value when evalu-
ating certain expressions. Some modules also employ REPLY for
similar purposes.
reply As REPLY, but for array values rather than strings.
RPROMPT <S>
RPS1 <S>
This prompt is displayed on the right-hand side of the screen
when the primary prompt is being displayed on the left. This
does not work if the SINGLELINEZLE option is set. It is
expanded in the same way as PS1.
RPROMPT2 <S>
RPS2 <S>
This prompt is displayed on the right-hand side of the screen
when the secondary prompt is being displayed on the left. This
does not work if the SINGLELINEZLE option is set. It is
expanded in the same way as PS2.
SAVEHIST
The maximum number of history events to save in the history
file.
SPROMPT <S>
The prompt used for spelling correction. The sequence `%R'
expands to the string which presumably needs spelling correc-
tion, and `%r' expands to the proposed correction. All other
prompt escapes are also allowed.
STTY If this parameter is set in a command's environment, the shell
runs the stty command with the value of this parameter as argu-
ments in order to set up the terminal before executing the com-
mand. The modes apply only to the command, and are reset when it
finishes or is suspended. If the command is suspended and con-
tinued later with the fg or wait builtins it will see the modes
specified by STTY, as if it were not suspended. This (inten-
tionally) does not apply if the command is continued via `kill
-CONT'. STTY is ignored if the command is run in the back-
ground, or if it is in the environment of the shell but not
explicitly assigned to in the input line. This avoids running
stty at every external command by accidentally exporting it.
Also note that STTY should not be used for window size specifi-
cations; these will not be local to the command.
TERM <S>
The type of terminal in use. This is used when looking up term-
cap sequences. An assignment to TERM causes zsh to re-initial-
ize the terminal, even if the value does not change (e.g.,
`TERM=$TERM'). It is necessary to make such an assignment upon
any change to the terminal definition database or terminal type
in order for the new settings to take effect.
TIMEFMT
The format of process time reports with the time keyword. The
default is `%E real %U user %S system %P %J'. Recognizes the
following escape sequences, although not all may be available on
all systems, and some that are available may not be useful:
%% A `%'.
%U CPU seconds spent in user mode.
%S CPU seconds spent in kernel mode.
%E Elapsed time in seconds.
%P The CPU percentage, computed as (100*%U+%S)/%E.
%W Number of times the process was swapped.
%X The average amount in (shared) text space used in Kbytes.
%D The average amount in (unshared) data/stack space used in
Kbytes.
%K The total space used (%X+%D) in Kbytes.
%M The maximum memory the process had in use at any time in
Kbytes.
%F The number of major page faults (page needed to be
brought from disk).
%R The number of minor page faults.
%I The number of input operations.
%O The number of output operations.
%r The number of socket messages received.
%s The number of socket messages sent.
%k The number of signals received.
%w Number of voluntary context switches (waits).
%c Number of involuntary context switches.
%J The name of this job.
A star may be inserted between the percent sign and flags print-
ing time. This cause the time to be printed in `hh:mm:ss.ttt'
format (hours and minutes are only printed if they are not
zero).
TMOUT If this parameter is nonzero, the shell will receive an ALRM
signal if a command is not entered within the specified number
of seconds after issuing a prompt. If there is a trap on
SIGALRM, it will be executed and a new alarm is scheduled using
the value of the TMOUT parameter after executing the trap. If
no trap is set, and the idle time of the terminal is not less
than the value of the TMOUT parameter, zsh terminates. Other-
wise a new alarm is scheduled to TMOUT seconds after the last
keypress.
TMPPREFIX
A pathname prefix which the shell will use for all temporary
files. Note that this should include an initial part for the
file name as well as any directory names. The default is
`/tmp/zsh'.
watch <S> <Z> (WATCH <S>)
An array (colon-separated list) of login/logout events to
report. If it contains the single word `all', then all
login/logout events are reported. If it contains the single
word `notme', then all events are reported as with `all' except
$USERNAME. An entry in this list may consist of a username, an
`@' followed by a remote hostname, and a `%' followed by a line
(tty). Any or all of these components may be present in an
entry; if a login/logout event matches all of them, it is
reported.
WATCHFMT
The format of login/logout reports if the watch parameter is
set. Default is `%n has %a %l from %m'. Recognizes the follow-
ing escape sequences:
%n The name of the user that logged in/out.
%a The observed action, i.e. "logged on" or "logged off".
%l The line (tty) the user is logged in on.
%M The full hostname of the remote host.
%m The hostname up to the first `.'. If only the IP address
is available or the utmp field contains the name of an
X-windows display, the whole name is printed.
NOTE: The `%m' and `%M' escapes will work only if there
is a host name field in the utmp on your machine. Other-
wise they are treated as ordinary strings.
%S (%s)
Start (stop) standout mode.
%U (%u)
Start (stop) underline mode.
%B (%b)
Start (stop) boldface mode.
%t
%@ The time, in 12-hour, am/pm format.
%T The time, in 24-hour format.
%w The date in `day-dd' format.
%W The date in `mm/dd/yy' format.
%D The date in `yy-mm-dd' format.
%(x:true-text:false-text)
Specifies a ternary expression. The character following
the x is arbitrary; the same character is used to sepa-
rate the text for the "true" result from that for the
"false" result. Both the separator and the right paren-
thesis may be escaped with a backslash. Ternary expres-
sions may be nested.
The test character x may be any one of `l', `n', `m' or
`M', which indicate a `true' result if the corresponding
escape sequence would return a non-empty value; or it may
be `a', which indicates a `true' result if the watched
user has logged in, or `false' if he has logged out.
Other characters evaluate to neither true nor false; the
entire expression is omitted in this case.
If the result is `true', then the true-text is formatted
according to the rules above and printed, and the
false-text is skipped. If `false', the true-text is
skipped and the false-text is formatted and printed.
Either or both of the branches may be empty, but both
separators must be present in any case.
WORDCHARS <S>
A list of non-alphanumeric characters considered part of a word
by the line editor.
ZBEEP If set, this gives a string of characters, which can use all the
same codes as the bindkey command as described in the zsh/zle
module entry in zshmodules(1), that will be output to the termi-
nal instead of beeping. This may have a visible instead of an
audible effect; for example, the string `\e[?5h\e[?5l' on a
vt100 or xterm will have the effect of flashing reverse video on
and off (if you usually use reverse video, you should use the
string `\e[?5l\e[?5h' instead). This takes precedence over the
NOBEEP option.
ZDOTDIR
The directory to search for shell startup files (.zshrc, etc),
if not $HOME.
ZSHOPTIONS(1) ZSHOPTIONS(1)
NAME
zshoptions - zsh options
SPECIFYING OPTIONS
Options are primarily referred to by name. These names are case insen-
sitive and underscores are ignored. For example, `allexport' is equiv-
alent to `A__lleXP_ort'.
The sense of an option name may be inverted by preceding it with `no',
so `setopt No_Beep' is equivalent to `unsetopt beep'. This inversion
can only be done once, so `nonobeep' is not a synonym for `beep'. Sim-
ilarly, `tify' is not a synonym for `nonotify' (the inversion of
`notify').
Some options also have one or more single letter names. There are two
sets of single letter options: one used by default, and another used to
emulate sh/ksh (used when the SH_OPTION_LETTERS option is set). The
single letter options can be used on the shell command line, or with
the set, setopt and unsetopt builtins, as normal Unix options preceded
by `-'.
The sense of the single letter options may be inverted by using `+'
instead of `-'. Some of the single letter option names refer to an
option being off, in which case the inversion of that name refers to
the option being on. For example, `+n' is the short name of `exec',
and `-n' is the short name of its inversion, `noexec'.
In strings of single letter options supplied to the shell at startup,
trailing whitespace will be ignored; for example the string `-f '
will be treated just as `-f', but the string `-f i' is an error. This
is because many systems which implement the `#!' mechanism for calling
scripts do not strip trailing whitespace.
DESCRIPTION OF OPTIONS
In the following list, options set by default in all emulations are
marked <D>; those set by default only in csh, ksh, sh, or zsh emula-
tions are marked <C>, <K>, <S>, <Z> as appropriate. When listing
options (by `setopt', `unsetopt', `set -o' or `set +o'), those turned
on by default appear in the list prefixed with `no'. Hence (unless
KSH_OPTION_PRINT is set), `setopt' shows all options whose settings are
changed from the default.
Changing Directories
AUTO_CD (-J)
If a command is issued that can't be executed as a normal com-
mand, and the command is the name of a directory, perform the cd
command to that directory.
AUTO_PUSHD (-N)
Make cd push the old directory onto the directory stack.
CDABLE_VARS (-T)
If the argument to a cd command (or an implied cd with the
AUTO_CD option set) is not a directory, and does not begin with
a slash, try to expand the expression as if it were preceded by
a `~' (see the section `Filename Expansion').
CHASE_DOTS
When changing to a directory containing a path segment `..'
which would otherwise be treated as canceling the previous seg-
ment in the path (in other words, `foo/..' would be removed from
the path, or if `..' is the first part of the path, the last
part of $PWD would be deleted), instead resolve the path to the
physical directory. This option is overridden by CHASE_LINKS.
For example, suppose /foo/bar is a link to the directory
/alt/rod. Without this option set, `cd /foo/bar/..' changes to
/foo; with it set, it changes to /alt. The same applies if the
current directory is /foo/bar and `cd ..' is used. Note that
all other symbolic links in the path will also be resolved.
CHASE_LINKS (-w)
Resolve symbolic links to their true values when changing direc-
tory. This also has the effect of CHASE_DOTS, i.e. a `..' path
segment will be treated as referring to the physical parent,
even if the preceding path segment is a symbolic link.
PUSHD_IGNORE_DUPS
Don't push multiple copies of the same directory onto the direc-
tory stack.
PUSHD_MINUS
Exchanges the meanings of `+' and `-' when used with a number to
specify a directory in the stack.
PUSHD_SILENT (-E)
Do not print the directory stack after pushd or popd.
PUSHD_TO_HOME (-D)
Have pushd with no arguments act like `pushd $HOME'.
Completion
ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT <D>
If unset, key functions that list completions try to return to
the last prompt if given a numeric argument. If set these func-
tions try to return to the last prompt if given no numeric argu-
ment.
ALWAYS_TO_END
If a completion is performed with the cursor within a word, and
a full completion is inserted, the cursor is moved to the end of
the word. That is, the cursor is moved to the end of the word
if either a single match is inserted or menu completion is per-
formed.
AUTO_LIST (-9) <D>
Automatically list choices on an ambiguous completion.
AUTO_MENU <D>
Automatically use menu completion after the second consecutive
request for completion, for example by pressing the tab key
repeatedly. This option is overridden by MENU_COMPLETE.
AUTO_NAME_DIRS
Any parameter that is set to the absolute name of a directory
immediately becomes a name for that directory, that will be used
by the `%~' and related prompt sequences, and will be available
when completion is performed on a word starting with `~'. (Oth-
erwise, the parameter must be used in the form `~param' first.)
AUTO_PARAM_KEYS <D>
If a parameter name was completed and a following character
(normally a space) automatically inserted, and the next charac-
ter typed is one of those that have to come directly after the
name (like `}', `:', etc.), the automatically added character is
deleted, so that the character typed comes immediately after the
parameter name. Completion in a brace expansion is affected
similarly: the added character is a `,', which will be removed
if `}' is typed next.
AUTO_PARAM_SLASH <D>
If a parameter is completed whose content is the name of a
directory, then add a trailing slash instead of a space.
AUTO_REMOVE_SLASH <D>
When the last character resulting from a completion is a slash
and the next character typed is a word delimiter, a slash, or a
character that ends a command (such as a semicolon or an amper-
sand), remove the slash.
BASH_AUTO_LIST
On an ambiguous completion, automatically list choices when the
completion function is called twice in succession. This takes
precedence over AUTO_LIST. The setting of LIST_AMBIGUOUS is
respected. If AUTO_MENU is set, the menu behaviour will then
start with the third press. Note that this will not work with
MENU_COMPLETE, since repeated completion calls immediately cycle
through the list in that case.
COMPLETE_ALIASES
Prevents aliases on the command line from being internally sub-
stituted before completion is attempted. The effect is to make
the alias a distinct command for completion purposes.
COMPLETE_IN_WORD
If unset, the cursor is set to the end of the word if completion
is started. Otherwise it stays there and completion is done from
both ends.
GLOB_COMPLETE
When the current word has a glob pattern, do not insert all the
words resulting from the expansion but generate matches as for
completion and cycle through them like MENU_COMPLETE. The
matches are generated as if a `*' was added to the end of the
word, or inserted at the cursor when COMPLETE_IN_WORD is set.
This actually uses pattern matching, not globbing, so it works
not only for files but for any completion, such as options, user
names, etc.
Note that when the pattern matcher is used, matching control
(for example, case-insensitive or anchored matching) cannot be
used. This limitation only applies when the current word con-
tains a pattern; simply turning on the GLOB_COMPLETE option does
not have this effect.
HASH_LIST_ALL <D>
Whenever a command completion is attempted, make sure the entire
command path is hashed first. This makes the first completion
slower.
LIST_AMBIGUOUS <D>
This option works when AUTO_LIST or BASH_AUTO_LIST is also set.
If there is an unambiguous prefix to insert on the command line,
that is done without a completion list being displayed; in other
words, auto-listing behaviour only takes place when nothing
would be inserted. In the case of BASH_AUTO_LIST, this means
that the list will be delayed to the third call of the function.
LIST_BEEP <D>
Beep on an ambiguous completion. More accurately, this forces
the completion widgets to return status 1 on an ambiguous com-
pletion, which causes the shell to beep if the option BEEP is
also set; this may be modified if completion is called from a
user-defined widget.
LIST_PACKED
Try to make the completion list smaller (occupying less lines)
by printing the matches in columns with different widths.
LIST_ROWS_FIRST
Lay out the matches in completion lists sorted horizontally,
that is, the second match is to the right of the first one, not
under it as usual.
LIST_TYPES (-X) <D>
When listing files that are possible completions, show the type
of each file with a trailing identifying mark.
MENU_COMPLETE (-Y)
On an ambiguous completion, instead of listing possibilities or
beeping, insert the first match immediately. Then when comple-
tion is requested again, remove the first match and insert the
second match, etc. When there are no more matches, go back to
the first one again. reverse-menu-complete may be used to loop
through the list in the other direction. This option overrides
AUTO_MENU.
REC_EXACT (-S)
In completion, recognize exact matches even if they are ambigu-
ous.
Expansion and Globbing
BAD_PATTERN (+2) <C> <Z>
If a pattern for filename generation is badly formed, print an
error message. (If this option is unset, the pattern will be
left unchanged.)
BARE_GLOB_QUAL <Z>
In a glob pattern, treat a trailing set of parentheses as a
qualifier list, if it contains no `|', `(' or (if special) `~'
characters. See the section `Filename Generation'.
BRACE_CCL
Expand expressions in braces which would not otherwise undergo
brace expansion to a lexically ordered list of all the charac-
ters. See the section `Brace Expansion'.
CASE_GLOB <D>
Make globbing (filename generation) sensitive to case. Note
that other uses of patterns are always sensitive to case. If
the option is unset, the presence of any character which is spe-
cial to filename generation will cause case-insensitive match-
ing. For example, cvs(/) can match the directory CVS owing to
the presence of the globbing flag (unless the option
BARE_GLOB_QUAL is unset).
CASE_MATCH <D>
Make regular expressions using the zsh/regex module (including
matches with =~) sensitive to case.
CSH_NULL_GLOB <C>
If a pattern for filename generation has no matches, delete the
pattern from the argument list; do not report an error unless
all the patterns in a command have no matches. Overrides
NOMATCH.
EQUALS <Z>
Perform = filename expansion. (See the section `Filename Expan-
sion'.)
EXTENDED_GLOB
Treat the `#', `~' and `^' characters as part of patterns for
filename generation, etc. (An initial unquoted `~' always pro-
duces named directory expansion.)
GLOB (+F, ksh: +f) <D>
Perform filename generation (globbing). (See the section `File-
name Generation'.)
GLOB_ASSIGN <C>
If this option is set, filename generation (globbing) is per-
formed on the right hand side of scalar parameter assignments of
the form `name=pattern (e.g. `foo=*'). If the result has more
than one word the parameter will become an array with those
words as arguments. This option is provided for backwards com-
patibility only: globbing is always performed on the right hand
side of array assignments of the form `name=(value)' (e.g.
`foo=(*)') and this form is recommended for clarity; with this
option set, it is not possible to predict whether the result
will be an array or a scalar.
GLOB_DOTS (-4)
Do not require a leading `.' in a filename to be matched explic-
itly.
GLOB_SUBST <C> <K> <S>
Treat any characters resulting from parameter expansion as being
eligible for file expansion and filename generation, and any
characters resulting from command substitution as being eligible
for filename generation. Braces (and commas in between) do not
become eligible for expansion.
HIST_SUBST_PATTERN
Substitutions using the :s and :& history modifiers are per-
formed with pattern matching instead of string matching. This
occurs wherever history modifiers are valid, including glob
qualifiers and parameters. See the section Modifiers in zsh-
exp(1).
IGNORE_BRACES (-I) <S>
Do not perform brace expansion.
KSH_GLOB <K>
In pattern matching, the interpretation of parentheses is
affected by a preceding `@', `*', `+', `?' or `!'. See the sec-
tion `Filename Generation'.
MAGIC_EQUAL_SUBST
All unquoted arguments of the form `anything=expression' appear-
ing after the command name have filename expansion (that is,
where expression has a leading `~' or `=') performed on expres-
sion as if it were a parameter assignment. The argument is not
otherwise treated specially; it is passed to the command as a
single argument, and not used as an actual parameter assignment.
For example, in echo foo=~/bar:~/rod, both occurrences of ~
would be replaced. Note that this happens anyway with typeset
and similar statements.
This option respects the setting of the KSH_TYPESET option. In
other words, if both options are in effect, arguments looking
like assignments will not undergo word splitting.
MARK_DIRS (-8, ksh: -X)
Append a trailing `/' to all directory names resulting from
filename generation (globbing).
MULTIBYTE <C> <K> <Z>
Respect multibyte characters when found in strings. When this
option is set, strings are examined using the system library to
determine how many bytes form a character, depending on the cur-
rent locale. This affects the way characters are counted in
pattern matching, parameter values and various delimiters.
The option is on by default if the shell was compiled with
MULTIBYTE_SUPPORT except in sh emulation; otherwise it is off by
default and has no effect if turned on. The mode is off in sh
emulation for compatibility but for interactive use may need to
be turned on if the terminal interprets multibyte characters.
If the option is off a single byte is always treated as a single
character. This setting is designed purely for examining
strings known to contain raw bytes or other values that may not
be characters in the current locale. It is not necessary to
unset the option merely because the character set for the cur-
rent locale does not contain multibyte characters.
The option does not affect the shell's editor, which always
uses the locale to determine multibyte characters. This is
because the character set displayed by the terminal emulator is
independent of shell settings.
NOMATCH (+3) <C> <Z>
If a pattern for filename generation has no matches, print an
error, instead of leaving it unchanged in the argument list.
This also applies to file expansion of an initial `~' or `='.
NULL_GLOB (-G)
If a pattern for filename generation has no matches, delete the
pattern from the argument list instead of reporting an error.
Overrides NOMATCH.
NUMERIC_GLOB_SORT
If numeric filenames are matched by a filename generation pat-
tern, sort the filenames numerically rather than lexicographi-
cally.
RC_EXPAND_PARAM (-P)
Array expansions of the form `foo${xx}bar', where the parameter
xx is set to (a b c), are substituted with `fooabar foobbar
foocbar' instead of the default `fooa b cbar'. Note that an
empty array will therefore cause all arguments to be removed.
REMATCH_PCRE <Z>
If set, regular expression matching with the =~ operator will
use Perl-Compatible Regular Expressions from the PCRE library,
if available. If not set, regular expressions will use the
extended regexp syntax provided by the system libraries.
SH_GLOB <K> <S>
Disables the special meaning of `(', `|', `)' and '<' for glob-
bing the result of parameter and command substitutions, and in
some other places where the shell accepts patterns. This option
is set by default if zsh is invoked as sh or ksh.
UNSET (+u, ksh: +u) <K> <S> <Z>
Treat unset parameters as if they were empty when substituting.
Otherwise they are treated as an error.
WARN_CREATE_GLOBAL
Print a warning message when a global parameter is created in a
function by an assignment. This often indicates that a parame-
ter has not been declared local when it should have been.
Parameters explicitly declared global from within a function
using typeset -g do not cause a warning. Note that there is no
warning when a local parameter is assigned to in a nested func-
tion, which may also indicate an error.
History
APPEND_HISTORY <D>
If this is set, zsh sessions will append their history list to
the history file, rather than replace it. Thus, multiple paral-
lel zsh sessions will all have the new entries from their his-
tory lists added to the history file, in the order that they
exit. The file will still be periodically re-written to trim it
when the number of lines grows 20% beyond the value specified by
$SAVEHIST (see also the HIST_SAVE_BY_COPY option).
BANG_HIST (+K) <C> <Z>
Perform textual history expansion, csh-style, treating the char-
acter `!' specially.
EXTENDED_HISTORY <C>
Save each command's beginning timestamp (in seconds since the
epoch) and the duration (in seconds) to the history file. The
format of this prefixed data is:
`:<beginning time>:<elapsed seconds>:<command>'.
HIST_ALLOW_CLOBBER
Add `|' to output redirections in the history. This allows his-
tory references to clobber files even when CLOBBER is unset.
HIST_BEEP <D>
Beep when an attempt is made to access a history entry which
isn't there.
HIST_EXPIRE_DUPS_FIRST
If the internal history needs to be trimmed to add the current
command line, setting this option will cause the oldest history
event that has a duplicate to be lost before losing a unique
event from the list. You should be sure to set the value of
HISTSIZE to a larger number than SAVEHIST in order to give you
some room for the duplicated events, otherwise this option will
behave just like HIST_IGNORE_ALL_DUPS once the history fills up
with unique events.
HIST_FCNTL_LOCK
When writing out the history file, by default zsh uses ad-hoc
file locking to avoid known problems with locking on some oper-
ating systems. With this option locking is done by means of the
system's fcntl call, where this method is available. On recent
operating systems this may provide better performance, in par-
ticular avoiding history corruption when files are stored on
NFS.
HIST_FIND_NO_DUPS
When searching for history entries in the line editor, do not
display duplicates of a line previously found, even if the
duplicates are not contiguous.
HIST_IGNORE_ALL_DUPS
If a new command line being added to the history list duplicates
an older one, the older command is removed from the list (even
if it is not the previous event).
HIST_IGNORE_DUPS (-h)
Do not enter command lines into the history list if they are
duplicates of the previous event.
HIST_IGNORE_SPACE (-g)
Remove command lines from the history list when the first char-
acter on the line is a space, or when one of the expanded
aliases contains a leading space. Note that the command lingers
in the internal history until the next command is entered before
it vanishes, allowing you to briefly reuse or edit the line. If
you want to make it vanish right away without entering another
command, type a space and press return.
HIST_NO_FUNCTIONS
Remove function definitions from the history list. Note that
the function lingers in the internal history until the next com-
mand is entered before it vanishes, allowing you to briefly re-
use or edit the definition.
HIST_NO_STORE
Remove the history (fc -l) command from the history list when
invoked. Note that the command lingers in the internal history
until the next command is entered before it vanishes, allowing
you to briefly reuse or edit the line.
HIST_REDUCE_BLANKS
Remove superfluous blanks from each command line being added to
the history list.
HIST_SAVE_BY_COPY <D>
When the history file is re-written, we normally write out a
copy of the file named $HISTFILE.new and then rename it over the
old one. However, if this option is unset, we instead truncate
the old history file and write out the new version in-place. If
one of the history-appending options is enabled, this option
only has an effect when the enlarged history file needs to be
re-written to trim it down to size. Disable this only if you
have special needs, as doing so makes it possible to lose his-
tory entries if zsh gets interrupted during the save.
When writing out a copy of the history file, zsh preserves the
old file's permissions and group information, but will refuse to
write out a new file if it would change the history file's
owner.
HIST_SAVE_NO_DUPS
When writing out the history file, older commands that duplicate
newer ones are omitted.
HIST_VERIFY
Whenever the user enters a line with history expansion, don't
execute the line directly; instead, perform history expansion
and reload the line into the editing buffer.
INC_APPEND_HISTORY
This options works like APPEND_HISTORY except that new history
lines are added to the $HISTFILE incrementally (as soon as they
are entered), rather than waiting until the shell exits. The
file will still be periodically re-written to trim it when the
number of lines grows 20% beyond the value specified by $SAVE-
HIST (see also the HIST_SAVE_BY_COPY option).
SHARE_HISTORY <K>
This option both imports new commands from the history file, and
also causes your typed commands to be appended to the history
file (the latter is like specifying INC_APPEND_HISTORY). The
history lines are also output with timestamps ala EXTENDED_HIS-
TORY (which makes it easier to find the spot where we left off
reading the file after it gets re-written).
By default, history movement commands visit the imported lines
as well as the local lines, but you can toggle this on and off
with the set-local-history zle binding. It is also possible to
create a zle widget that will make some commands ignore imported
commands, and some include them.
If you find that you want more control over when commands get
imported, you may wish to turn SHARE_HISTORY off,
INC_APPEND_HISTORY on, and then manually import commands when-
ever you need them using `fc -RI'.
Initialisation
ALL_EXPORT (-a, ksh: -a)
All parameters subsequently defined are automatically exported.
GLOBAL_EXPORT (<Z>)
If this option is set, passing the -x flag to the builtins
declare, float, integer, readonly and typeset (but not local)
will also set the -g flag; hence parameters exported to the
environment will not be made local to the enclosing function,
unless they were already or the flag +g is given explicitly. If
the option is unset, exported parameters will be made local in
just the same way as any other parameter.
This option is set by default for backward compatibility; it is
not recommended that its behaviour be relied upon. Note that
the builtin export always sets both the -x and -g flags, and
hence its effect extends beyond the scope of the enclosing func-
tion; this is the most portable way to achieve this behaviour.
GLOBAL_RCS (-d) <D>
If this option is unset, the startup files /etc/zprofile,
/etc/zshrc, /etc/zlogin and /etc/zlogout will not be run. It
can be disabled and re-enabled at any time, including inside
local startup files (.zshrc, etc.).
RCS (+f) <D>
After /etc/zshenv is sourced on startup, source the .zshenv,
/etc/zprofile, .zprofile, /etc/zshrc, .zshrc, /etc/zlogin, .zlo-
gin, and .zlogout files, as described in the section `Files'.
If this option is unset, the /etc/zshenv file is still sourced,
but any of the others will not be; it can be set at any time to
prevent the remaining startup files after the currently execut-
ing one from being sourced.
Input/Output
ALIASES <D>
Expand aliases.
CLOBBER (+C, ksh: +C) <D>
Allows `>' redirection to truncate existing files, and `>>' to
create files. Otherwise `>!' or `>|' must be used to truncate a
file, and `>>!' or `>>|' to create a file.
CORRECT (-0)
Try to correct the spelling of commands. Note that, when the
HASH_LIST_ALL option is not set or when some directories in the
path are not readable, this may falsely report spelling errors
the first time some commands are used.
CORRECT_ALL (-O)
Try to correct the spelling of all arguments in a line.
DVORAK Use the Dvorak keyboard instead of the standard qwerty keyboard
as a basis for examining spelling mistakes for the CORRECT and
CORRECT_ALL options and the spell-word editor command.
FLOW_CONTROL <D>
If this option is unset, output flow control via start/stop
characters (usually assigned to ^S/^Q) is disabled in the
shell's editor.
IGNORE_EOF (-7)
Do not exit on end-of-file. Require the use of exit or logout
instead. However, ten consecutive EOFs will cause the shell to
exit anyway, to avoid the shell hanging if its tty goes away.
Also, if this option is set and the Zsh Line Editor is used,
widgets implemented by shell functions can be bound to EOF (nor-
mally Control-D) without printing the normal warning message.
This works only for normal widgets, not for completion widgets.
INTERACTIVE_COMMENTS (-k) <K> <S>
Allow comments even in interactive shells.
HASH_CMDS <D>
Note the location of each command the first time it is executed.
Subsequent invocations of the same command will use the saved
location, avoiding a path search. If this option is unset, no
path hashing is done at all. However, when CORRECT is set, com-
mands whose names do not appear in the functions or aliases hash
tables are hashed in order to avoid reporting them as spelling
errors.
HASH_DIRS <D>
Whenever a command name is hashed, hash the directory containing
it, as well as all directories that occur earlier in the path.
Has no effect if neither HASH_CMDS nor CORRECT is set.
MAIL_WARNING (-U)
Print a warning message if a mail file has been accessed since
the shell last checked.
PATH_DIRS (-Q)
Perform a path search even on command names with slashes in
them. Thus if `/usr/local/bin' is in the user's path, and he or
she types `X11/xinit', the command `/usr/local/bin/X11/xinit'
will be executed (assuming it exists). Commands explicitly
beginning with `/', `./' or `../' are not subject to the path
search. This also applies to the . builtin.
Note that subdirectories of the current directory are always
searched for executables specified in this form. This takes
place before any search indicated by this option, and regardless
of whether `.' or the current directory appear in the command
search path.
PRINT_EIGHT_BIT
Print eight bit characters literally in completion lists, etc.
This option is not necessary if your system correctly returns
the printability of eight bit characters (see ctype(3)).
PRINT_EXIT_VALUE (-1)
Print the exit value of programs with non-zero exit status.
RC_QUOTES
Allow the character sequence `''' to signify a single quote
within singly quoted strings. Note this does not apply in
quoted strings using the format $'...', where a backslashed sin-
gle quote can be used.
RM_STAR_SILENT (-H) <K> <S>
Do not query the user before executing `rm *' or `rm path/*'.
RM_STAR_WAIT
If querying the user before executing `rm *' or `rm path/*',
first wait ten seconds and ignore anything typed in that time.
This avoids the problem of reflexively answering `yes' to the
query when one didn't really mean it. The wait and query can
always be avoided by expanding the `*' in ZLE (with tab).
SHORT_LOOPS <C> <Z>
Allow the short forms of for, repeat, select, if, and function
constructs.
SUN_KEYBOARD_HACK (-L)
If a line ends with a backquote, and there are an odd number of
backquotes on the line, ignore the trailing backquote. This is
useful on some keyboards where the return key is too small, and
the backquote key lies annoyingly close to it.
Job Control
AUTO_CONTINUE
With this option set, stopped jobs that are removed from the job
table with the disown builtin command are automatically sent a
CONT signal to make them running.
AUTO_RESUME (-W)
Treat single word simple commands without redirection as candi-
dates for resumption of an existing job.
BG_NICE (-6) <C> <Z>
Run all background jobs at a lower priority. This option is set
by default.
CHECK_JOBS <Z>
Report the status of background and suspended jobs before exit-
ing a shell with job control; a second attempt to exit the shell
will succeed. NO_CHECK_JOBS is best used only in combination
with NO_HUP, else such jobs will be killed automatically.
The check is omitted if the commands run from the previous com-
mand line included a `jobs' command, since it is assumed the
user is aware that there are background or suspended jobs. A
`jobs' command run from one of the hook functions defined in the
section SPECIAL FUNCTIONS in zshmisc(1) is not counted for this
purpose.
HUP <Z>
Send the HUP signal to running jobs when the shell exits.
LONG_LIST_JOBS (-R)
List jobs in the long format by default.
MONITOR (-m, ksh: -m)
Allow job control. Set by default in interactive shells.
NOTIFY (-5, ksh: -b) <Z>
Report the status of background jobs immediately, rather than
waiting until just before printing a prompt.
Prompting
PROMPT_BANG <K>
If set, `!' is treated specially in prompt expansion. See the
section `Prompt Expansion'.
PROMPT_CR (+V) <D>
Print a carriage return just before printing a prompt in the
line editor. This is on by default as multi-line editing is
only possible if the editor knows where the start of the line
appears.
PROMPT_SP <D>
Attempt to preserve a partial line (i.e. a line that did not end
with a newline) that would otherwise be covered up by the com-
mand prompt due to the PROMPT_CR option. This works by out-
putting some cursor-control characters, including a series of
spaces, that should make the terminal wrap to the next line when
a partial line is present (note that this is only successful if
your terminal has automatic margins, which is typical).
When a partial line is preserved, you will see an inverse+bold
character at the end of the partial line: a "%" for a normal
user or a "#" for root.
NOTE: if the PROMPT_CR option is not set, enabling this option
will have no effect. This option is on by default.
PROMPT_PERCENT <C> <Z>
If set, `%' is treated specially in prompt expansion. See the
section `Prompt Expansion'.
PROMPT_SUBST <K> <S>
If set, parameter expansion, command substitution and arithmetic
expansion are performed in prompts. Substitutions within
prompts do not affect the command status.
TRANSIENT_RPROMPT
Remove any right prompt from display when accepting a command
line. This may be useful with terminals with other cut/paste
methods.
Scripts and Functions
C_BASES
Output hexadecimal numbers in the standard C format, for example
`0xFF' instead of the usual `16#FF'. If the option OCTAL_ZEROES
is also set (it is not by default), octal numbers will be
treated similarly and hence appear as `077' instead of `8#77'.
This option has no effect on the choice of the output base, nor
on the output of bases other than hexadecimal and octal. Note
that these formats will be understood on input irrespective of
the setting of C_BASES.
C_PRECEDENCES
This alters the precedence of arithmetic operators to be more
like C and other programming languages; the section ARITHMETIC
EVALUATION in zshmisc(1) has an explicit list.
DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD
Run the DEBUG trap before each command; otherwise it is run
after each command. Setting this option mimics the behaviour of
ksh 93; with the option unset the behaviour is that of ksh 88.
ERR_EXIT (-e, ksh: -e)
If a command has a non-zero exit status, execute the ZERR trap,
if set, and exit. This is disabled while running initialization
scripts.
The behaviour is also disabled inside DEBUG traps. In this case
the option is handled specially: it is unset on entry to the
trap. If the option DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD is set, as it is by
default, and the option ERR_EXIT is found to have been set on
exit, then the command for which the DEBUG trap is being exe-
cuted is skipped. The option is restored after the trap exits.
ERR_RETURN
If a command has a non-zero exit status, return immediately from
the enclosing function. The logic is identical to that for
ERR_EXIT, except that an implicit return statement is executed
instead of an exit. This will trigger an exit at the outermost
level of a non-interactive script.
EVAL_LINENO <Z>
If set, line numbers of expressions evaluated using the builtin
eval are tracked separately of the enclosing environment. This
applies both to the parameter LINENO and the line number output
by the prompt escape %i. If the option is set, the prompt
escape %N will output the string `(eval)' instead of the script
or function name as an indication. (The two prompt escapes are
typically used in the parameter PS4 to be output when the option
XTRACE is set.) If EVAL_LINENO is unset, the line number of the
surrounding script or function is retained during the evalua-
tion.
EXEC (+n, ksh: +n) <D>
Do execute commands. Without this option, commands are read and
checked for syntax errors, but not executed. This option cannot
be turned off in an interactive shell, except when `-n' is sup-
plied to the shell at startup.
FUNCTION_ARGZERO <C> <Z>
When executing a shell function or sourcing a script, set $0
temporarily to the name of the function/script.
LOCAL_OPTIONS <K>
If this option is set at the point of return from a shell func-
tion, all the options (including this one) which were in force
upon entry to the function are restored. Otherwise, only this
option and the XTRACE and PRINT_EXIT_VALUE options are restored.
Hence if this is explicitly unset by a shell function the other
options in force at the point of return will remain so. A shell
function can also guarantee itself a known shell configuration
with a formulation like `emulate -L zsh'; the -L activates
LOCAL_OPTIONS.
LOCAL_TRAPS <K>
If this option is set when a signal trap is set inside a func-
tion, then the previous status of the trap for that signal will
be restored when the function exits. Note that this option must
be set prior to altering the trap behaviour in a function;
unlike LOCAL_OPTIONS, the value on exit from the function is
irrelevant. However, it does not need to be set before any
global trap for that to be correctly restored by a function.
For example,
unsetopt localtraps
trap - INT
fn() { setopt localtraps; trap '' INT; sleep 3; }
will restore normally handling of SIGINT after the function
exits.
MULTI_FUNC_DEF <Z>
Allow definitions of multiple functions at once in the form `fn1
fn2...()'; if the option is not set, this causes a parse error.
Definition of multiple functions with the function keyword is
always allowed. Multiple function definitions are not often
used and can cause obscure errors.
MULTIOS <Z>
Perform implicit tees or cats when multiple redirections are
attempted (see the section `Redirection').
OCTAL_ZEROES <S>
Interpret any integer constant beginning with a 0 as octal, per
IEEE Std 1003.2-1992 (ISO 9945-2:1993). This is not enabled by
default as it causes problems with parsing of, for example, date
and time strings with leading zeroes.
Sequences of digits indicating a numeric base such as the `08'
component in `08#77' are always interpreted as decimal, regard-
less of leading zeroes.
TYPESET_SILENT
If this is unset, executing any of the `typeset' family of com-
mands with no options and a list of parameters that have no val-
ues to be assigned but already exist will display the value of
the parameter. If the option is set, they will only be shown
when parameters are selected with the `-m' option. The option
`-p' is available whether or not the option is set.
VERBOSE (-v, ksh: -v)
Print shell input lines as they are read.
XTRACE (-x, ksh: -x)
Print commands and their arguments as they are executed.
Shell Emulation
BASH_REMATCH
When set, matches performed with the =~ operator will set the
BASH_REMATCH array variable, instead of the default MATCH and
match variables. The first element of the BASH_REMATCH array
will contain the entire matched text and subsequent elements
will contain extracted substrings. This option makes more sense
when KSH_ARRAYS is also set, so that the entire matched portion
is stored at index 0 and the first substring is at index 1.
Without this option, the MATCH variable contains the entire
matched text and the match array variable contains substrings.
BSD_ECHO <S>
Make the echo builtin compatible with the BSD echo(1) command.
This disables backslashed escape sequences in echo strings
unless the -e option is specified.
CSH_JUNKIE_HISTORY <C>
A history reference without an event specifier will always refer
to the previous command. Without this option, such a history
reference refers to the same event as the previous history ref-
erence, defaulting to the previous command.
CSH_JUNKIE_LOOPS <C>
Allow loop bodies to take the form `list; end' instead of `do
list; done'.
CSH_JUNKIE_QUOTES <C>
Changes the rules for single- and double-quoted text to match
that of csh. These require that embedded newlines be preceded
by a backslash; unescaped newlines will cause an error message.
In double-quoted strings, it is made impossible to escape `$',
``' or `"' (and `\' itself no longer needs escaping). Command
substitutions are only expanded once, and cannot be nested.
CSH_NULLCMD <C>
Do not use the values of NULLCMD and READNULLCMD when running
redirections with no command. This make such redirections fail
(see the section `Redirection').
KSH_ARRAYS <K> <S>
Emulate ksh array handling as closely as possible. If this
option is set, array elements are numbered from zero, an array
parameter without subscript refers to the first element instead
of the whole array, and braces are required to delimit a sub-
script (`${path[2]}' rather than just `$path[2]').
KSH_AUTOLOAD <K> <S>
Emulate ksh function autoloading. This means that when a func-
tion is autoloaded, the corresponding file is merely executed,
and must define the function itself. (By default, the function
is defined to the contents of the file. However, the most com-
mon ksh-style case - of the file containing only a simple defi-
nition of the function - is always handled in the ksh-compatible
manner.)
KSH_OPTION_PRINT <K>
Alters the way options settings are printed: instead of separate
lists of set and unset options, all options are shown, marked
`on' if they are in the non-default state, `off' otherwise.
KSH_TYPESET <K>
Alters the way arguments to the typeset family of commands,
including declare, export, float, integer, local and readonly,
are processed. Without this option, zsh will perform normal
word splitting after command and parameter expansion in argu-
ments of an assignment; with it, word splitting does not take
place in those cases.
KSH_ZERO_SUBSCRIPT
Treat use of a subscript of value zero in array or string
expressions as a reference to the first element, i.e. the ele-
ment that usually has the subscript 1. Ignored if KSH_ARRAYS is
also set.
If neither this option nor KSH_ARRAYS is set, accesses to an
element of an array or string with subscript zero return an
empty element or string, while attempts to set element zero of
an array or string are treated as an error. However, attempts
to set an otherwise valid subscript range that includes zero
will succeed. For example, if KSH_ZERO_SUBSCRIPT is not set,
array[0]=(element)
is an error, while
array[0,1]=(element)
is not and will replace the first element of the array.
This option is for compatibility with older versions of the
shell and is not recommended in new code.
POSIX_BUILTINS <K> <S>
When this option is set the command builtin can be used to exe-
cute shell builtin commands. Parameter assignments specified
before shell functions and special builtins are kept after the
command completes unless the special builtin is prefixed with
the command builtin. Special builtins are ., :, break, con-
tinue, declare, eval, exit, export, integer, local, readonly,
return, set, shift, source, times, trap and unset.
POSIX_IDENTIFIERS <K> <S>
When this option is set, only the ASCII characters a to z, A to
Z, 0 to 9 and _ may be used in identifiers (names of shell
parameters and modules).
When the option is unset and multibyte character support is
enabled (i.e. it is compiled in and the option MULTIBYTE is
set), then additionally any alphanumeric characters in the local
character set may be used in identifiers. Note that scripts and
functions written with this feature are not portable, and also
that both options must be set before the script or function is
parsed; setting them during execution is not sufficient as the
syntax variable=value has already been parsed as a command
rather than an assignment.
If multibyte character support is not compiled into the shell
this option is ignored; all octets with the top bit set may be
used in identifiers. This is non-standard but is the tradi-
tional zsh behaviour.
SH_FILE_EXPANSION <K> <S>
Perform filename expansion (e.g., ~ expansion) before parameter
expansion, command substitution, arithmetic expansion and brace
expansion. If this option is unset, it is performed after brace
expansion, so things like `~$USERNAME' and `~{pfalstad,rc}' will
work.
SH_NULLCMD <K> <S>
Do not use the values of NULLCMD and READNULLCMD when doing
redirections, use `:' instead (see the section `Redirection').
SH_OPTION_LETTERS <K> <S>
If this option is set the shell tries to interpret single letter
options (which are used with set and setopt) like ksh does.
This also affects the value of the - special parameter.
SH_WORD_SPLIT (-y) <K> <S>
Causes field splitting to be performed on unquoted parameter
expansions. Note that this option has nothing to do with word
splitting. (See the section `Parameter Expansion'.)
TRAPS_ASYNC
While waiting for a program to exit, handle signals and run
traps immediately. Otherwise the trap is run after a child
process has exited. Note this does not affect the point at
which traps are run for any case other than when the shell is
waiting for a child process.
Shell State
INTERACTIVE (-i, ksh: -i)
This is an interactive shell. This option is set upon initiali-
sation if the standard input is a tty and commands are being
read from standard input. (See the discussion of SHIN_STDIN.)
This heuristic may be overridden by specifying a state for this
option on the command line. The value of this option cannot be
changed anywhere other than the command line.
LOGIN (-l, ksh: -l)
This is a login shell. If this option is not explicitly set,
the shell is a login shell if the first character of the argv[0]
passed to the shell is a `-'.
PRIVILEGED (-p, ksh: -p)
Turn on privileged mode. This is enabled automatically on
startup if the effective user (group) ID is not equal to the
real user (group) ID. Turning this option off causes the effec-
tive user and group IDs to be set to the real user and group
IDs. This option disables sourcing user startup files. If zsh
is invoked as `sh' or `ksh' with this option set, /etc/suid_pro-
file is sourced (after /etc/profile on interactive shells).
Sourcing ~/.profile is disabled and the contents of the ENV
variable is ignored. This option cannot be changed using the -m
option of setopt and unsetopt, and changing it inside a function
always changes it globally regardless of the LOCAL_OPTIONS
option.
RESTRICTED (-r)
Enables restricted mode. This option cannot be changed using
unsetopt, and setting it inside a function always changes it
globally regardless of the LOCAL_OPTIONS option. See the sec-
tion `Restricted Shell'.
SHIN_STDIN (-s, ksh: -s)
Commands are being read from the standard input. Commands are
read from standard input if no command is specified with -c and
no file of commands is specified. If SHIN_STDIN is set explic-
itly on the command line, any argument that would otherwise have
been taken as a file to run will instead be treated as a normal
positional parameter. Note that setting or unsetting this
option on the command line does not necessarily affect the state
the option will have while the shell is running - that is purely
an indicator of whether on not commands are actually being read
from standard input. The value of this option cannot be changed
anywhere other than the command line.
SINGLE_COMMAND (-t, ksh: -t)
If the shell is reading from standard input, it exits after a
single command has been executed. This also makes the shell
non-interactive, unless the INTERACTIVE option is explicitly set
on the command line. The value of this option cannot be changed
anywhere other than the command line.
Zle
BEEP (+B) <D>
Beep on error in ZLE.
COMBINING_CHARS
Assume that the terminal displays combining characters cor-
rectly. Specifically, if a base alphanumeric character is fol-
lowed by one or more zero-width punctuation characters, assume
that the zero-width characters will be displayed as modifica-
tions to the base character within the same width. Not all ter-
minals handle this. If this option is not set, zero-width char-
acters are displayed separately with special mark-up.
If this option is set, the pattern test [[:WORD:]] matches a
zero-width punctuation character on the assumption that it will
be used as part of a word in combination with a word character.
Otherwise the base shell does not handle combining characters
specially.
EMACS If ZLE is loaded, turning on this option has the equivalent
effect of `bindkey -e'. In addition, the VI option is unset.
Turning it off has no effect. The option setting is not guaran-
teed to reflect the current keymap. This option is provided for
compatibility; bindkey is the recommended interface.
OVERSTRIKE
Start up the line editor in overstrike mode.
SINGLE_LINE_ZLE (-M) <K>
Use single-line command line editing instead of multi-line.
Note that although this is on by default in ksh emulation it
only provides superficial compatibility with the ksh line editor
and reduces the effectiveness of the zsh line editor. As it has
no effect on shell syntax, many users may wish to disable this
option when using ksh emulation interactively.
VI If ZLE is loaded, turning on this option has the equivalent
effect of `bindkey -v'. In addition, the EMACS option is unset.
Turning it off has no effect. The option setting is not guaran-
teed to reflect the current keymap. This option is provided for
compatibility; bindkey is the recommended interface.
ZLE (-Z)
Use the zsh line editor. Set by default in interactive shells
connected to a terminal.
OPTION ALIASES
Some options have alternative names. These aliases are never used for
output, but can be used just like normal option names when specifying
options to the shell.
BRACE_EXPAND
NO_IGNORE_BRACES (ksh and bash compatibility)
DOT_GLOB
GLOB_DOTS (bash compatibility)
HASH_ALL
HASH_CMDS (bash compatibility)
HIST_APPEND
APPEND_HISTORY (bash compatibility)
HIST_EXPAND
BANG_HIST (bash compatibility)
LOG NO_HIST_NO_FUNCTIONS (ksh compatibility)
MAIL_WARN
MAIL_WARNING (bash compatibility)
ONE_CMD
SINGLE_COMMAND (bash compatibility)
PHYSICAL
CHASE_LINKS (ksh and bash compatibility)
PROMPT_VARS
PROMPT_SUBST (bash compatibility)
STDIN SHIN_STDIN (ksh compatibility)
TRACK_ALL
HASH_CMDS (ksh compatibility)
SINGLE LETTER OPTIONS
Default set
-0 CORRECT
-1 PRINT_EXIT_VALUE
-2 NO_BAD_PATTERN
-3 NO_NOMATCH
-4 GLOB_DOTS
-5 NOTIFY
-6 BG_NICE
-7 IGNORE_EOF
-8 MARK_DIRS
-9 AUTO_LIST
-B NO_BEEP
-C NO_CLOBBER
-D PUSHD_TO_HOME
-E PUSHD_SILENT
-F NO_GLOB
-G NULL_GLOB
-H RM_STAR_SILENT
-I IGNORE_BRACES
-J AUTO_CD
-K NO_BANG_HIST
-L SUN_KEYBOARD_HACK
-M SINGLE_LINE_ZLE
-N AUTO_PUSHD
-O CORRECT_ALL
-P RC_EXPAND_PARAM
-Q PATH_DIRS
-R LONG_LIST_JOBS
-S REC_EXACT
-T CDABLE_VARS
-U MAIL_WARNING
-V NO_PROMPT_CR
-W AUTO_RESUME
-X LIST_TYPES
-Y MENU_COMPLETE
-Z ZLE
-a ALL_EXPORT
-e ERR_EXIT
-f NO_RCS
-g HIST_IGNORE_SPACE
-h HIST_IGNORE_DUPS
-i INTERACTIVE
-k INTERACTIVE_COMMENTS
-l LOGIN
-m MONITOR
-n NO_EXEC
-p PRIVILEGED
-r RESTRICTED
-s SHIN_STDIN
-t SINGLE_COMMAND
-u NO_UNSET
-v VERBOSE
-w CHASE_LINKS
-x XTRACE
-y SH_WORD_SPLIT
sh/ksh emulation set
-C NO_CLOBBER
-T TRAPS_ASYNC
-X MARK_DIRS
-a ALL_EXPORT
-b NOTIFY
-e ERR_EXIT
-f NO_GLOB
-i INTERACTIVE
-l LOGIN
-m MONITOR
-n NO_EXEC
-p PRIVILEGED
-r RESTRICTED
-s SHIN_STDIN
-t SINGLE_COMMAND
-u NO_UNSET
-v VERBOSE
-x XTRACE
Also note
-A Used by set for setting arrays
-b Used on the command line to specify end of option processing
-c Used on the command line to specify a single command
-m Used by setopt for pattern-matching option setting
-o Used in all places to allow use of long option names
-s Used by set to sort positional parameters
ZSHBUILTINS(1) ZSHBUILTINS(1)
NAME
zshbuiltins - zsh built-in commands
SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS
- simple command
See the section `Precommand Modifiers'.
. file [ arg ... ]
Read commands from file and execute them in the current shell
environment.
If file does not contain a slash, or if PATH_DIRS is set, the
shell looks in the components of $path to find the directory
containing file. Files in the current directory are not read
unless `.' appears somewhere in $path. If a file named
`file.zwc' is found, is newer than file, and is the compiled
form (created with the zcompile builtin) of file, then commands
are read from that file instead of file.
If any arguments arg are given, they become the positional
parameters; the old positional parameters are restored when the
file is done executing. The exit status is the exit status of
the last command executed.
: [ arg ... ]
This command does nothing, although normal argument expansions
is performed which may have effects on shell parameters. A zero
exit status is returned.
alias [ {+|-}gmrsL ] [ name[=value] ... ]
For each name with a corresponding value, define an alias with
that value. A trailing space in value causes the next word to
be checked for alias expansion. If the -g flag is present,
define a global alias; global aliases are expanded even if they
do not occur in command position.
If the -s flags is present, define a suffix alias: if the com-
mand word on a command line is in the form `text.name', where
text is any non-empty string, it is replaced by the text `value
text.name'. Note that name is treated as a literal string, not
a pattern. A trailing space in value is not special in this
case. For example,
alias -s ps=gv
will cause the command `*.ps' to be expanded to `gv *.ps'. As
alias expansion is carried out earlier than globbing, the `*.ps'
will then be expanded. Suffix aliases constitute a different
name space from other aliases (so in the above example it is
still possible to create an alias for the command ps) and the
two sets are never listed together.
For each name with no value, print the value of name, if any.
With no arguments, print all currently defined aliases other
than suffix aliases. If the -m flag is given the arguments are
taken as patterns (they should be quoted to preserve them from
being interpreted as glob patterns), and the aliases matching
these patterns are printed. When printing aliases and one of
the -g, -r or -s flags is present, restrict the printing to
global, regular or suffix aliases, respectively; a regular alias
is one which is neither a global nor a suffix alias. Using `+'
instead of `-', or ending the option list with a single `+',
prevents the values of the aliases from being printed.
If the -L flag is present, then print each alias in a manner
suitable for putting in a startup script. The exit status is
nonzero if a name (with no value) is given for which no alias
has been defined.
For more on aliases, include common problems, see the section
ALIASING in zshmisc(1).
autoload [ {+|-}UXktz ] [ -w ] [ name ... ]
Equivalent to functions -u, with the exception of -X/+X and -w.
The flag -X may be used only inside a shell function, and may
not be followed by a name. It causes the calling function to be
marked for autoloading and then immediately loaded and executed,
with the current array of positional parameters as arguments.
This replaces the previous definition of the function. If no
function definition is found, an error is printed and the func-
tion remains undefined and marked for autoloading.
The flag +X attempts to load each name as an autoloaded func-
tion, but does not execute it. The exit status is zero (suc-
cess) if the function was not previously defined and a defini-
tion for it was found. This does not replace any existing defi-
nition of the function. The exit status is nonzero (failure) if
the function was already defined or when no definition was
found. In the latter case the function remains undefined and
marked for autoloading. If ksh-style autoloading is enabled,
the function created will contain the contents of the file plus
a call to the function itself appended to it, thus giving normal
ksh autoloading behaviour on the first call to the function.
With the -w flag, the names are taken as names of files compiled
with the zcompile builtin, and all functions defined in them are
marked for autoloading.
bg [ job ... ]
job ... &
Put each specified job in the background, or the current job if
none is specified.
bindkey
See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).
break [ n ]
Exit from an enclosing for, while, until, select or repeat loop.
If n is specified, then break n levels instead of just one.
builtin name [ args ... ]
Executes the builtin name, with the given args.
bye Same as exit.
cap See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).
cd [ -qsLP ] [ arg ]
cd [ -qsLP ] old new
cd [ -qsLP ] {+|-}n
Change the current directory. In the first form, change the
current directory to arg, or to the value of $HOME if arg is not
specified. If arg is `-', change to the value of $OLDPWD, the
previous directory.
Otherwise, if arg begins with a slash, attempt to change to the
directory given by arg.
If arg does not begin with a slash, the behaviour depends on
whether the current directory `.' occurs in the list of directo-
ries contained in the shell parameter cdpath. If it does not,
first attempt to change to the directory arg under the current
directory, and if that fails but cdpath is set and contains at
least one element attempt to change to the directory arg under
each component of cdpath in turn until successful. If `.'
occurs in cdpath, then cdpath is searched strictly in order so
that `.' is only tried at the appropriate point.
If no directory is found, the option CDABLE_VARS is set, and a
parameter named arg exists whose value begins with a slash,
treat its value as the directory. In that case, the parameter
is added to the named directory hash table.
The second form of cd substitutes the string new for the string
old in the name of the current directory, and tries to change to
this new directory.
The third form of cd extracts an entry from the directory stack,
and changes to that directory. An argument of the form `+n'
identifies a stack entry by counting from the left of the list
shown by the dirs command, starting with zero. An argument of
the form `-n' counts from the right. If the PUSHD_MINUS option
is set, the meanings of `+' and `-' in this context are swapped.
If the -q (quiet) option is specified, the hook function chpwd
and the functions in the array chpwd_functions are not called.
This is useful for calls to cd that do not change the environ-
ment seen by an interactive user.
If the -s option is specified, cd refuses to change the current
directory if the given pathname contains symlinks. If the -P
option is given or the CHASE_LINKS option is set, symbolic links
are resolved to their true values. If the -L option is given
symbolic links are retained in the directory (and not resolved)
regardless of the state of the CHASE_LINKS option.
chdir Same as cd.
clone See the section `The zsh/clone Module' in zshmodules(1).
command [ -pvV ] simple command
The simple command argument is taken as an external command
instead of a function or builtin and is executed. If the
POSIX_BUILTINS option is set, builtins will also be executed but
certain special properties of them are suppressed. The -p flag
causes a default path to be searched instead of that in $path.
With the -v flag, command is similar to whence and with -V, it
is equivalent to whence -v.
See also the section `Precommand Modifiers'.
comparguments
See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).
compcall
See the section `The zsh/compctl Module' in zshmodules(1).
compctl
See the section `The zsh/compctl Module' in zshmodules(1).
compdescribe
See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).
compfiles
See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).
compgroups
See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).
compquote
See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).
comptags
See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).
comptry
See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).
compvalues
See the section `The zsh/computil Module' in zshmodules(1).
continue [ n ]
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for, while, until,
select or repeat loop. If n is specified, break out of n-1
loops and resume at the nth enclosing loop.
declare
Same as typeset.
dirs [ -c ] [ arg ... ]
dirs [ -lpv ]
With no arguments, print the contents of the directory stack.
Directories are added to this stack with the pushd command, and
removed with the cd or popd commands. If arguments are speci-
fied, load them onto the directory stack, replacing anything
that was there, and push the current directory onto the stack.
-c clear the directory stack.
-l print directory names in full instead of using of using ~
expressions.
-p print directory entries one per line.
-v number the directories in the stack when printing.
disable [ -afmrs ] name ...
Temporarily disable the named hash table elements. The default
is to disable builtin commands. This allows you to use an
external command with the same name as a builtin command. The
-a option causes disable to act on regular or global aliases.
The -s option causes disable to act on suffix aliases. The -f
option causes disable to act on shell functions. The -r options
causes disable to act on reserved words. Without arguments all
disabled hash table elements from the corresponding hash table
are printed. With the -m flag the arguments are taken as pat-
terns (which should be quoted to prevent them from undergoing
filename expansion), and all hash table elements from the corre-
sponding hash table matching these patterns are disabled. Dis-
abled objects can be enabled with the enable command.
disown [ job ... ]
job ... &|
job ... &!
Remove the specified jobs from the job table; the shell will no
longer report their status, and will not complain if you try to
exit an interactive shell with them running or stopped. If no
job is specified, disown the current job.
If the jobs are currently stopped and the AUTO_CONTINUE option
is not set, a warning is printed containing information about
how to make them running after they have been disowned. If one
of the latter two forms is used, the jobs will automatically be
made running, independent of the setting of the AUTO_CONTINUE
option.
echo [ -neE ] [ arg ... ]
Write each arg on the standard output, with a space separating
each one. If the -n flag is not present, print a newline at the
end. echo recognizes the following escape sequences:
\a bell character
\b backspace
\c suppress final newline
\e escape
\f form feed
\n linefeed (newline)
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\\ backslash
\0NNN character code in octal
\xNN character code in hexadecimal
\uNNNN unicode character code in hexadecimal
\UNNNNNNNN
unicode character code in hexadecimal
The -E flag, or the BSD_ECHO option, can be used to disable
these escape sequences. In the latter case, -e flag can be used
to enable them.
echotc See the section `The zsh/termcap Module' in zshmodules(1).
echoti See the section `The zsh/terminfo Module' in zshmodules(1).
emulate [ -LR ] {zsh|sh|ksh|csh}
Set up zsh options to emulate the specified shell as much as
possible. csh will never be fully emulated. If the argument is
not one of the shells listed above, zsh will be used as a
default; more precisely, the tests performed on the argument are
the same as those used to determine the emulation at startup
based on the shell name, see the section `Compatibility' in zsh-
misc(1) . If the -R option is given, all options are reset to
their default value corresponding to the specified emulation
mode, except for certain options describing the interactive
environment; otherwise, only those options likely to cause
portability problems in scripts and functions are altered. If
the -L option is given, the options LOCAL_OPTIONS and
LOCAL_TRAPS will be set as well, causing the effects of the emu-
late command and any setopt and trap commands to be local to the
immediately surrounding shell function, if any; normally these
options are turned off in all emulation modes except ksh.
enable [ -afmrs ] name ...
Enable the named hash table elements, presumably disabled ear-
lier with disable. The default is to enable builtin commands.
The -a option causes enable to act on regular or global aliases.
The -s option causes enable to act on suffix aliases. The -f
option causes enable to act on shell functions. The -r option
causes enable to act on reserved words. Without arguments all
enabled hash table elements from the corresponding hash table
are printed. With the -m flag the arguments are taken as pat-
terns (should be quoted) and all hash table elements from the
corresponding hash table matching these patterns are enabled.
Enabled objects can be disabled with the disable builtin com-
mand.
eval [ arg ... ]
Read the arguments as input to the shell and execute the result-
ing command(s) in the current shell process. The return status
is the same as if the commands had been executed directly by the
shell; if there are no args or they contain no commands (i.e.
are an empty string or whitespace) the return status is zero.
exec [ -cl ] [ -a argv0 ] simple command
Replace the current shell with an external command rather than
forking. With -c clear the environment; with -l prepend - to
the argv[0] string of the command executed (to simulate a login
shell); with -a argv0 set the argv[0] string of the command exe-
cuted. See the section `Precommand Modifiers'.
exit [ n ]
Exit the shell with the exit status specified by n; if none is
specified, use the exit status from the last command executed.
An EOF condition will also cause the shell to exit, unless the
IGNORE_EOF option is set.
export [ name[=value] ... ]
The specified names are marked for automatic export to the envi-
ronment of subsequently executed commands. Equivalent to type-
set -gx. If a parameter specified does not already exist, it is
created in the global scope.
false [ arg ... ]
Do nothing and return an exit status of 1.
fc [ -e ename ] [ -nlrdDfEim ] [ old=new ... ] [ first [ last ] ]
fc -p [ -a ] [ filename [ histsize [ savehistsize ] ] ]
fc -P
fc -ARWI [ filename ]
Select a range of commands from first to last from the history
list. The arguments first and last may be specified as a number
or as a string. A negative number is used as an offset to the
current history event number. A string specifies the most
recent event beginning with the given string. All substitutions
old=new, if any, are then performed on the commands.
If the -l flag is given, the resulting commands are listed on
standard output. If the -m flag is also given the first argu-
ment is taken as a pattern (should be quoted) and only the his-
tory events matching this pattern will be shown. Otherwise the
editor program ename is invoked on a file containing these his-
tory events. If ename is not given, the value of the parameter
FCEDIT is used; if that is not set the value of the parameter
EDITOR is used; if that is not set a builtin default, usually
`vi' is used. If ename is `-', no editor is invoked. When
editing is complete, the edited command is executed.
If first is not specified, it will be set to -1 (the most recent
event), or to -16 if the -l flag is given. If last is not spec-
ified, it will be set to first, or to -1 if the -l flag is
given.
The flag -r reverses the order of the commands and the flag -n
suppresses command numbers when listing. Also when listing, -d
prints timestamps for each command, and -f prints full time-date
stamps. Adding the -E flag causes the dates to be printed as
`dd.mm.yyyy', instead of the default `mm/dd/yyyy'. Adding the
-i flag causes the dates to be printed in ISO8601 `yyyy-mm-dd'
format. With the -D flag, fc prints elapsed times.
`fc -p' pushes the current history list onto a stack and
switches to a new history list. If the -a option is also speci-
fied, this history list will be automatically popped when the
current function scope is exited, which is a much better solu-
tion than creating a trap function to call `fc -P' manually. If
no arguments are specified, the history list is left empty,
$HISTFILE is unset, and $HISTSIZE & $SAVEHIST are set to their
default values. If one argument is given, $HISTFILE is set to
that filename, $HISTSIZE & $SAVEHIST are left unchanged, and the
history file is read in (if it exists) to initialize the new
list. If a second argument is specified, $HISTSIZE & $SAVEHIST
are instead set to the single specified numeric value. Finally,
if a third argument is specified, $SAVEHIST is set to a separate
value from $HISTSIZE. You are free to change these environment
values for the new history list however you desire in order to
manipulate the new history list.
`fc -P' pops the history list back to an older list saved by `fc
-p'. The current list is saved to its $HISTFILE before it is
destroyed (assuming that $HISTFILE and $SAVEHIST are set appro-
priately, of course). The values of $HISTFILE, $HISTSIZE, and
$SAVEHIST are restored to the values they had when `fc -p' was
called. Note that this restoration can conflict with making
these variables "local", so your best bet is to avoid local dec-
larations for these variables in functions that use `fc -p'.
The one other guaranteed-safe combination is declaring these
variables to be local at the top of your function and using the
automatic option (-a) with `fc -p'. Finally, note that it is
legal to manually pop a push marked for automatic popping if you
need to do so before the function exits.
`fc -R' reads the history from the given file, `fc -W' writes
the history out to the given file, and `fc -A' appends the his-
tory out to the given file. If no filename is specified, the
$HISTFILE is assumed. If the -I option is added to -R, only
those events that are not already contained within the internal
history list are added. If the -I option is added to -A or -W,
only those events that are new since last incremental
append/write to the history file are appended/written. In any
case, the created file will have no more than $SAVEHIST entries.
fg [ job ... ]
job ...
Bring each specified job in turn to the foreground. If no job
is specified, resume the current job.
float [ {+|-}EFHghlprtux ] [ -LRZ [ n ]] [ name[=value] ... ]
Equivalent to typeset -E, except that options irrelevant to
floating point numbers are not permitted.
functions [ {+|-}UXkmtuz ] [ name ... ]
functions -M mathfn [ min [ max [ shellfn ] ] ]
functions -M [ -m pattern ... ]
functions +M [ -m ] mathfn
Equivalent to typeset -f, with the exception of the -M option.
Use of the -M option may not be combined with any of the options
handled by typeset -f.
functions -M mathfn defines mathfn as the name of a mathematical
function recognised in all forms of arithmetical expressions;
see the section `Arithmetic Evaluation' in zshmisc(1). By
default mathfn may take any number of comma-separated arguments.
If min is given, it must have exactly min args; if min and max
are both given, it must have at least min and and at most max
args. max may be -1 to indicate that there is no upper limit.
By default the function is implemented by a shell function of
the same name; if shellfn is specified it gives the name of the
corresponding shell function while mathfn remains the name used
in arithmetical expressions. The name of the function in $0 is
mathfn (not shellfn as would usually be the case), provided the
option FUNCTION_ARGZERO is in effect. The positional parameters
in the shell function correspond to the arguments of the mathe-
matical function call. The result of the last arithmetical
expression evaluated inside the shell function (even if it is a
form that normally only returns a status) gives the result of
the mathematical function.
functions -M with no arguments lists all such user-defined func-
tions in the same form as a definition. With the additional
option -m and a list of arguments, all functions whose mathfn
matches one of the pattern arguments are listed.
function +M removes the list of mathematical functions; with the
additional option -m the arguments are treated as patterns and
all functions whose mathfn matches the pattern are removed.
Note that the shell function implementing the behaviour is not
removed (regardless of whether its name coincides with mathfn).
For example, the following prints the cube of 3:
zmath_cube() { (( $1 * $1 * $1 )) }
functions -M cube 1 1 zmath_cube
print $(( cube(3) ))
getcap See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).
getln [ -AclneE ] name ...
Read the top value from the buffer stack and put it in the shell
parameter name. Equivalent to read -zr.
getopts optstring name [ arg ... ]
Checks the args for legal options. If the args are omitted, use
the positional parameters. A valid option argument begins with
a `+' or a `-'. An argument not beginning with a `+' or a `-',
or the argument `--', ends the options. Note that a single `-'
is not considered a valid option argument. optstring contains
the letters that getopts recognizes. If a letter is followed by
a `:', that option is expected to have an argument. The options
can be separated from the argument by blanks.
Each time it is invoked, getopts places the option letter it
finds in the shell parameter name, prepended with a `+' when arg
begins with a `+'. The index of the next arg is stored in
OPTIND. The option argument, if any, is stored in OPTARG.
The first option to be examined may be changed by explicitly
assigning to OPTIND. OPTIND has an initial value of 1, and is
normally reset to 1 upon exit from a shell function. OPTARG is
not reset and retains its value from the most recent call to
getopts. If either of OPTIND or OPTARG is explicitly unset, it
remains unset, and the index or option argument is not stored.
The option itself is still stored in name in this case.
A leading `:' in optstring causes getopts to store the letter of
any invalid option in OPTARG, and to set name to `?' for an
unknown option and to `:' when a required option is missing.
Otherwise, getopts sets name to `?' and prints an error message
when an option is invalid. The exit status is nonzero when
there are no more options.
hash [ -Ldfmrv ] [ name[=value] ] ...
hash can be used to directly modify the contents of the command
hash table, and the named directory hash table. Normally one
would modify these tables by modifying one's PATH (for the com-
mand hash table) or by creating appropriate shell parameters
(for the named directory hash table). The choice of hash table
to work on is determined by the -d option; without the option
the command hash table is used, and with the option the named
directory hash table is used.
Given no arguments, and neither the -r or -f options, the
selected hash table will be listed in full.
The -r option causes the selected hash table to be emptied. It
will be subsequently rebuilt in the normal fashion. The -f
option causes the selected hash table to be fully rebuilt imme-
diately. For the command hash table this hashes all the abso-
lute directories in the PATH, and for the named directory hash
table this adds all users' home directories. These two options
cannot be used with any arguments.
The -m option causes the arguments to be taken as patterns
(which should be quoted) and the elements of the hash table
matching those patterns are printed. This is the only way to
display a limited selection of hash table elements.
For each name with a corresponding value, put `name' in the
selected hash table, associating it with the pathname `value'.
In the command hash table, this means that whenever `name' is
used as a command argument, the shell will try to execute the
file given by `value'. In the named directory hash table, this
means that `value' may be referred to as `~name'.
For each name with no corresponding value, attempt to add name
to the hash table, checking what the appropriate value is in the
normal manner for that hash table. If an appropriate value
can't be found, then the hash table will be unchanged.
The -v option causes hash table entries to be listed as they are
added by explicit specification. If has no effect if used with
-f.
If the -L flag is present, then each hash table entry is printed
in the form of a call to hash.
history
Same as fc -l.
integer [ {+|-}Hghilprtux ] [ -LRZ [ n ]] [ name[=value] ... ]
Equivalent to typeset -i, except that options irrelevant to
integers are not permitted.
jobs [ -dlprs ] [ job ... ]
jobs -Z string
Lists information about each given job, or all jobs if job is
omitted. The -l flag lists process IDs, and the -p flag lists
process groups. If the -r flag is specified only running jobs
will be listed and if the -s flag is given only stopped jobs are
shown. If the -d flag is given, the directory from which the
job was started (which may not be the current directory of the
job) will also be shown.
The -Z option replaces the shell's argument and environment
space with the given string, truncated if necessary to fit.
This will normally be visible in ps (ps(1)) listings. This fea-
ture is typically used by daemons, to indicate their state.
kill [ -s signal_name | -n signal_number | -sig ] job ...
kill -l [ sig ... ]
Sends either SIGTERM or the specified signal to the given jobs
or processes. Signals are given by number or by names, with or
without the `SIG' prefix. If the signal being sent is not
`KILL' or `CONT', then the job will be sent a `CONT' signal if
it is stopped. The argument job can be the process ID of a job
not in the job list. In the second form, kill -l, if sig is not
specified the signal names are listed. Otherwise, for each sig
that is a name, the corresponding signal number is listed. For
each sig that is a signal number or a number representing the
exit status of a process which was terminated or stopped by a
signal the name of the signal is printed.
On some systems, alternative signal names are allowed for a few
signals. Typical examples are SIGCHLD and SIGCLD or SIGPOLL and
SIGIO, assuming they correspond to the same signal number. kill
-l will only list the preferred form, however kill -l alt will
show if the alternative form corresponds to a signal number.
For example, under Linux kill -l IO and kill -l POLL both output
29, hence kill -IO and kill -POLL have the same effect.
Many systems will allow process IDs to be negative to kill a
process group or zero to kill the current process group.
let arg ...
Evaluate each arg as an arithmetic expression. See the section
`Arithmetic Evaluation' in zshmisc(1) for a description of
arithmetic expressions. The exit status is 0 if the value of
the last expression is nonzero, 1 if it is zero, and 2 if an
error occurred.
limit [ -hs ] [ resource [ limit ] ] ...
Set or display resource limits. Unless the -s flag is given,
the limit applies only the children of the shell. If -s is
given without other arguments, the resource limits of the cur-
rent shell is set to the previously set resource limits of the
children.
If limit is not specified, print the current limit placed on
resource, otherwise set the limit to the specified value. If
the -h flag is given, use hard limits instead of soft limits.
If no resource is given, print all limits.
When looping over multiple resources, the shell will abort imme-
diately if it detects a badly formed argument. However, if it
fails to set a limit for some other reason it will continue try-
ing to set the remaining limits.
resource can be one of:
addressspace
Maximum amount of address space used.
aiomemorylocked
Maximum amount of memory locked in RAM for AIO opera-
tions.
aiooperations
Maximum number of AIO operations.
cachedthreads
Maximum number of cached threads.
coredumpsize
Maximum size of a core dump.
cputime
Maximum CPU seconds per process.
datasize
Maximum data size (including stack) for each process.
descriptors
Maximum value for a file descriptor.
filesize
Largest single file allowed.
maxproc
Maximum number of processes.
maxpthreads
Maximum number of threads per process.
memorylocked
Maximum amount of memory locked in RAM.
memoryuse
Maximum resident set size.
msgqueue
Maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues.
resident
Maximum resident set size.
sigpending
Maximum number of pending signals.
sockbufsize
Maximum size of all socket buffers.
stacksize
Maximum stack size for each process.
vmemorysize
Maximum amount of virtual memory.
Which of these resource limits are available depends on the sys-
tem. resource can be abbreviated to any unambiguous prefix. It
can also be an integer, which corresponds to the integer defined
for the resource by the operating system.
If argument corresponds to a number which is out of the range of
the resources configured into the shell, the shell will try to
read or write the limit anyway, and will report an error if this
fails. As the shell does not store such resources internally,
an attempt to set the limit will fail unless the -s option is
present.
limit is a number, with an optional scaling factor, as follows:
nh hours
nk kilobytes (default)
nm megabytes or minutes
[mm:]ss
minutes and seconds
local [ {+|-}AEFHUahlprtux ] [ -LRZi [ n ]] [ name[=value] ] ...
Same as typeset, except that the options -g, and -f are not per-
mitted. In this case the -x option does not force the use of
-g, i.e. exported variables will be local to functions.
log List all users currently logged in who are affected by the cur-
rent setting of the watch parameter.
logout [ n ]
Same as exit, except that it only works in a login shell.
noglob simple command
See the section `Precommand Modifiers'.
popd [ [-q] {+|-}n ]
Remove an entry from the directory stack, and perform a cd to
the new top directory. With no argument, the current top entry
is removed. An argument of the form `+n' identifies a stack
entry by counting from the left of the list shown by the dirs
command, starting with zero. An argument of the form -n counts
from the right. If the PUSHD_MINUS option is set, the meanings
of `+' and `-' in this context are swapped.
If the -q (quiet) option is specified, the hook function chpwd
and the functions in the array $chpwd_functions are not called,
and the new directory stack is not printed. This is useful for
calls to popd that do not change the environment seen by an
interactive user.
print [ -abcDilmnNoOpPrsz ] [ -u n ] [ -f format ] [ -C cols ]
[ -R [ -en ]] [ arg ... ]
With the `-f' option the arguments are printed as described by
printf. With no flags or with the flag `-', the arguments are
printed on the standard output as described by echo, with the
following differences: the escape sequence `\M-x' metafies the
character x (sets the highest bit), `\C-x' produces a control
character (`\C-@' and `\C-?' give the characters NUL and
delete), and `\E' is a synonym for `\e'. Finally, if not in an
escape sequence, `\' escapes the following character and is not
printed.
-a Print arguments with the column incrementing first. Only
useful with the -c and -C options.
-b Recognize all the escape sequences defined for the bind-
key command, see zshzle(1).
-c Print the arguments in columns. Unless -a is also given,
arguments are printed with the row incrementing first.
-C cols
Print the arguments in cols columns. Unless -a is also
given, arguments are printed with the row incrementing
first.
-D Treat the arguments as directory names, replacing pre-
fixes with ~ expressions, as appropriate.
-i If given together with -o or -O, sorting is performed
case-independently.
-l Print the arguments separated by newlines instead of spa-
ces.
-m Take the first argument as a pattern (should be quoted),
and remove it from the argument list together with subse-
quent arguments that do not match this pattern.
-n Do not add a newline to the output.
-N Print the arguments separated and terminated by nulls.
-o Print the arguments sorted in ascending order.
-O Print the arguments sorted in descending order.
-p Print the arguments to the input of the coprocess.
-P Perform prompt expansion (see zshmisc(1)).
-r Ignore the escape conventions of echo.
-R Emulate the BSD echo command, which does not process
escape sequences unless the -e flag is given. The -n
flag suppresses the trailing newline. Only the -e and -n
flags are recognized after -R; all other arguments and
options are printed.
-s Place the results in the history list instead of on the
standard output.
-u n Print the arguments to file descriptor n.
-z Push the arguments onto the editing buffer stack, sepa-
rated by spaces.
If any of `-m', `-o' or `-O' are used in combination with `-f'
and there are no arguments (after the removal process in the
case of `-m') then nothing is printed.
printf format [ arg ... ]
Print the arguments according to the format specification. For-
matting rules are the same as used in C. The same escape
sequences as for echo are recognised in the format. All C con-
version specifications ending in one of csdiouxXeEfgGn are han-
dled. In addition to this, `%b' can be used instead of `%s' to
cause escape sequences in the argument to be recognised and `%q'
can be used to quote the argument in such a way that allows it
to be reused as shell input. With the numeric format specifiers,
if the corresponding argument starts with a quote character, the
numeric value of the following character is used as the number
to print otherwise the argument is evaluated as an arithmetic
expression. See the section `Arithmetic Evaluation' in zsh-
misc(1) for a description of arithmetic expressions. With `%n',
the corresponding argument is taken as an identifier which is
created as an integer parameter.
Normally, conversion specifications are applied to each argument
in order but they can explicitly specify the nth argument is to
be used by replacing `%' by `%n$' and `*' by `*n$'. It is rec-
ommended that you do not mix references of this explicit style
with the normal style and the handling of such mixed styles may
be subject to future change.
If arguments remain unused after formatting, the format string
is reused until all arguments have been consumed. With the print
builtin, this can be suppressed by using the -r option. If more
arguments are required by the format than have been specified,
the behaviour is as if zero or an empty string had been speci-
fied as the argument.
pushd [ -qsLP ] [ arg ]
pushd [ -qsLP ] old new
pushd [ -qsLP ] {+|-}n
Change the current directory, and push the old current directory
onto the directory stack. In the first form, change the current
directory to arg. If arg is not specified, change to the second
directory on the stack (that is, exchange the top two entries),
or change to $HOME if the PUSHD_TO_HOME option is set or if
there is only one entry on the stack. Otherwise, arg is inter-
preted as it would be by cd. The meaning of old and new in the
second form is also the same as for cd.
The third form of pushd changes directory by rotating the direc-
tory list. An argument of the form `+n' identifies a stack
entry by counting from the left of the list shown by the dirs
command, starting with zero. An argument of the form `-n'
counts from the right. If the PUSHD_MINUS option is set, the
meanings of `+' and `-' in this context are swapped.
If the -q (quiet) option is specified, the hook function chpwd
and the functions in the array $chpwd_functions are not called,
and the new directory stack is not printed. This is useful for
calls to pushd that do not change the environment seen by an
interactive user.
If the option -q is not specified and the shell option
PUSHD_SILENT is not set, the directory stack will be printed
after a pushd is performed.
The options -s, -L and -P have the same meanings as for the cd
builtin.
pushln [ arg ... ]
Equivalent to print -nz.
pwd [ -rLP ]
Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
If the -r or the -P flag is specified, or the CHASE_LINKS option
is set and the -L flag is not given, the printed path will not
contain symbolic links.
r Same as fc -e -.
read [ -rszpqAclneE ] [ -t [ num ] ] [ -k [ num ] ] [ -d delim ]
[ -u n ] [ name[?prompt] ] [ name ... ]
Read one line and break it into fields using the characters in
$IFS as separators, except as noted below. The first field is
assigned to the first name, the second field to the second name,
etc., with leftover fields assigned to the last name. If name
is omitted then REPLY is used for scalars and reply for arrays.
-r Raw mode: a `\' at the end of a line does not signify
line continuation and backslashes in the line don't quote
the following character and are not removed.
-s Don't echo back characters if reading from the terminal.
Currently does not work with the -q option.
-q Read only one character from the terminal and set name to
`y' if this character was `y' or `Y' and to `n' other-
wise. With this flag set the return status is zero only
if the character was `y' or `Y'. Note that this always
reads from the terminal, even if used with the -p or -u
or -z flags or with redirected input. This option may
also be used within zle widgets.
-k [ num ]
Read only one (or num) characters. All are assigned to
the first name, without word splitting. This flag is
ignored when -q is present. Input is read from the ter-
minal unless one of -u or -p is present. This option may
also be used within zle widgets.
Note that despite the mnemonic `key' this option does
read full characters, which may consist of multiple bytes
if the option MULTIBYTE is set.
-z Read one entry from the editor buffer stack and assign it
to the first name, without word splitting. Text is
pushed onto the stack with `print -z' or with push-line
from the line editor (see zshzle(1)). This flag is
ignored when the -k or -q flags are present.
-e
-E The input read is printed (echoed) to the standard out-
put. If the -e flag is used, no input is assigned to the
parameters.
-A The first name is taken as the name of an array and all
words are assigned to it.
-c
-l These flags are allowed only if called inside a function
used for completion (specified with the -K flag to com-
pctl). If the -c flag is given, the words of the current
command are read. If the -l flag is given, the whole line
is assigned as a scalar. If both flags are present, -l
is used and -c is ignored.
-n Together with -c, the number of the word the cursor is on
is read. With -l, the index of the character the cursor
is on is read. Note that the command name is word number
1, not word 0, and that when the cursor is at the end of
the line, its character index is the length of the line
plus one.
-u n Input is read from file descriptor n.
-p Input is read from the coprocess.
-d delim
Input is terminated by the first character of delim
instead of by newline.
-t [ num ]
Test if input is available before attempting to read. If
num is present, it must begin with a digit and will be
evaluated to give a number of seconds, which may be a
floating point number; in this case the read times out if
input is not available within this time. If num is not
present, it is taken to be zero, so that read returns
immediately if no input is available. If no input is
available, return status 1 and do not set any variables.
This option is not available when reading from the editor
buffer with -z, when called from within completion with
-c or -l, with -q which clears the input queue before
reading, or within zle where other mechanisms should be
used to test for input.
Note that read does not attempt to alter the input pro-
cessing mode. The default mode is canonical input, in
which an entire line is read at a time, so usually `read
-t' will not read anything until an entire line has been
typed. However, when reading from the terminal with -k
input is processed one key at a time; in this case, only
availability of the first character is tested, so that
e.g. `read -t -k 2' can still block on the second charac-
ter. Use two instances of `read -t -k' if this is not
what is wanted. If the first argument contains a `?',
the remainder of this word is used as a prompt on stan-
dard error when the shell is interactive.
The value (exit status) of read is 1 when an end-of-file is
encountered, or when -c or -l is present and the command is not
called from a compctl function, or as described for -q. Other-
wise the value is 0.
The behavior of some combinations of the -k, -p, -q, -u and -z
flags is undefined. Presently -q cancels all the others, -p
cancels -u, -k cancels -z, and otherwise -z cancels both -p and
-u.
The -c or -l flags cancel any and all of -kpquz.
readonly
Same as typeset -r.
rehash Same as hash -r.
return [ n ]
Causes a shell function or . script to return to the invoking
script with the return status specified by n. If n is omitted,
the return status is that of the last command executed.
If return was executed from a trap in a TRAPNAL function, the
effect is different for zero and non-zero return status. With
zero status (or after an implicit return at the end of the
trap), the shell will return to whatever it was previously pro-
cessing; with a non-zero status, the shell will behave as inter-
rupted except that the return status of the trap is retained.
Note that the numeric value of the signal which caused the trap
is passed as the first argument, so the statement `return
$((128+$1))' will return the same status as if the signal had
not been trapped.
sched See the section `The zsh/sched Module' in zshmodules(1).
set [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o [ option_name ] ] ... [ {+|-}A [ name ] ] [
arg ... ]
Set the options for the shell and/or set the positional parame-
ters, or declare and set an array. If the -s option is given,
it causes the specified arguments to be sorted before assigning
them to the positional parameters (or to the array name if -A is
used). With +s sort arguments in descending order. For the
meaning of the other flags, see zshoptions(1). Flags may be
specified by name using the -o option. If no option name is sup-
plied with -o, the current option states are printed: see the
description of setopt below for more information on the format.
With +o they are printed in a form that can be used as input to
the shell.
If the -A flag is specified, name is set to an array containing
the given args; if no name is specified, all arrays are printed
together with their values.
If +A is used and name is an array, the given arguments will
replace the initial elements of that array; if no name is speci-
fied, all arrays are printed without their values.
The behaviour of arguments after -A name or +A name depends on
whether the option KSH_ARRAYS is set. If it is not set, all
arguments following name are treated as values for the array,
regardless of their form. If the option is set, normal option
processing continues at that point; only regular arguments are
treated as values for the array. This means that
set -A array -x -- foo
sets array to `-x -- foo' if KSH_ARRAYS is not set, but sets the
array to foo and turns on the option `-x' if it is set.
If the -A flag is not present, but there are arguments beyond
the options, the positional parameters are set. If the option
list (if any) is terminated by `--', and there are no further
arguments, the positional parameters will be unset.
If no arguments and no `--' are given, then the names and values
of all parameters are printed on the standard output. If the
only argument is `+', the names of all parameters are printed.
For historical reasons, `set -' is treated as `set +xv' and `set
- args' as `set +xv -- args' when in any other emulation mode
than zsh's native mode.
setcap See the section `The zsh/cap Module' in zshmodules(1).
setopt [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o option_name ] [ name ... ]
Set the options for the shell. All options specified either
with flags or by name are set.
If no arguments are supplied, the names of all options currently
set are printed. The form is chosen so as to minimize the dif-
ferences from the default options for the current emulation (the
default emulation being native zsh, shown as <Z> in zshop-
tions(1)). Options that are on by default for the emulation are
shown with the prefix no only if they are off, while other
options are shown without the prefix no and only if they are on.
In addition to options changed from the default state by the
user, any options activated automatically by the shell (for
example, SHIN_STDIN or INTERACTIVE) will be shown in the list.
The format is further modified by the option KSH_OPTION_PRINT,
however the rationale for choosing options with or without the
no prefix remains the same in this case.
If the -m flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns
(which should be quoted to protect them from filename expan-
sion), and all options with names matching these patterns are
set.
shift [ n ] [ name ... ]
The positional parameters ${n+1} ... are renamed to $1 ...,
where n is an arithmetic expression that defaults to 1. If any
names are given then the arrays with these names are shifted
instead of the positional parameters.
source file [ arg ... ]
Same as ., except that the current directory is always searched
and is always searched first, before directories in $path.
stat See the section `The zsh/stat Module' in zshmodules(1).
suspend [ -f ]
Suspend the execution of the shell (send it a SIGTSTP) until it
receives a SIGCONT. Unless the -f option is given, this will
refuse to suspend a login shell.
test [ arg ... ]
[ [ arg ... ] ]
Like the system version of test. Added for compatibility; use
conditional expressions instead (see the section `Conditional
Expressions'). The main differences between the conditional
expression syntax and the test and [ builtins are: these com-
mands are not handled syntactically, so for example an empty
variable expansion may cause an argument to be omitted; syntax
errors cause status 2 to be returned instead of a shell error;
and arithmetic operators expect integer arguments rather than
arithmetic expressions.
The command attempts to implement POSIX and its extensions where
these are specified. Unfortunately there are intrinsic ambigui-
ties in the syntax; in particular there is no distinction
between test operators and strings that resemble them. The
standard attempts to resolve these for small numbers of argu-
ments (up to four); for five or more arguments compatibility
cannot be relied on. Users are urged wherever possible to use
the `[[' test syntax which does not have these ambiguities.
times Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell.
trap [ arg ] [ sig ... ]
arg is a series of commands (usually quoted to protect it from
immediate evaluation by the shell) to be read and executed when
the shell receives any of the signals specified by one or more
sig args. Each sig can be given as a number, or as the name of
a signal either with or without the string SIG in front (e.g. 1,
HUP, and SIGHUP are all the same signal).
If arg is `-', then the specified signals are reset to their
defaults, or, if no sig args are present, all traps are reset.
If arg is an empty string, then the specified signals are
ignored by the shell (and by the commands it invokes).
If arg is omitted but one or more sig args are provided (i.e.
the first argument is a valid signal number or name), the effect
is the same as if arg had been specified as `-'.
The trap command with no arguments prints a list of commands
associated with each signal.
If sig is ZERR then arg will be executed after each command with
a nonzero exit status. ERR is an alias for ZERR on systems that
have no SIGERR signal (this is the usual case).
If sig is DEBUG then arg will be executed before each command if
the option DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD is set (as it is by default), else
after each command. Here, a `command' is what is described as a
`sublist' in the shell grammar, see the section SIMPLE COMMANDS
& PIPELINES in zshmisc(1). If DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD is set various
additional features are available. First, it is possible to
skip the next command by setting the option ERR_EXIT; see the
description of the ERR_EXIT option in zshoptions(1). Also, the
shell parameter ZSH_DEBUG_CMD is set to the string corresponding
to the command to be executed following the trap. Note that
this string is reconstructed from the internal format and may
not be formatted the same way as the original text. The parame-
ter is unset after the trap is executed.
If sig is 0 or EXIT and the trap statement is executed inside
the body of a function, then the command arg is executed after
the function completes. The value of $? at the start of execu-
tion is the exit status of the shell or the return status of the
function exiting. If sig is 0 or EXIT and the trap statement is
not executed inside the body of a function, then the command arg
is executed when the shell terminates.
ZERR, DEBUG, and EXIT traps are not executed inside other traps.
ZERR and DEBUG traps are kept within subshells, while other
traps are reset.
Note that traps defined with the trap builtin are slightly dif-
ferent from those defined as `TRAPNAL () { ... }', as the latter
have their own function environment (line numbers, local vari-
ables, etc.) while the former use the environment of the command
in which they were called. For example,
trap 'print $LINENO' DEBUG
will print the line number of a command executed after it has
run, while
TRAPDEBUG() { print $LINENO; }
will always print the number zero.
Alternative signal names are allowed as described under kill
above. Defining a trap under either name causes any trap under
an alternative name to be removed. However, it is recommended
that for consistency users stick exclusively to one name or
another.
true [ arg ... ]
Do nothing and return an exit status of 0.
ttyctl -fu
The -f option freezes the tty, and -u unfreezes it. When the
tty is frozen, no changes made to the tty settings by external
programs will be honored by the shell, except for changes in the
size of the screen; the shell will simply reset the settings to
their previous values as soon as each command exits or is sus-
pended. Thus, stty and similar programs have no effect when the
tty is frozen. Without options it reports whether the terminal
is frozen or not.
type [ -wfpams ] name ...
Equivalent to whence -v.
typeset [ {+|-}AEFHUafghklprtuxmz ] [ -LRZi [ n ]] [ name[=value] ... ]
typeset -T [ {+|-}Urux ] [ -LRZ [ n ]] SCALAR[=value] array [ sep ]
Set or display attributes and values for shell parameters.
A parameter is created for each name that does not already refer
to one. When inside a function, a new parameter is created for
every name (even those that already exist), and is unset again
when the function completes. See `Local Parameters' in zsh-
param(1). The same rules apply to special shell parameters,
which retain their special attributes when made local.
For each name=value assignment, the parameter name is set to
value. Note that arrays currently cannot be assigned in typeset
expressions, only scalars and integers. Unless the option
KSH_TYPESET is set, normal expansion rules apply to assignment
arguments, so value may be split into separate words; if the
option is set, assignments which can be recognised when expan-
sion is performed are treated as single words. For example the
command typeset vbl=$(echo one two) is treated as having one
argument if KSH_TYPESET is set, but otherwise is treated as hav-
ing the two arguments vbl=one and two.
If the shell option TYPESET_SILENT is not set, for each remain-
ing name that refers to a parameter that is set, the name and
value of the parameter are printed in the form of an assignment.
Nothing is printed for newly-created parameters, or when any
attribute flags listed below are given along with the name.
Using `+' instead of minus to introduce an attribute turns it
off.
If the -p option is given, parameters and values are printed in
the form of a typeset command and an assignment (which will be
printed separately for arrays and associative arrays), regard-
less of other flags and options. Note that the -h flag on
parameters is respected; no value will be shown for these param-
eters.
If the -T option is given, two or three arguments must be
present (an exception is that zero arguments are allowed to show
the list of parameters created in this fashion). The first two
are the name of a scalar and an array parameter (in that order)
that will be tied together in the manner of $PATH and $path.
The optional third argument is a single-character separator
which will be used to join the elements of the array to form the
scalar; if absent, a colon is used, as with $PATH. Only the
first character of the separator is significant; any remaining
characters are ignored. Only the scalar parameter may be
assigned an initial value. Both the scalar and the array may
otherwise be manipulated as normal. If one is unset, the other
will automatically be unset too. There is no way of untying the
variables without unsetting them, or converting the type of one
of them with another typeset command; +T does not work, assign-
ing an array to SCALAR is an error, and assigning a scalar to
array sets it to be a single-element array. Note that both
`typeset -xT ...' and `export -T ...' work, but only the scalar
will be marked for export. Setting the value using the scalar
version causes a split on all separators (which cannot be
quoted).
The -g (global) flag is treated specially: it means that any
resulting parameter will not be restricted to local scope. Note
that this does not necessarily mean that the parameter will be
global, as the flag will apply to any existing parameter (even
if unset) from an enclosing function. This flag does not affect
the parameter after creation, hence it has no effect when list-
ing existing parameters, nor does the flag +g have any effect
except in combination with -m (see below).
If no name is present, the names and values of all parameters
are printed. In this case the attribute flags restrict the dis-
play to only those parameters that have the specified
attributes, and using `+' rather than `-' to introduce the flag
suppresses printing of the values of parameters when there is no
parameter name. Also, if the last option is the word `+', then
names are printed but values are not.
If the -m flag is given the name arguments are taken as patterns
(which should be quoted). With no attribute flags, all parame-
ters (or functions with the -f flag) with matching names are
printed (the shell option TYPESET_SILENT is not used in this
case). Note that -m is ignored if no patterns are given. If
the +g flag is combined with -m, a new local parameter is cre-
ated for every matching parameter that is not already local.
Otherwise -m applies all other flags or assignments to the
existing parameters. Except when assignments are made with
name=value, using +m forces the matching parameters to be
printed, even inside a function.
If no attribute flags are given and either no -m flag is present
or the +m form was used, each parameter name printed is preceded
by a list of the attributes of that parameter (array, associa-
tion, exported, integer, readonly). If +m is used with
attribute flags, and all those flags are introduced with +, the
matching parameter names are printed but their values are not.
Attribute flags that transform the final value (-L, -R, -Z, -l,
u) are only applied to the expanded value at the point of a
parameter expansion expression using `$'. They are not applied
when a parameter is retrieved internally by the shell for any
purpose.
The following attribute flags may be specified:
-A The names refer to associative array parameters; see
`Array Parameters' in zshparam(1).
-L Left justify and remove leading blanks from value. If n
is nonzero, it defines the width of the field. If n is
zero, the width is determined by the width of the value
of the first assignment. In the case of numeric parame-
ters, the length of the complete value assigned to the
parameter is used to determine the width, not the value
that would be output.
The width is the count of characters, which may be multi-
byte characters if the MULTIBYTE option is in effect.
Note that the screen width of the character is not taken
into account; if this is required, use padding with
parameter expansion flags ${(ml...)...} as described in
`Parameter Expansion Flags' in zshexpn(1).
When the parameter is expanded, it is filled on the right
with blanks or truncated if necessary to fit the field.
Note truncation can lead to unexpected results with
numeric parameters. Leading zeros are removed if the -Z
flag is also set.
-R Similar to -L, except that right justification is used;
when the parameter is expanded, the field is left filled
with blanks or truncated from the end. May not be com-
bined with the -Z flag.
-U For arrays (but not for associative arrays), keep only
the first occurrence of each duplicated value. This may
also be set for colon-separated special parameters like
PATH or FIGNORE, etc. This flag has a different meaning
when used with -f; see below.
-Z Specially handled if set along with the -L flag. Other-
wise, similar to -R, except that leading zeros are used
for padding instead of blanks if the first non-blank
character is a digit. Numeric parameters are specially
handled: they are always eligible for padding with
zeroes, and the zeroes are inserted at an appropriate
place in the output.
-a The names refer to array parameters. An array parameter
may be created this way, but it may not be assigned to in
the typeset statement. When displaying, both normal and
associative arrays are shown.
-f The names refer to functions rather than parameters. No
assignments can be made, and the only other valid flags
are -t, -k, -u, -U and -z. The flag -t turns on execu-
tion tracing for this function. The -u and -U flags
cause the function to be marked for autoloading; -U also
causes alias expansion to be suppressed when the function
is loaded. The fpath parameter will be searched to find
the function definition when the function is first refer-
enced; see the section `Functions'. The -k and -z flags
make the function be loaded using ksh-style or zsh-style
autoloading respectively. If neither is given, the set-
ting of the KSH_AUTOLOAD option determines how the func-
tion is loaded.
-h Hide: only useful for special parameters (those marked
`<S>' in the table in zshparam(1)), and for local parame-
ters with the same name as a special parameter, though
harmless for others. A special parameter with this
attribute will not retain its special effect when made
local. Thus after `typeset -h PATH', a function contain-
ing `typeset PATH' will create an ordinary local parame-
ter without the usual behaviour of PATH. Alternatively,
the local parameter may itself be given this attribute;
hence inside a function `typeset -h PATH' creates an
ordinary local parameter and the special PATH parameter
is not altered in any way. It is also possible to create
a local parameter using `typeset +h special', where the
local copy of special will retain its special properties
regardless of having the -h attribute. Global special
parameters loaded from shell modules (currently those in
zsh/mapfile and zsh/parameter) are automatically given
the -h attribute to avoid name clashes.
-H Hide value: specifies that typeset will not display the
value of the parameter when listing parameters; the dis-
play for such parameters is always as if the `+' flag had
been given. Use of the parameter is in other respects
normal, and the option does not apply if the parameter is
specified by name, or by pattern with the -m option.
This is on by default for the parameters in the
zsh/parameter and zsh/mapfile modules. Note, however,
that unlike the -h flag this is also useful for non-spe-
cial parameters.
-i Use an internal integer representation. If n is nonzero
it defines the output arithmetic base, otherwise it is
determined by the first assignment. Bases from 2 to 36
inclusive are allowed.
-E Use an internal double-precision floating point represen-
tation. On output the variable will be converted to sci-
entific notation. If n is nonzero it defines the number
of significant figures to display; the default is ten.
-F Use an internal double-precision floating point represen-
tation. On output the variable will be converted to
fixed-point decimal notation. If n is nonzero it defines
the number of digits to display after the decimal point;
the default is ten.
-l Convert the result to lower case whenever the parameter
is expanded. The value is not converted when assigned.
-r The given names are marked readonly. Note that if name
is a special parameter, the readonly attribute can be
turned on, but cannot then be turned off.
-t Tags the named parameters. Tags have no special meaning
to the shell. This flag has a different meaning when
used with -f; see above.
-u Convert the result to upper case whenever the parameter
is expanded. The value is not converted when assigned.
This flag has a different meaning when used with -f; see
above.
-x Mark for automatic export to the environment of subse-
quently executed commands. If the option GLOBAL_EXPORT
is set, this implies the option -g, unless +g is also
explicitly given; in other words the parameter is not
made local to the enclosing function. This is for com-
patibility with previous versions of zsh.
ulimit [ [ -SHacdfilmnpqstvx | -N resource [ limit ] ... ]
Set or display resource limits of the shell and the processes
started by the shell. The value of limit can be a number in the
unit specified below or the value `unlimited'. By default, only
soft limits are manipulated. If the -H flag is given use hard
limits instead of soft limits. If the -S flag is given together
with the -H flag set both hard and soft limits. If no options
are used, the file size limit (-f) is assumed. If limit is
omitted the current value of the specified resources are
printed. When more than one resource values are printed the
limit name and unit is printed before each value.
When looping over multiple resources, the shell will abort imme-
diately if it detects a badly formed argument. However, if it
fails to set a limit for some other reason it will continue try-
ing to set the remaining limits.
-a Lists all of the current resource limits.
-c 512-byte blocks on the size of core dumps.
-d K-bytes on the size of the data segment.
-f 512-byte blocks on the size of files written.
-i The number of pending signals.
-l K-bytes on the size of locked-in memory.
-m K-bytes on the size of physical memory.
-n open file descriptors.
-q Bytes in POSIX message queues.
-s K-bytes on the size of the stack.
-t CPU seconds to be used.
-u processes available to the user.
-v K-bytes on the size of virtual memory. On some systems
this refers to the limit called `address space'.
-x The number of locks on files.
A resource may also be specified by integer in the form `-N
resource', where resource corresponds to the integer defined for
the resource by the operating system. This may be used to set
the limits for resources known to the shell which do not corre-
spond to option letters. Such limits will be shown by number in
the output of `ulimit -a'.
The number may alternatively be out of the range of limits com-
piled into the shell. The shell will try to read or write the
limit anyway, and will report an error if this fails.
umask [ -S ] [ mask ]
The umask is set to mask. mask can be either an octal number or
a symbolic value as described in chmod(1). If mask is omitted,
the current value is printed. The -S option causes the mask to
be printed as a symbolic value. Otherwise, the mask is printed
as an octal number. Note that in the symbolic form the permis-
sions you specify are those which are to be allowed (not denied)
to the users specified.
unalias
Same as unhash -a.
unfunction
Same as unhash -f.
unhash [ -adfms ] name ...
Remove the element named name from an internal hash table. The
default is remove elements from the command hash table. The -a
option causes unhash to remove regular or global aliases; note
when removing a global aliases that the argument must be quoted
to prevent it from being expanded before being passed to the
command. The -s option causes unhash to remove suffix aliases.
The -f option causes unhash to remove shell functions. The -d
options causes unhash to remove named directories. If the -m
flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns (should be
quoted) and all elements of the corresponding hash table with
matching names will be removed.
unlimit [ -hs ] resource ...
The resource limit for each resource is set to the hard limit.
If the -h flag is given and the shell has appropriate privi-
leges, the hard resource limit for each resource is removed.
The resources of the shell process are only changed if the -s
flag is given.
unset [ -fmv ] name ...
Each named parameter is unset. Local parameters remain local
even if unset; they appear unset within scope, but the previous
value will still reappear when the scope ends.
Individual elements of associative array parameters may be unset
by using subscript syntax on name, which should be quoted (or
the entire command prefixed with noglob) to protect the sub-
script from filename generation.
If the -m flag is specified the arguments are taken as patterns
(should be quoted) and all parameters with matching names are
unset. Note that this cannot be used when unsetting associative
array elements, as the subscript will be treated as part of the
pattern.
The -v flag specifies that name refers to parameters. This is
the default behaviour.
unset -f is equivalent to unfunction.
unsetopt [ {+|-}options | {+|-}o option_name ] [ name ... ]
Unset the options for the shell. All options specified either
with flags or by name are unset. If no arguments are supplied,
the names of all options currently unset are printed. If the -m
flag is given the arguments are taken as patterns (which should
be quoted to preserve them from being interpreted as glob pat-
terns), and all options with names matching these patterns are
unset.
vared See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).
wait [ job ... ]
Wait for the specified jobs or processes. If job is not given
then all currently active child processes are waited for. Each
job can be either a job specification or the process ID of a job
in the job table. The exit status from this command is that of
the job waited for.
whence [ -vcwfpams ] name ...
For each name, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.
-v Produce a more verbose report.
-c Print the results in a csh-like format. This takes
precedence over -v.
-w For each name, print `name: word' where word is one of
alias, builtin, command, function, hashed, reserved or
none, according as name corresponds to an alias, a
built-in command, an external command, a shell function,
a command defined with the hash builtin, a reserved word,
or is not recognised. This takes precedence over -v and
-c.
-f Causes the contents of a shell function to be displayed,
which would otherwise not happen unless the -c flag were
used.
-p Do a path search for name even if it is an alias,
reserved word, shell function or builtin.
-a Do a search for all occurrences of name throughout the
command path. Normally only the first occurrence is
printed.
-m The arguments are taken as patterns (should be quoted),
and the information is displayed for each command match-
ing one of these patterns.
-s If a pathname contains symlinks, print the symlink-free
pathname as well.
where [ -wpms ] name ...
Equivalent to whence -ca.
which [ -wpams ] name ...
Equivalent to whence -c.
zcompile [ -U ] [ -z | -k ] [ -R | -M ] file [ name ... ]
zcompile -ca [ -m ] [ -R | -M ] file [ name ... ]
zcompile -t file [ name ... ]
This builtin command can be used to compile functions or
scripts, storing the compiled form in a file, and to examine
files containing the compiled form. This allows faster
autoloading of functions and execution of scripts by avoiding
parsing of the text when the files are read.
The first form (without the -c, -a or -t options) creates a com-
piled file. If only the file argument is given, the output file
has the name `file.zwc' and will be placed in the same directory
as the file. The shell will load the compiled file instead of
the normal function file when the function is autoloaded; see
the section `Autoloading Functions' in zshfunc(1) for a descrip-
tion of how autoloaded functions are searched. The extension
.zwc stands for `zsh word code'.
If there is at least one name argument, all the named files are
compiled into the output file given as the first argument. If
file does not end in .zwc, this extension is automatically
appended. Files containing multiple compiled functions are
called `digest' files, and are intended to be used as elements
of the FPATH/fpath special array.
The second form, with the -c or -a options, writes the compiled
definitions for all the named functions into file. For -c, the
names must be functions currently defined in the shell, not
those marked for autoloading. Undefined functions that are
marked for autoloading may be written by using the -a option, in
which case the fpath is searched and the contents of the defini-
tion files for those functions, if found, are compiled into
file. If both -c and -a are given, names of both defined func-
tions and functions marked for autoloading may be given. In
either case, the functions in files written with the -c or -a
option will be autoloaded as if the KSH_AUTOLOAD option were
unset.
The reason for handling loaded and not-yet-loaded functions with
different options is that some definition files for autoloading
define multiple functions, including the function with the same
name as the file, and, at the end, call that function. In such
cases the output of `zcompile -c' does not include the addi-
tional functions defined in the file, and any other initializa-
tion code in the file is lost. Using `zcompile -a' captures all
this extra information.
If the -m option is combined with -c or -a, the names are used
as patterns and all functions whose names match one of these
patterns will be written. If no name is given, the definitions
of all functions currently defined or marked as autoloaded will
be written.
The third form, with the -t option, examines an existing com-
piled file. Without further arguments, the names of the origi-
nal files compiled into it are listed. The first line of output
shows the version of the shell which compiled the file and how
the file will be used (i.e. by reading it directly or by mapping
it into memory). With arguments, nothing is output and the
return status is set to zero if definitions for all names were
found in the compiled file, and non-zero if the definition for
at least one name was not found.
Other options:
-U Aliases are not expanded when compiling the named files.
-R When the compiled file is read, its contents are copied
into the shell's memory, rather than memory-mapped (see
-M). This happens automatically on systems that do not
support memory mapping.
When compiling scripts instead of autoloadable functions,
it is often desirable to use this option; otherwise the
whole file, including the code to define functions which
have already been defined, will remain mapped, conse-
quently wasting memory.
-M The compiled file is mapped into the shell's memory when
read. This is done in such a way that multiple instances
of the shell running on the same host will share this
mapped file. If neither -R nor -M is given, the zcompile
builtin decides what to do based on the size of the com-
piled file.
-k
-z These options are used when the compiled file contains
functions which are to be autoloaded. If -z is given, the
function will be autoloaded as if the KSH_AUTOLOAD option
is not set, even if it is set at the time the compiled
file is read, while if the -k is given, the function will
be loaded as if KSH_AUTOLOAD is set. These options also
take precedence over any -k or -z options specified to
the autoload builtin. If neither of these options is
given, the function will be loaded as determined by the
setting of the KSH_AUTOLOAD option at the time the com-
piled file is read.
These options may also appear as many times as necessary
between the listed names to specify the loading style of
all following functions, up to the next -k or -z.
The created file always contains two versions of the com-
piled format, one for big-endian machines and one for
small-endian machines. The upshot of this is that the
compiled file is machine independent and if it is read or
mapped, only one half of the file is actually used (and
mapped).
zformat
See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).
zftp See the section `The zsh/zftp Module' in zshmodules(1).
zle See the section `Zle Builtins' in zshzle(1).
zmodload [ -dL ] [ ... ]
zmodload -F [ -lLme -P param ] module [+-]feature...
zmodload -e [ -A ] [ ... ]
zmodload [ -a [ -bcpf [ -I ] ] ] [ -iL ] ...
zmodload -u [ -abcdpf [ -I ] ] [ -iL ] ...
zmodload -A [ -L ] [ modalias[=module] ... ]
zmodload -R modalias ...
Performs operations relating to zsh's loadable modules. Loading
of modules while the shell is running (`dynamical loading') is
not available on all operating systems, or on all installations
on a particular operating system, although the zmodload command
itself is always available and can be used to manipulate modules
built into versions of the shell executable without dynamical
loading.
Without arguments the names of all currently loaded binary mod-
ules are printed. The -L option causes this list to be in the
form of a series of zmodload commands. Forms with arguments
are:
zmodload [ -i ] name ...
zmodload -u [ -i ] name ...
In the simplest case, zmodload loads a binary module.
The module must be in a file with a name consisting of
the specified name followed by a standard suffix, usually
`.so' (`.sl' on HPUX). If the module to be loaded is
already loaded the duplicate module is ignored. If zmod-
load detects an inconsistency, such as an invalid module
name or circular dependency list, the current code block
is aborted. Hence `zmodload module 2>/dev/null' is suf-
ficient to test whether a module is available. If it is
available, the module is loaded if necessary, while if it
is not available, non-zero status is silently returned.
The option -i is accepted for compatibility but has no
effect.
The named module is searched for in the same way a com-
mand is, using $module_path instead of $path. However,
the path search is performed even when the module name
contains a `/', which it usually does. There is no way
to prevent the path search.
If the module supports features (see below), zmodload
tries to enable all features when loading a module. If
the module was successfully loaded but not all features
could be enabled, zmodload returns status 2.
With -u, zmodload unloads modules. The same name must be
given that was given when the module was loaded, but it
is not necessary for the module to exist in the filesys-
tem. The -i option suppresses the error if the module is
already unloaded (or was never loaded).
Each module has a boot and a cleanup function. The mod-
ule will not be loaded if its boot function fails. Simi-
larly a module can only be unloaded if its cleanup func-
tion runs successfully.
zmodload -F [ -almLe -P param ] module [+-]feature...
zmodload -F allows more selective control over the fea-
tures provided by modules. With no options apart from
-F, the module named module is loaded, if it was not
already loaded, and the list of features is set to the
required state. If no features are specified, the module
is loaded, if it was not already loaded, but the state of
features is unchanged. Each feature may be preceded by a
+ to turn the feature on, or - to turn it off; the + is
assumed if neither character is present. Any feature not
explicitly mentioned is left in its current state; if the
module was not previously loaded this means any such fea-
tures will remain disabled. The return status is zero if
all features were set, 1 if the module failed to load,
and 2 if some features could not be set (for example, a
parameter couldn't be added because there was a different
parameter of the same name) but the module was loaded.
The standard features are builtins, conditions, parame-
ters and math functions; these are indicated by the pre-
fix `b:', `c:' (`C:' for an infix condition), `p:' and
`f:', respectively, followed by the name that the corre-
sponding feature would have in the shell. For example,
`b:strftime' indicates a builtin named strftime and
p:EPOCHSECONDS indicates a parameter named EPOCHSECONDS.
The module may provide other (`abstract') features of its
own as indicated by its documentation; these have no pre-
fix.
With -l or -L, features provided by the module are
listed. With -l alone, a list of features together with
their states is shown, one feature per line. With -L
alone, a zmodload -F command that would cause enabled
features of the module to be turned on is shown. With
-lL, a zmodload -F command that would cause all the fea-
tures to be set to their current state is shown. If one
of these combinations is given the option -P param then
the parameter param is set to an array of features,
either features together with their state or (if -L alone
is given) enabled features.
With the option -L the module name may be omitted; then a
list of all enabled features for all modules providing
features is printed in the form of zmodload -F commands.
If -l is also given, the state of both enabled and dis-
abled features is output in that form.
A set of features may be provided together with -l or -L
and a module name; in that case only the state of those
features is considered. Each feature may be preceded by
+ or - but the character has no effect. If no set of
features is provided, all features are considered.
With -e, the command first tests that the module is
loaded; if it is not, status 1 is returned. If the mod-
ule is loaded, the list of features given as an argument
is examined. Any feature given with no prefix is simply
tested to see if the module provides it; any feature
given with a prefix + or - is tested to see if is pro-
vided and in the given state. If the tests on all fea-
tures in the list succeed, status 0 is returned, else
status 1.
With -m, each entry in the given list of features is
taken as a pattern to be matched against the list of fea-
tures provided by the module. An initial + or - must be
given explicitly. This may not be combined with the -a
option as autoloads must be specified explicitly.
With -a, the given list of features is marked for
autoload from the specified module, which may not yet be
loaded. An optional + may appear before the feature
name. If the feature is prefixed with -, any existing
autoload is removed. The options -l and -L may be used
to list autoloads. Autoloading is specific to individual
features; when the module is loaded only the requested
feature is enabled. Autoload requests are preserved if
the module is subsequently unloaded until an explicit
`zmodload -Fa module -feature' is issued. It is not an
error to request an autoload for a feature of a module
that is already loaded.
When the module is loaded each autoload is checked
against the features actually provided by the module; if
the feature is not provided the autoload request is
deleted. A warning message is output; if the module is
being loaded to provide a different feature, and that
autoload is successful, there is no effect on the status
of the current command. If the module is already loaded
at the time when zmodload -Fa is run, an error message is
printed and status 1 returned.
zmodload -Fa can be used with the -l, -L, -e and -P
options for listing and testing the existence of
autoloadable features. In this case -l is ignored if -L
is specified. zmodload -FaL with no module name lists
autoloads for all modules.
Note that only standard features as described above can
be autoloaded; other features require the module to be
loaded before enabling.
zmodload -d [ -L ] [ name ]
zmodload -d name dep ...
zmodload -ud name [ dep ... ]
The -d option can be used to specify module dependencies.
The modules named in the second and subsequent arguments
will be loaded before the module named in the first argu-
ment.
With -d and one argument, all dependencies for that mod-
ule are listed. With -d and no arguments, all module
dependencies are listed. This listing is by default in a
Makefile-like format. The -L option changes this format
to a list of zmodload -d commands.
If -d and -u are both used, dependencies are removed. If
only one argument is given, all dependencies for that
module are removed.
zmodload -ab [ -L ]
zmodload -ab [ -i ] name [ builtin ... ]
zmodload -ub [ -i ] builtin ...
The -ab option defines autoloaded builtins. It defines
the specified builtins. When any of those builtins is
called, the module specified in the first argument is
loaded and all its features are enabled (for selective
control of features use `zmodload -F -a' as described
above). If only the name is given, one builtin is
defined, with the same name as the module. -i suppresses
the error if the builtin is already defined or
autoloaded, but not if another builtin of the same name
is already defined.
With -ab and no arguments, all autoloaded builtins are
listed, with the module name (if different) shown in
parentheses after the builtin name. The -L option
changes this format to a list of zmodload -a commands.
If -b is used together with the -u option, it removes
builtins previously defined with -ab. This is only pos-
sible if the builtin is not yet loaded. -i suppresses
the error if the builtin is already removed (or never
existed).
Autoload requests are retained if the module is subse-
quently unloaded until an explicit `zmodload -ub builtin'
is issued.
zmodload -ac [ -IL ]
zmodload -ac [ -iI ] name [ cond ... ]
zmodload -uc [ -iI ] cond ...
The -ac option is used to define autoloaded condition
codes. The cond strings give the names of the conditions
defined by the module. The optional -I option is used to
define infix condition names. Without this option prefix
condition names are defined.
If given no condition names, all defined names are listed
(as a series of zmodload commands if the -L option is
given).
The -uc option removes definitions for autoloaded condi-
tions.
zmodload -ap [ -L ]
zmodload -ap [ -i ] name [ parameter ... ]
zmodload -up [ -i ] parameter ...
The -p option is like the -b and -c options, but makes
zmodload work on autoloaded parameters instead.
zmodload -af [ -L ]
zmodload -af [ -i ] name [ function ... ]
zmodload -uf [ -i ] function ...
The -f option is like the -b, -p, and -c options, but
makes zmodload work on autoloaded math functions instead.
zmodload -a [ -L ]
zmodload -a [ -i ] name [ builtin ... ]
zmodload -ua [ -i ] builtin ...
Equivalent to -ab and -ub.
zmodload -e [ -A ] [ string ... ]
The -e option without arguments lists all loaded modules;
if the -A option is also given, module aliases corre-
sponding to loaded modules are also shown. If arguments
are provided, nothing is printed; the return status is
set to zero if all strings given as arguments are names
of loaded modules and to one if at least on string is not
the name of a loaded module. This can be used to test
for the availability of things implemented by modules.
In this case, any aliases are automatically resolved and
the -A flag is not used.
zmodload -A [ -L ] [ modalias[=module] ... ]
For each argument, if both modalias and module are given,
define modalias to be an alias for the module module. If
the module modalias is ever subsequently requested,
either via a call to zmodload or implicitly, the shell
will attempt to load module instead. If module is not
given, show the definition of modalias. If no arguments
are given, list all defined module aliases. When list-
ing, if the -L flag was also given, list the definition
as a zmodload command to recreate the alias.
The existence of aliases for modules is completely inde-
pendent of whether the name resolved is actually loaded
as a module: while the alias exists, loading and unload-
ing the module under any alias has exactly the same
effect as using the resolved name, and does not affect
the connection between the alias and the resolved name
which can be removed either by zmodload -R or by redefin-
ing the alias. Chains of aliases (i.e. where the first
resolved name is itself an alias) are valid so long as
these are not circular. As the aliases take the same
format as module names, they may include path separators:
in this case, there is no requirement for any part of the
path named to exist as the alias will be resolved first.
For example, `any/old/alias' is always a valid alias.
Dependencies added to aliased modules are actually added
to the resolved module; these remain if the alias is
removed. It is valid to create an alias whose name is
one of the standard shell modules and which resolves to a
different module. However, if a module has dependencies,
it will not be possible to use the module name as an
alias as the module will already be marked as a loadable
module in its own right.
Apart from the above, aliases can be used in the zmodload
command anywhere module names are required. However,
aliases will not be shown in lists of loaded modules with
a bare `zmodload'.
zmodload -R modalias ...
For each modalias argument that was previously defined as
a module alias via zmodload -A, delete the alias. If any
was not defined, an error is caused and the remainder of
the line is ignored.
Note that zsh makes no distinction between modules that were
linked into the shell and modules that are loaded dynamically.
In both cases this builtin command has to be used to make avail-
able the builtins and other things defined by modules (unless
the module is autoloaded on these definitions). This is true
even for systems that don't support dynamic loading of modules.
zparseopts
See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).
zprof See the section `The zsh/zprof Module' in zshmodules(1).
zpty See the section `The zsh/zpty Module' in zshmodules(1).
zregexparse
See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).
zsocket
See the section `The zsh/net/socket Module' in zshmodules(1).
zstyle See the section `The zsh/zutil Module' in zshmodules(1).
ztcp See the section `The zsh/net/tcp Module' in zshmodules(1).
ZSHZLE(1) ZSHZLE(1)
NAME
zshzle - zsh command line editor
DESCRIPTION
If the ZLE option is set (which it is by default in interactive shells)
and the shell input is attached to the terminal, the user is able to
edit command lines.
There are two display modes. The first, multiline mode, is the
default. It only works if the TERM parameter is set to a valid termi-
nal type that can move the cursor up. The second, single line mode, is
used if TERM is invalid or incapable of moving the cursor up, or if the
SINGLE_LINE_ZLE option is set. This mode is similar to ksh, and uses
no termcap sequences. If TERM is "emacs", the ZLE option will be unset
by default.
The parameters BAUD, COLUMNS, and LINES are also used by the line edi-
tor. See Parameters Used By The Shell in zshparam(1).
The parameter zle_highlight is also used by the line editor; see Char-
acter Highlighting below. Highlighting of special characters and the
region between the cursor and the mark (as set with set-mark-command in
Emacs mode) is enabled by default; consult this reference for more
information. Irascible conservatives will wish to know that all high-
lighting may be disabled by the following setting:
zle_highlight=(none)
KEYMAPS
A keymap in ZLE contains a set of bindings between key sequences and
ZLE commands. The empty key sequence cannot be bound.
There can be any number of keymaps at any time, and each keymap has one
or more names. If all of a keymap's names are deleted, it disappears.
bindkey can be used to manipulate keymap names.
Initially, there are four keymaps:
emacs EMACS emulation
viins vi emulation - insert mode
vicmd vi emulation - command mode
.safe fallback keymap
The `.safe' keymap is special. It can never be altered, and the name
can never be removed. However, it can be linked to other names, which
can be removed. In the future other special keymaps may be added;
users should avoid using names beginning with `.' for their own
keymaps.
In addition to these four names, either `emacs' or `viins' is also
linked to the name `main'. If one of the VISUAL or EDITOR environment
variables contain the string `vi' when the shell starts up then it will
be `viins', otherwise it will be `emacs'. bindkey's -e and -v options
provide a convenient way to override this default choice.
When the editor starts up, it will select the `main' keymap. If that
keymap doesn't exist, it will use `.safe' instead.
In the `.safe' keymap, each single key is bound to self-insert, except
for ^J (line feed) and ^M (return) which are bound to accept-line.
This is deliberately not pleasant to use; if you are using it, it means
you deleted the main keymap, and you should put it back.
Reading Commands
When ZLE is reading a command from the terminal, it may read a sequence
that is bound to some command and is also a prefix of a longer bound
string. In this case ZLE will wait a certain time to see if more char-
acters are typed, and if not (or they don't match any longer string) it
will execute the binding. This timeout is defined by the KEYTIMEOUT
parameter; its default is 0.4 sec. There is no timeout if the prefix
string is not itself bound to a command.
The key timeout is also applied when ZLE is reading the bytes from a
multibyte character string when it is in the appropriate mode. (This
requires that the shell was compiled with multibyte mode enabled; typi-
cally also the locale has characters with the UTF-8 encoding, although
any multibyte encoding known to the operating system is supported.) If
the second or a subsequent byte is not read within the timeout period,
the shell acts as if ? were typed and resets the input state.
As well as ZLE commands, key sequences can be bound to other strings,
by using `bindkey -s'. When such a sequence is read, the replacement
string is pushed back as input, and the command reading process starts
again using these fake keystrokes. This input can itself invoke fur-
ther replacement strings, but in order to detect loops the process will
be stopped if there are twenty such replacements without a real command
being read.
A key sequence typed by the user can be turned into a command name for
use in user-defined widgets with the read-command widget, described
below.
ZLE BUILTINS
The ZLE module contains three related builtin commands. The bindkey
command manipulates keymaps and key bindings; the vared command invokes
ZLE on the value of a shell parameter; and the zle command manipulates
editing widgets and allows command line access to ZLE commands from
within shell functions.
bindkey [ options ] -l
bindkey [ options ] -d
bindkey [ options ] -D keymap ...
bindkey [ options ] -A old-keymap new-keymap
bindkey [ options ] -N new-keymap [ old-keymap ]
bindkey [ options ] -m
bindkey [ options ] -r in-string ...
bindkey [ options ] -s in-string out-string ...
bindkey [ options ] in-string command ...
bindkey [ options ] [ in-string ]
bindkey's options can be divided into three categories: keymap
selection, operation selection, and others. The keymap selec-
tion options are:
-e Selects keymap `emacs', and also links it to `main'.
-v Selects keymap `viins', and also links it to `main'.
-a Selects keymap `vicmd'.
-M keymap
The keymap specifies a keymap name.
If a keymap selection is required and none of the options above
are used, the `main' keymap is used. Some operations do not
permit a keymap to be selected, namely:
-l List all existing keymap names. If the -L option is also
used, list in the form of bindkey commands to create the
keymaps.
-d Delete all existing keymaps and reset to the default
state.
-D keymap ...
Delete the named keymaps.
-A old-keymap new-keymap
Make the new-keymap name an alias for old-keymap, so that
both names refer to the same keymap. The names have
equal standing; if either is deleted, the other remains.
If there is already a keymap with the new-keymap name, it
is deleted.
-N new-keymap [ old-keymap ]
Create a new keymap, named new-keymap. If a keymap
already has that name, it is deleted. If an old-keymap
name is given, the new keymap is initialized to be a
duplicate of it, otherwise the new keymap will be empty.
To use a newly created keymap, it should be linked to main.
Hence the sequence of commands to create and use a new keymap
`mymap' initialized from the emacs keymap (which remains
unchanged) is:
bindkey -N mymap emacs
bindkey -A mymap main
Note that while `bindkey -A newmap main' will work when newmap
is emacs or viins, it will not work for vicmd, as switching from
vi insert to command mode becomes impossible.
The following operations act on the `main' keymap if no keymap
selection option was given:
-m Add the built-in set of meta-key bindings to the selected
keymap. Only keys that are unbound or bound to
self-insert are affected.
-r in-string ...
Unbind the specified in-strings in the selected keymap.
This is exactly equivalent to binding the strings to
undefined-key.
When -R is also used, interpret the in-strings as ranges.
When -p is also used, the in-strings specify prefixes.
Any binding that has the given in-string as a prefix, not
including the binding for the in-string itself, if any,
will be removed. For example,
bindkey -rpM viins '^['
will remove all bindings in the vi-insert keymap begin-
ning with an escape character (probably cursor keys), but
leave the binding for the escape character itself (proba-
bly vi-cmd-mode). This is incompatible with the option
-R.
-s in-string out-string ...
Bind each in-string to each out-string. When in-string
is typed, out-string will be pushed back and treated as
input to the line editor. When -R is also used, inter-
pret the in-strings as ranges.
in-string command ...
Bind each in-string to each command. When -R is used,
interpret the in-strings as ranges.
[ in-string ]
List key bindings. If an in-string is specified, the
binding of that string in the selected keymap is dis-
played. Otherwise, all key bindings in the selected
keymap are displayed. (As a special case, if the -e or
-v option is used alone, the keymap is not displayed -
the implicit linking of keymaps is the only thing that
happens.)
When the option -p is used, the in-string must be
present. The listing shows all bindings which have the
given key sequence as a prefix, not including any bind-
ings for the key sequence itself.
When the -L option is used, the list is in the form of
bindkey commands to create the key bindings.
When the -R option is used as noted above, a valid range consists of
two characters, with an optional `-' between them. All characters
between the two specified, inclusive, are bound as specified.
For either in-string or out-string, the following escape sequences are
recognised:
\a bell character
\b backspace
\e, \E escape
\f form feed
\n linefeed (newline)
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\NNN character code in octal
\xNN character code in hexadecimal
\M[-]X character with meta bit set
\C[-]X control character
^X control character
In all other cases, `\' escapes the following character. Delete is
written as `^?'. Note that `\M^?' and `^\M?' are not the same, and
that (unlike emacs), the bindings `\M-X' and `\eX' are entirely dis-
tinct, although they are initialized to the same bindings by `bindkey
-m'.
vared [ -Aache ] [ -p prompt ] [ -r rprompt ]
[ -M main-keymap ] [ -m vicmd-keymap ] name
The value of the parameter name is loaded into the edit buffer,
and the line editor is invoked. When the editor exits, name is
set to the string value returned by the editor. When the -c
flag is given, the parameter is created if it doesn't already
exist. The -a flag may be given with -c to create an array
parameter, or the -A flag to create an associative array. If
the type of an existing parameter does not match the type to be
created, the parameter is unset and recreated.
If an array or array slice is being edited, separator characters
as defined in $IFS will be shown quoted with a backslash, as
will backslashes themselves. Conversely, when the edited text
is split into an array, a backslash quotes an immediately fol-
lowing separator character or backslash; no other special han-
dling of backslashes, or any handling of quotes, is performed.
Individual elements of existing array or associative array
parameters may be edited by using subscript syntax on name. New
elements are created automatically, even without -c.
If the -p flag is given, the following string will be taken as
the prompt to display at the left. If the -r flag is given, the
following string gives the prompt to display at the right. If
the -h flag is specified, the history can be accessed from ZLE.
If the -e flag is given, typing ^D (Control-D) on an empty line
causes vared to exit immediately with a non-zero return value.
The -M option gives a keymap to link to the main keymap during
editing, and the -m option gives a keymap to link to the vicmd
keymap during editing. For vi-style editing, this allows a pair
of keymaps to override viins and vicmd. For emacs-style edit-
ing, only -M is normally needed but the -m option may still be
used. On exit, the previous keymaps will be restored.
zle
zle -l [ -L | -a ] [ string ... ]
zle -D widget ...
zle -A old-widget new-widget
zle -N widget [ function ]
zle -C widget completion-widget function
zle -R [ -c ] [ display-string ] [ string ... ]
zle -M string
zle -U string
zle -K keymap
zle -F [ -L ] [ fd [ handler ] ]
zle -I
zle widget [ -n num ] [ -Nw ] [ -K keymap ] args ...
The zle builtin performs a number of different actions concern-
ing ZLE.
With no options and no arguments, only the return status will be
set. It is zero if ZLE is currently active and widgets could be
invoked using this builtin command and non-zero otherwise. Note
that even if non-zero status is returned, zle may still be
active as part of the completion system; this does not allow
direct calls to ZLE widgets.
Otherwise, which operation it performs depends on its options:
-l [ -L | -a ]
List all existing user-defined widgets. If the -L option
is used, list in the form of zle commands to create the
widgets.
When combined with the -a option, all widget names are
listed, including the builtin ones. In this case the -L
option is ignored.
If at least one string is given, nothing will be printed
but the return status will be zero if all strings are
names of existing widgets (or of user-defined widgets if
the -a flag is not given) and non-zero if at least one
string is not a name of an defined widget.
-D widget ...
Delete the named widgets.
-A old-widget new-widget
Make the new-widget name an alias for old-widget, so that
both names refer to the same widget. The names have
equal standing; if either is deleted, the other remains.
If there is already a widget with the new-widget name, it
is deleted.
-N widget [ function ]
Create a user-defined widget. If there is already a wid-
get with the specified name, it is overwritten. When the
new widget is invoked from within the editor, the speci-
fied shell function is called. If no function name is
specified, it defaults to the same name as the widget.
For further information, see the section Widgets in zsh-
zle(1).
-C widget completion-widget function
Create a user-defined completion widget named widget. The
completion widget will behave like the built-in comple-
tion-widget whose name is given as completion-widget. To
generate the completions, the shell function function
will be called. For further information, see zshcomp-
wid(1).
-R [ -c ] [ display-string ] [ string ... ]
Redisplay the command line; this is to be called from
within a user-defined widget to allow changes to become
visible. If a display-string is given and not empty,
this is shown in the status line (immediately below the
line being edited).
If the optional strings are given they are listed below
the prompt in the same way as completion lists are
printed. If no strings are given but the -c option is
used such a list is cleared.
Note that this option is only useful for widgets that do
not exit immediately after using it because the strings
displayed will be erased immediately after return from
the widget.
This command can safely be called outside user defined
widgets; if zle is active, the display will be refreshed,
while if zle is not active, the command has no effect.
In this case there will usually be no other arguments.
The status is zero if zle was active, else one.
-M string
As with the -R option, the string will be displayed below
the command line; unlike the -R option, the string will
not be put into the status line but will instead be
printed normally below the prompt. This means that the
string will still be displayed after the widget returns
(until it is overwritten by subsequent commands).
-U string
This pushes the characters in the string onto the input
stack of ZLE. After the widget currently executed fin-
ishes ZLE will behave as if the characters in the string
were typed by the user.
As ZLE uses a stack, if this option is used repeatedly
the last string pushed onto the stack will be processed
first. However, the characters in each string will be
processed in the order in which they appear in the
string.
-K keymap
Selects the keymap named keymap. An error message will
be displayed if there is no such keymap.
This keymap selection affects the interpretation of fol-
lowing keystrokes within this invocation of ZLE. Any
following invocation (e.g., the next command line) will
start as usual with the `main' keymap selected.
-F [ -L ] [ fd [ handler ] ]
Only available if your system supports one of the `poll'
or `select' system calls; most modern systems do.
Installs handler (the name of a shell function) to handle
input from file descriptor fd. When zle is attempting to
read data, it will examine both the terminal and the list
of handled fd's. If data becomes available on a handled
fd, zle will call handler with the fd which is ready for
reading as the only argument. If the handler produces
output to the terminal, it should call `zle -I' before
doing so (see below). The handler should not attempt to
read from the terminal. Note that zle makes no attempt
to check whether this fd is actually readable when
installing the handler. The user must make their own
arrangements for handling the file descriptor when zle is
not active.
Any number of handlers for any number of readable file
descriptors may be installed. Installing a handler for
an fd which is already handled causes the existing han-
dler to be replaced.
If no handler is given, but an fd is present, any handler
for that fd is removed. If there is none, an error mes-
sage is printed and status 1 is returned.
If no arguments are given, or the -L option is supplied,
a list of handlers is printed in a form which can be
stored for later execution.
An fd (but not a handler) may optionally be given with
the -L option; in this case, the function will list the
handler if any, else silently return status 1.
Note that this feature should be used with care. Activ-
ity on one of the fd's which is not properly handled can
cause the terminal to become unusable.
Here is a simple example of using this feature. A con-
nection to a remote TCP port is created using the ztcp
command; see the description of the zsh/net/tcp module in
zshmodules(1). Then a handler is installed which simply
prints out any data which arrives on this connection.
Note that `select' will indicate that the file descriptor
needs handling if the remote side has closed the connec-
tion; we handle that by testing for a failed read.
if ztcp pwspc 2811; then
tcpfd=$REPLY
handler() {
zle -I
local line
if ! read -r line <&$1; then
# select marks this fd if we reach EOF,
# so handle this specially.
print "[Read on fd $1 failed, removing.]" >&2
zle -F $1
return 1
fi
print -r - $line
}
zle -F $tcpfd handler
fi
-I Unusually, this option is most useful outside ordinary
widget functions, though it may be used within if normal
output to the terminal is required. It invalidates the
current zle display in preparation for output; typically
this will be from a trap function. It has no effect if
zle is not active. When a trap exits, the shell checks
to see if the display needs restoring, hence the follow-
ing will print output in such a way as not to disturb the
line being edited:
TRAPUSR1() {
# Invalidate zle display
[[ -o zle ]] && zle -I
# Show output
print Hello
}
In general, the trap function may need to test whether
zle is active before using this method (as shown in the
example), since the zsh/zle module may not even be
loaded; if it is not, the command can be skipped.
It is possible to call `zle -I' several times before con-
trol is returned to the editor; the display will only be
invalidated the first time to minimise disruption.
Note that there are normally better ways of manipulating
the display from within zle widgets; see, for example,
`zle -R' above.
The returned status is zero if zle was invalidated, even
though this may have been by a previous call to `zle -I'
or by a system notification. To test if a zle widget may
be called at this point, execute zle with no arguments
and examine the return status.
widget [ -n num ] [ -Nw ] [ -K keymap ] args ...
Invoke the specified widget. This can only be done when
ZLE is active; normally this will be within a
user-defined widget.
With the options -n and -N, the current numerical argu-
ment will be saved and then restored after the call to
widget; `-n num' sets the numerical argument temporarily
to num, while `-N' sets it to the default, i.e. as if
there were none.
With the option -K, keymap will be used as the current
keymap during the execution of the widget. The previous
keymap will be restored when the widget exits.
Normally, calling a widget in this way does not set the
special parameter WIDGET and related parameters, so that
the environment appears as if the top-level widget called
by the user were still active. With the option -w, WID-
GET and related parameters are set to reflect the widget
being executed by the zle call.
Any further arguments will be passed to the widget; note
that as standard argument handling is performed, any gen-
eral argument list should be preceded by --. If it is a
shell function, these are passed down as positional
parameters; for builtin widgets it is up to the widget in
question what it does with them. Currently arguments are
only handled by the incremental-search commands, the his-
tory-search-forward and -backward and the corresponding
functions prefixed by vi-, and by universal-argument. No
error is flagged if the command does not use the argu-
ments, or only uses some of them.
The return status reflects the success or failure of the
operation carried out by the widget, or if it is a
user-defined widget the return status of the shell func-
tion.
A non-zero return status causes the shell to beep when
the widget exits, unless the BEEP options was unset or
the widget was called via the zle command. Thus if a
user defined widget requires an immediate beep, it should
call the beep widget directly.
WIDGETS
All actions in the editor are performed by `widgets'. A widget's job
is simply to perform some small action. The ZLE commands that key
sequences in keymaps are bound to are in fact widgets. Widgets can be
user-defined or built in.
The standard widgets built in to ZLE are listed in Standard Widgets
below. Other built-in widgets can be defined by other modules (see
zshmodules(1)). Each built-in widget has two names: its normal canoni-
cal name, and the same name preceded by a `.'. The `.' name is spe-
cial: it can't be rebound to a different widget. This makes the widget
available even when its usual name has been redefined.
User-defined widgets are defined using `zle -N', and implemented as
shell functions. When the widget is executed, the corresponding shell
function is executed, and can perform editing (or other) actions. It
is recommended that user-defined widgets should not have names starting
with `.'.
USER-DEFINED WIDGETS
User-defined widgets, being implemented as shell functions, can execute
any normal shell command. They can also run other widgets (whether
built-in or user-defined) using the zle builtin command. The standard
input of the function is closed to prevent external commands from unin-
tentionally blocking ZLE by reading from the terminal, but read -k or
read -q can be used to read characters. Finally, they can examine and
edit the ZLE buffer being edited by reading and setting the special
parameters described below.
These special parameters are always available in widget functions, but
are not in any way special outside ZLE. If they have some normal value
outside ZLE, that value is temporarily inaccessible, but will return
when the widget function exits. These special parameters in fact have
local scope, like parameters created in a function using local.
Inside completion widgets and traps called while ZLE is active, these
parameters are available read-only.
BUFFER (scalar)
The entire contents of the edit buffer. If it is written to,
the cursor remains at the same offset, unless that would put it
outside the buffer.
BUFFERLINES (integer)
The number of screen lines needed for the edit buffer currently
displayed on screen (i.e. without any changes to the preceding
parameters done after the last redisplay); read-only.
CONTEXT (scalar)
The context in which zle was called to read a line; read-only.
One of the values:
start The start of a command line (at prompt PS1).
cont A continuation to a command line (at prompt PS2).
select In a select loop.
vared Editing a variable in vared.
CURSOR (integer)
The offset of the cursor, within the edit buffer. This is in
the range 0 to $#BUFFER, and is by definition equal to
$#LBUFFER. Attempts to move the cursor outside the buffer will
result in the cursor being moved to the appropriate end of the
buffer.
CUTBUFFER (scalar)
The last item to be cut using one of the `kill-' commands; the
string which the next yank would insert in the line. Later
entries in the kill ring are in the array killring. Note that
the command `zle copy-region-as-kill string' can be used to set
the text of the cut buffer from a shell function and cycle the
kill ring in the same way as interactively killing text.
HISTNO (integer)
The current history number. Setting this has the same effect as
moving up or down in the history to the corresponding history
line. An attempt to set it is ignored if the line is not stored
in the history. Note this is not the same as the parameter
HISTCMD, which always gives the number of the history line being
added to the main shell's history. HISTNO refers to the line
being retrieved within zle.
KEYMAP (scalar)
The name of the currently selected keymap; read-only.
KEYS (scalar)
The keys typed to invoke this widget, as a literal string;
read-only.
killring (array)
The array of previously killed items, with the most recently
killed first. This gives the items that would be retrieved by a
yank-pop in the same order. Note, however, that the most
recently killed item is in $CUTBUFFER; $killring shows the array
of previous entries.
The default size for the kill ring is eight, however the length
may be changed by normal array operations. Any empty string in
the kill ring is ignored by the yank-pop command, hence the size
of the array effectively sets the maximum length of the kill
ring, while the number of non-zero strings gives the current
length, both as seen by the user at the command line.
LASTSEARCH (scalar)
The last search string used by an interactive search ;
read-only.
LASTWIDGET (scalar)
The name of the last widget that was executed; read-only.
LBUFFER (scalar)
The part of the buffer that lies to the left of the cursor posi-
tion. If it is assigned to, only that part of the buffer is
replaced, and the cursor remains between the new $LBUFFER and
the old $RBUFFER.
MARK (integer)
Like CURSOR, but for the mark.
NUMERIC (integer)
The numeric argument. If no numeric argument was given, this
parameter is unset. When this is set inside a widget function,
builtin widgets called with the zle builtin command will use the
value assigned. If it is unset inside a widget function, builtin
widgets called behave as if no numeric argument was given.
PENDING (integer)
The number of bytes pending for input, i.e. the number of bytes
which have already been typed and can immediately be read. On
systems where the shell is not able to get this information,
this parameter will always have a value of zero. Read-only.
PREBUFFER (scalar)
In a multi-line input at the secondary prompt, this read-only
parameter contains the contents of the lines before the one the
cursor is currently in.
PREDISPLAY (scalar)
Text to be displayed before the start of the editable text
buffer. This does not have to be a complete line; to display a
complete line, a newline must be appended explicitly. The
text is reset on each new invocation (but not recursive invoca-
tion) of zle.
POSTDISPLAY (scalar)
Text to be displayed after the end of the editable text buffer.
This does not have to be a complete line; to display a complete
line, a newline must be prepended explicitly. The text is reset
on each new invocation (but not recursive invocation) of zle.
RBUFFER (scalar)
The part of the buffer that lies to the right of the cursor
position. If it is assigned to, only that part of the buffer is
replaced, and the cursor remains between the old $LBUFFER and
the new $RBUFFER.
REGION_ACTIVE (integer)
Indicates if the region is currently active. It can be assigned
0 or 1 to deactivate and activate the region respectively; see
Character Highlighting below.
region_highlight (array)
Each element of this array may be set to a string that describes
highlighting for an arbitrary region of the command line that
will take effect the next time the command line is redisplayed.
Highlighting of the non-editable parts of the command line in
PREDISPLAY and POSTDISPLAY are possible, but note that the P
flag is needed for character indexing to include PREDISPLAY.
Each string consists of the following parts:
Optionally, a `P' to signify that the start and end offset that
follow include any string set by the PREDISPLAY special
parameter; this is needed if the predisplay string itself
is to be highlighted. Whitespace may follow the `P'.
A start offset in the same units as CURSOR, terminated by
whitespace.
An end offset in the same units as CURSOR, terminated by
whitespace.
A highlight specification in the same format as
used for the contexts region or special in the parameter
zle_highlight, see Character Highlighting below. Hence
this should be a comma-separated list of any of the words
bold, standout or underline.
For example,
region_highlight=("P0 20 bold")
specifies that the first twenty characters of the text including
any predisplay string should be highlighted in bold.
Note that the effect of region_highlight is not saved and disap-
pears as soon as the line is accepted. The line editor makes no
attempt to keep the highlighting effect synchronised with the
line as it is edited; hence region highlighting is best limited
to static effects within user widgets.
WIDGET (scalar)
The name of the widget currently being executed; read-only.
WIDGETFUNC (scalar)
The name of the shell function that implements a widget defined
with either zle -N or zle -C. In the former case, this is the
second argument to the zle -N command that defined the widget,
or the first argument if there was no second argument. In the
latter case this is the the third argument to the zle -C command
that defined the widget. Read-only.
WIDGETSTYLE (scalar)
Describes the implementation behind the completion widget cur-
rently being executed; the second argument that followed zle -C
when the widget was defined. This is the name of a builtin com-
pletion widget. For widgets defined with zle -N this is set to
the empty string. Read-only.
Special Widgets
There are a few user-defined widgets which are special to the shell.
If they do not exist, no special action is taken. The environment pro-
vided is identical to that for any other editing widget.
zle-line-init
Executed every time the line editor is started to read a new
line of input. The following example puts the line editor into
vi command mode when it starts up.
zle-line-init() { zle -K vicmd; }
zle -N zle-line-init
(The command inside the function sets the keymap directly; it is
equivalent to zle vi-cmd-mode.)
zle-keymap-select
Executed every time the keymap changes, i.e. the special parame-
ter KEYMAP is set to a different value, while the line editor is
active. Initialising the keymap when the line editor starts
does not cause the widget to be called.
The value $KEYMAP within the function reflects the new keymap.
The old keymap is passed as the sole argument.
This can been used for detecting switches between the vi command
(vicmd) and insert (usually main) keymaps.
STANDARD WIDGETS
The following is a list of all the standard widgets, and their default
bindings in emacs mode, vi command mode and vi insert mode (the
`emacs', `vicmd' and `viins' keymaps, respectively).
Note that cursor keys are bound to movement keys in all three keymaps;
the shell assumes that the cursor keys send the key sequences reported
by the terminal-handling library (termcap or terminfo). The key
sequences shown in the list are those based on the VT100, common on
many modern terminals, but in fact these are not necessarily bound. In
the case of the viins keymap, the initial escape character of the
sequences serves also to return to the vicmd keymap: whether this hap-
pens is determined by the KEYTIMEOUT parameter, see zshparam(1).
Movement
vi-backward-blank-word (unbound) (B) (unbound)
Move backward one word, where a word is defined as a series of
non-blank characters.
backward-char (^B ESC-[D) (unbound) (unbound)
Move backward one character.
vi-backward-char (unbound) (^H h ^?) (ESC-[D)
Move backward one character, without changing lines.
backward-word (ESC-B ESC-b) (unbound) (unbound)
Move to the beginning of the previous word.
emacs-backward-word
Move to the beginning of the previous word.
vi-backward-word (unbound) (b) (unbound)
Move to the beginning of the previous word, vi-style.
beginning-of-line (^A) (unbound) (unbound)
Move to the beginning of the line. If already at the beginning
of the line, move to the beginning of the previous line, if any.
vi-beginning-of-line
Move to the beginning of the line, without changing lines.
end-of-line (^E) (unbound) (unbound)
Move to the end of the line. If already at the end of the line,
move to the end of the next line, if any.
vi-end-of-line (unbound) ($) (unbound)
Move to the end of the line. If an argument is given to this
command, the cursor will be moved to the end of the line (argu-
ment - 1) lines down.
vi-forward-blank-word (unbound) (W) (unbound)
Move forward one word, where a word is defined as a series of
non-blank characters.
vi-forward-blank-word-end (unbound) (E) (unbound)
Move to the end of the current word, or, if at the end of the
current word, to the end of the next word, where a word is
defined as a series of non-blank characters.
forward-char (^F ESC-[C) (unbound) (unbound)
Move forward one character.
vi-forward-char (unbound) (space l) (ESC-[C)
Move forward one character.
vi-find-next-char (^X^F) (f) (unbound)
Read a character from the keyboard, and move to the next occur-
rence of it in the line.
vi-find-next-char-skip (unbound) (t) (unbound)
Read a character from the keyboard, and move to the position
just before the next occurrence of it in the line.
vi-find-prev-char (unbound) (F) (unbound)
Read a character from the keyboard, and move to the previous
occurrence of it in the line.
vi-find-prev-char-skip (unbound) (T) (unbound)
Read a character from the keyboard, and move to the position
just after the previous occurrence of it in the line.
vi-first-non-blank (unbound) (^) (unbound)
Move to the first non-blank character in the line.
vi-forward-word (unbound) (w) (unbound)
Move forward one word, vi-style.
forward-word (ESC-F ESC-f) (unbound) (unbound)
Move to the beginning of the next word. The editor's idea of a
word is specified with the WORDCHARS parameter.
emacs-forward-word
Move to the end of the next word.
vi-forward-word-end (unbound) (e) (unbound)
Move to the end of the next word.
vi-goto-column (ESC-|) (|) (unbound)
Move to the column specified by the numeric argument.
vi-goto-mark (unbound) (`) (unbound)
Move to the specified mark.
vi-goto-mark-line (unbound) (') (unbound)
Move to beginning of the line containing the specified mark.
vi-repeat-find (unbound) (;) (unbound)
Repeat the last vi-find command.
vi-rev-repeat-find (unbound) (,) (unbound)
Repeat the last vi-find command in the opposite direction.
History Control
beginning-of-buffer-or-history (ESC-<) (unbound) (unbound)
Move to the beginning of the buffer, or if already there, move
to the first event in the history list.
beginning-of-line-hist
Move to the beginning of the line. If already at the beginning
of the buffer, move to the previous history line.
beginning-of-history
Move to the first event in the history list.
down-line-or-history (^N ESC-[B) (j) (ESC-[B)
Move down a line in the buffer, or if already at the bottom
line, move to the next event in the history list.
vi-down-line-or-history (unbound) (+) (unbound)
Move down a line in the buffer, or if already at the bottom
line, move to the next event in the history list. Then move to
the first non-blank character on the line.
down-line-or-search
Move down a line in the buffer, or if already at the bottom
line, search forward in the history for a line beginning with
the first word in the buffer.
If called from a function by the zle command with arguments, the
first argument is taken as the string for which to search,
rather than the first word in the buffer.
down-history (unbound) (^N) (unbound)
Move to the next event in the history list.
history-beginning-search-backward
Search backward in the history for a line beginning with the
current line up to the cursor. This leaves the cursor in its
original position.
end-of-buffer-or-history (ESC->) (unbound) (unbound)
Move to the end of the buffer, or if already there, move to the
last event in the history list.
end-of-line-hist
Move to the end of the line. If already at the end of the
buffer, move to the next history line.
end-of-history
Move to the last event in the history list.
vi-fetch-history (unbound) (G) (unbound)
Fetch the history line specified by the numeric argument. This
defaults to the current history line (i.e. the one that isn't
history yet).
history-incremental-search-backward (^R ^Xr) (unbound) (unbound)
Search backward incrementally for a specified string. The
search is case-insensitive if the search string does not have
uppercase letters and no numeric argument was given. The string
may begin with `^' to anchor the search to the beginning of the
line.
A restricted set of editing functions is available in the
mini-buffer. An interrupt signal, as defined by the stty set-
ting, will stop the search and go back to the original line. An
undefined key will have the same effect. The supported functions
are:
accept-and-hold
accept-and-infer-next-history
accept-line
accept-line-and-down-history
Perform the usual function after exiting incremental
search. The command line displayed is executed.
backward-delete-char
vi-backward-delete-char
Back up one place in the search history. If the search
has been repeated this does not immediately erase a char-
acter in the minibuffer.
backward-delete-word
backward-kill-word
vi-backward-kill-word
Back up one character in the minibuffer; if multiple
searches have been performed since the character was
inserted the search history is rewound to the point just
before the character was entered. Hence this has the
effect of repeating backward-delete-char.
clear-screen
Clear the screen, remaining in incremental search mode.
history-incremental-search-backward
Find the next occurrence of the contents of the
mini-buffer.
history-incremental-search-forward
Invert the sense of the search.
magic-space
Inserts a non-magical space.
quoted-insert
vi-quoted-insert
Quote the character to insert into the minibuffer.
redisplay
Redisplay the command line, remaining in incremental
search mode.
vi-cmd-mode
Toggle between the `main' and `vicmd' keymaps; the `main'
keymap (insert mode) will be selected initially.
vi-repeat-search
vi-rev-repeat-search
Repeat the search. The direction of the search is indi-
cated in the mini-buffer.
Any multi-character string that is not bound to one of the above
functions will beep and interrupt the search, leaving the last
found line in the buffer. Any single character that is not bound
to one of the above functions, or self-insert or
self-insert-unmeta, will have the same effect but the function
will be executed.
When called from a widget function by the zle command, the
incremental search commands can take a string argument. This
will be treated as a string of keys, as for arguments to the
bindkey command, and used as initial input for the command. Any
characters in the string which are unused by the incremental
search will be silently ignored. For example,
zle history-incremental-search-backward forceps
will search backwards for forceps, leaving the minibuffer con-
taining the string `forceps'.
history-incremental-search-forward (^S ^Xs) (unbound) (unbound)
Search forward incrementally for a specified string. The search
is case-insensitive if the search string does not have uppercase
letters and no numeric argument was given. The string may begin
with `^' to anchor the search to the beginning of the line. The
functions available in the mini-buffer are the same as for his-
tory-incremental-search-backward.
history-incremental-pattern-search-backward
history-incremental-pattern-search-forward
These widgets behave similarly to the corresponding widgets with
no -pattern, but the search string typed by the user is treated
as a pattern, respecting the current settings of the various
options affecting pattern matching. See FILENAME GENERATION in
zshexpn(1) for a description of patterns. If no numeric argu-
ment was given lowercase letters in the search string may match
uppercase letters in the history. The string may begin with `^'
to anchor the search to the beginning of the line.
The prompt changes to indicate an invalid pattern; this may sim-
ply indicate the pattern is not yet complete.
Note that only non-overlapping matches are reported, so an
expression with wildcards may return fewer matches on a line
than are visible by inspection.
history-search-backward (ESC-P ESC-p) (unbound) (unbound)
Search backward in the history for a line beginning with the
first word in the buffer.
If called from a function by the zle command with arguments, the
first argument is taken as the string for which to search,
rather than the first word in the buffer.
vi-history-search-backward (unbound) (/) (unbound)
Search backward in the history for a specified string. The
string may begin with `^' to anchor the search to the beginning
of the line.
A restricted set of editing functions is available in the
mini-buffer. An interrupt signal, as defined by the stty set-
ting, will stop the search. The functions available in the
mini-buffer are: accept-line, backward-delete-char, vi-back-
ward-delete-char, backward-kill-word, vi-backward-kill-word,
clear-screen, redisplay, quoted-insert and vi-quoted-insert.
vi-cmd-mode is treated the same as accept-line, and magic-space
is treated as a space. Any other character that is not bound to
self-insert or self-insert-unmeta will beep and be ignored. If
the function is called from vi command mode, the bindings of the
current insert mode will be used.
If called from a function by the zle command with arguments, the
first argument is taken as the string for which to search,
rather than the first word in the buffer.
history-search-forward (ESC-N ESC-n) (unbound) (unbound)
Search forward in the history for a line beginning with the
first word in the buffer.
If called from a function by the zle command with arguments, the
first argument is taken as the string for which to search,
rather than the first word in the buffer.
vi-history-search-forward (unbound) (?) (unbound)
Search forward in the history for a specified string. The
string may begin with `^' to anchor the search to the beginning
of the line. The functions available in the mini-buffer are the
same as for vi-history-search-backward. Argument handling is
also the same as for that command.
infer-next-history (^X^N) (unbound) (unbound)
Search in the history list for a line matching the current one
and fetch the event following it.
insert-last-word (ESC-_ ESC-.) (unbound) (unbound)
Insert the last word from the previous history event at the cur-
sor position. If a positive numeric argument is given, insert
that word from the end of the previous history event. If the
argument is zero or negative insert that word from the left
(zero inserts the previous command word). Repeating this com-
mand replaces the word just inserted with the last word from the
history event prior to the one just used; numeric arguments can
be used in the same way to pick a word from that event.
When called from a shell function invoked from a user-defined
widget, the command can take one to three arguments. The first
argument specifies a history offset which applies to successive
calls to this widget: if is -1, the default behaviour is used,
while if it is 1, successive calls will move forwards through
the history. The value 0 can be used to indicate that the his-
tory line examined by the previous execution of the command will
be reexamined. Note that negative numbers should be preceded
with a `--' argument to avoid confusing them with options.
If two arguments are given, the second specifies the word on the
command line in normal array index notation (as a more natural
alternative to the prefix argument). Hence 1 is the first word,
and -1 (the default) is the last word.
If a third argument is given, its value is ignored, but it is
used to signify that the history offset is relative to the cur-
rent history line, rather than the one remembered after the pre-
vious invocations of insert-last-word.
For example, the default behaviour of the command corresponds to
zle insert-last-word -- -1 -1
while the command
zle insert-last-word -- -1 1 -
always copies the first word of the line in the history immedi-
ately before the line being edited. This has the side effect
that later invocations of the widget will be relative to that
line.
vi-repeat-search (unbound) (n) (unbound)
Repeat the last vi history search.
vi-rev-repeat-search (unbound) (N) (unbound)
Repeat the last vi history search, but in reverse.
up-line-or-history (^P ESC-[A) (k) (ESC-[A)
Move up a line in the buffer, or if already at the top line,
move to the previous event in the history list.
vi-up-line-or-history (unbound) (-) (unbound)
Move up a line in the buffer, or if already at the top line,
move to the previous event in the history list. Then move to
the first non-blank character on the line.
up-line-or-search
Move up a line in the buffer, or if already at the top line,
search backward in the history for a line beginning with the
first word in the buffer.
If called from a function by the zle command with arguments, the
first argument is taken as the string for which to search,
rather than the first word in the buffer.
up-history (unbound) (^P) (unbound)
Move to the previous event in the history list.
history-beginning-search-forward
Search forward in the history for a line beginning with the cur-
rent line up to the cursor. This leaves the cursor in its orig-
inal position.
Modifying Text
vi-add-eol (unbound) (A) (unbound)
Move to the end of the line and enter insert mode.
vi-add-next (unbound) (a) (unbound)
Enter insert mode after the current cursor position, without
changing lines.
backward-delete-char (^H ^?) (unbound) (unbound)
Delete the character behind the cursor.
vi-backward-delete-char (unbound) (X) (^H)
Delete the character behind the cursor, without changing lines.
If in insert mode, this won't delete past the point where insert
mode was last entered.
backward-delete-word
Delete the word behind the cursor.
backward-kill-line
Kill from the beginning of the line to the cursor position.
backward-kill-word (^W ESC-^H ESC-^?) (unbound) (unbound)
Kill the word behind the cursor.
vi-backward-kill-word (unbound) (unbound) (^W)
Kill the word behind the cursor, without going past the point
where insert mode was last entered.
capitalize-word (ESC-C ESC-c) (unbound) (unbound)
Capitalize the current word and move past it.
vi-change (unbound) (c) (unbound)
Read a movement command from the keyboard, and kill from the
cursor position to the endpoint of the movement. Then enter
insert mode. If the command is vi-change, change the current
line.
vi-change-eol (unbound) (C) (unbound)
Kill to the end of the line and enter insert mode.
vi-change-whole-line (unbound) (S) (unbound)
Kill the current line and enter insert mode.
copy-region-as-kill (ESC-W ESC-w) (unbound) (unbound)
Copy the area from the cursor to the mark to the kill buffer.
If called from a ZLE widget function in the form `zle
copy-region-as-kill string' then string will be taken as the
text to copy to the kill buffer. The cursor, the mark and the
text on the command line are not used in this case.
copy-prev-word (ESC-^_) (unbound) (unbound)
Duplicate the word to the left of the cursor.
copy-prev-shell-word
Like copy-prev-word, but the word is found by using shell pars-
ing, whereas copy-prev-word looks for blanks. This makes a dif-
ference when the word is quoted and contains spaces.
vi-delete (unbound) (d) (unbound)
Read a movement command from the keyboard, and kill from the
cursor position to the endpoint of the movement. If the command
is vi-delete, kill the current line.
delete-char
Delete the character under the cursor.
vi-delete-char (unbound) (x) (unbound)
Delete the character under the cursor, without going past the
end of the line.
delete-word
Delete the current word.
down-case-word (ESC-L ESC-l) (unbound) (unbound)
Convert the current word to all lowercase and move past it.
kill-word (ESC-D ESC-d) (unbound) (unbound)
Kill the current word.
gosmacs-transpose-chars
Exchange the two characters behind the cursor.
vi-indent (unbound) (>) (unbound)
Indent a number of lines.
vi-insert (unbound) (i) (unbound)
Enter insert mode.
vi-insert-bol (unbound) (I) (unbound)
Move to the first non-blank character on the line and enter
insert mode.
vi-join (^X^J) (J) (unbound)
Join the current line with the next one.
kill-line (^K) (unbound) (unbound)
Kill from the cursor to the end of the line. If already on the
end of the line, kill the newline character.
vi-kill-line (unbound) (unbound) (^U)
Kill from the cursor back to wherever insert mode was last
entered.
vi-kill-eol (unbound) (D) (unbound)
Kill from the cursor to the end of the line.
kill-region
Kill from the cursor to the mark.
kill-buffer (^X^K) (unbound) (unbound)
Kill the entire buffer.
kill-whole-line (^U) (unbound) (unbound)
Kill the current line.
vi-match-bracket (^X^B) (%) (unbound)
Move to the bracket character (one of {}, () or []) that matches
the one under the cursor. If the cursor is not on a bracket
character, move forward without going past the end of the line
to find one, and then go to the matching bracket.
vi-open-line-above (unbound) (O) (unbound)
Open a line above the cursor and enter insert mode.
vi-open-line-below (unbound) (o) (unbound)
Open a line below the cursor and enter insert mode.
vi-oper-swap-case
Read a movement command from the keyboard, and swap the case of
all characters from the cursor position to the endpoint of the
movement. If the movement command is vi-oper-swap-case, swap
the case of all characters on the current line.
overwrite-mode (^X^O) (unbound) (unbound)
Toggle between overwrite mode and insert mode.
vi-put-before (unbound) (P) (unbound)
Insert the contents of the kill buffer before the cursor. If
the kill buffer contains a sequence of lines (as opposed to
characters), paste it above the current line.
vi-put-after (unbound) (p) (unbound)
Insert the contents of the kill buffer after the cursor. If the
kill buffer contains a sequence of lines (as opposed to charac-
ters), paste it below the current line.
quoted-insert (^V) (unbound) (unbound)
Insert the next character typed into the buffer literally. An
interrupt character will not be inserted.
vi-quoted-insert (unbound) (unbound) (^Q ^V)
Display a `^' at the cursor position, and insert the next char-
acter typed into the buffer literally. An interrupt character
will not be inserted.
quote-line (ESC-') (unbound) (unbound)
Quote the current line; that is, put a `'' character at the
beginning and the end, and convert all `'' characters to `'\'''.
quote-region (ESC-") (unbound) (unbound)
Quote the region from the cursor to the mark.
vi-replace (unbound) (R) (unbound)
Enter overwrite mode.
vi-repeat-change (unbound) (.) (unbound)
Repeat the last vi mode text modification. If a count was used
with the modification, it is remembered. If a count is given to
this command, it overrides the remembered count, and is remem-
bered for future uses of this command. The cut buffer specifi-
cation is similarly remembered.
vi-replace-chars (unbound) (r) (unbound)
Replace the character under the cursor with a character read
from the keyboard.
self-insert (printable characters) (unbound) (printable characters and
some control characters)
Insert a character into the buffer at the cursor position.
self-insert-unmeta (ESC-^I ESC-^J ESC-^M) (unbound) (unbound)
Insert a character into the buffer after stripping the meta bit
and converting ^M to ^J.
vi-substitute (unbound) (s) (unbound)
Substitute the next character(s).
vi-swap-case (unbound) (~) (unbound)
Swap the case of the character under the cursor and move past
it.
transpose-chars (^T) (unbound) (unbound)
Exchange the two characters to the left of the cursor if at end
of line, else exchange the character under the cursor with the
character to the left.
transpose-words (ESC-T ESC-t) (unbound) (unbound)
Exchange the current word with the one before it.
vi-unindent (unbound) (<) (unbound)
Unindent a number of lines.
up-case-word (ESC-U ESC-u) (unbound) (unbound)
Convert the current word to all caps and move past it.
yank (^Y) (unbound) (unbound)
Insert the contents of the kill buffer at the cursor position.
yank-pop (ESC-y) (unbound) (unbound)
Remove the text just yanked, rotate the kill-ring (the history
of previously killed text) and yank the new top. Only works
following yank or yank-pop.
vi-yank (unbound) (y) (unbound)
Read a movement command from the keyboard, and copy the region
from the cursor position to the endpoint of the movement into
the kill buffer. If the command is vi-yank, copy the current
line.
vi-yank-whole-line (unbound) (Y) (unbound)
Copy the current line into the kill buffer.
vi-yank-eol
Copy the region from the cursor position to the end of the line
into the kill buffer. Arguably, this is what Y should do in vi,
but it isn't what it actually does.
Arguments
digit-argument (ESC-0..ESC-9) (1-9) (unbound)
Start a new numeric argument, or add to the current one. See
also vi-digit-or-beginning-of-line. This only works if bound to
a key sequence ending in a decimal digit.
Inside a widget function, a call to this function treats the
last key of the key sequence which called the widget as the
digit.
neg-argument (ESC--) (unbound) (unbound)
Changes the sign of the following argument.
universal-argument
Multiply the argument of the next command by 4. Alternatively,
if this command is followed by an integer (positive or nega-
tive), use that as the argument for the next command. Thus dig-
its cannot be repeated using this command. For example, if this
command occurs twice, followed immediately by forward-char, move
forward sixteen spaces; if instead it is followed by -2, then
forward-char, move backward two spaces.
Inside a widget function, if passed an argument, i.e. `zle uni-
versal-argument num', the numerical argument will be set to num;
this is equivalent to `NUMERIC=num'.
argument-base
Use the existing numeric argument as a numeric base, which must
be in the range 2 to 36 inclusive. Subsequent use of
digit-argument and universal-argument will input a new prefix in
the given base. The usual hexadecimal convention is used: the
letter a or A corresponds to 10, and so on. Arguments in bases
requiring digits from 10 upwards are more conveniently input
with universal-argument, since ESC-a etc. are not usually bound
to digit-argument.
The function can be used with a command argument inside a
user-defined widget. The following code sets the base to 16 and
lets the user input a hexadecimal argument until a key out of
the digit range is typed:
zle argument-base 16
zle universal-argument
Completion
accept-and-menu-complete
In a menu completion, insert the current completion into the
buffer, and advance to the next possible completion.
complete-word
Attempt completion on the current word.
delete-char-or-list (^D) (unbound) (unbound)
Delete the character under the cursor. If the cursor is at the
end of the line, list possible completions for the current word.
expand-cmd-path
Expand the current command to its full pathname.
expand-or-complete (TAB) (unbound) (TAB)
Attempt shell expansion on the current word. If that fails,
attempt completion.
expand-or-complete-prefix
Attempt shell expansion on the current word up to cursor.
expand-history (ESC-space ESC-!) (unbound) (unbound)
Perform history expansion on the edit buffer.
expand-word (^X*) (unbound) (unbound)
Attempt shell expansion on the current word.
list-choices (ESC-^D) (^D =) (^D)
List possible completions for the current word.
list-expand (^Xg ^XG) (^G) (^G)
List the expansion of the current word.
magic-space
Perform history expansion and insert a space into the buffer.
This is intended to be bound to space.
menu-complete
Like complete-word, except that menu completion is used. See
the MENU_COMPLETE option.
menu-expand-or-complete
Like expand-or-complete, except that menu completion is used.
reverse-menu-complete
Perform menu completion, like menu-complete, except that if a
menu completion is already in progress, move to the previous
completion rather than the next.
end-of-list
When a previous completion displayed a list below the prompt,
this widget can be used to move the prompt below the list.
Miscellaneous
accept-and-hold (ESC-A ESC-a) (unbound) (unbound)
Push the contents of the buffer on the buffer stack and execute
it.
accept-and-infer-next-history
Execute the contents of the buffer. Then search the history
list for a line matching the current one and push the event fol-
lowing onto the buffer stack.
accept-line (^J ^M) (^J ^M) (^J ^M)
Finish editing the buffer. Normally this causes the buffer to
be executed as a shell command.
accept-line-and-down-history (^O) (unbound) (unbound)
Execute the current line, and push the next history event on the
the buffer stack.
auto-suffix-remove
If the previous action added a suffix (space, slash, etc.) to
the word on the command line, remove it. Otherwise do nothing.
Removing the suffix ends any active menu completion or menu
selection.
This widget is intended to be called from user-defined widgets
to enforce a desired suffix-removal behavior.
auto-suffix-retain
If the previous action added a suffix (space, slash, etc.) to
the word on the command line, force it to be preserved. Other-
wise do nothing. Retaining the suffix ends any active menu com-
pletion or menu selection.
This widget is intended to be called from user-defined widgets
to enforce a desired suffix-preservation behavior.
beep Beep, unless the BEEP option is unset.
vi-cmd-mode (^X^V) (unbound) (^[)
Enter command mode; that is, select the `vicmd' keymap. Yes,
this is bound by default in emacs mode.
vi-caps-lock-panic
Hang until any lowercase key is pressed. This is for vi users
without the mental capacity to keep track of their caps lock key
(like the author).
clear-screen (^L ESC-^L) (^L) (^L)
Clear the screen and redraw the prompt.
describe-key-briefly
Reads a key sequence, then prints the function bound to that
sequence.
exchange-point-and-mark (^X^X) (unbound) (unbound)
Exchange the cursor position (point) with the position of the
mark. Unless a negative prefix argument is given, the region
between point and mark is activated so that it can be high-
lighted. If a zero prefix argument is given, the region is
activated but point and mark are not swapped.
execute-named-cmd (ESC-x) (unbound) (unbound)
Read the name of an editor command and execute it. A restricted
set of editing functions is available in the mini-buffer. An
interrupt signal, as defined by the stty setting, will abort the
function. The allowed functions are: backward-delete-char,
vi-backward-delete-char, clear-screen, redisplay, quoted-insert,
vi-quoted-insert, backward-kill-word, vi-backward-kill-word,
kill-whole-line, vi-kill-line, backward-kill-line, list-choices,
delete-char-or-list, complete-word, accept-line, expand-or-com-
plete and expand-or-complete-prefix.
kill-region kills the last word, and vi-cmd-mode is treated the
same as accept-line. The space and tab characters, if not bound
to one of these functions, will complete the name and then list
the possibilities if the AUTO_LIST option is set. Any other
character that is not bound to self-insert or self-insert-unmeta
will beep and be ignored. The bindings of the current insert
mode will be used.
Currently this command may not be redefined or called by name.
execute-last-named-cmd (ESC-z) (unbound) (unbound)
Redo the last function executed with execute-named-cmd.
Currently this command may not be redefined or called by name.
get-line (ESC-G ESC-g) (unbound) (unbound)
Pop the top line off the buffer stack and insert it at the cur-
sor position.
pound-insert (unbound) (#) (unbound)
If there is no # character at the beginning of the buffer, add
one to the beginning of each line. If there is one, remove a #
from each line that has one. In either case, accept the current
line. The INTERACTIVE_COMMENTS option must be set for this to
have any usefulness.
vi-pound-insert
If there is no # character at the beginning of the current line,
add one. If there is one, remove it. The INTERACTIVE_COMMENTS
option must be set for this to have any usefulness.
push-input
Push the entire current multiline construct onto the buffer
stack and return to the top-level (PS1) prompt. If the current
parser construct is only a single line, this is exactly like
push-line. Next time the editor starts up or is popped with
get-line, the construct will be popped off the top of the buffer
stack and loaded into the editing buffer.
push-line (^Q ESC-Q ESC-q) (unbound) (unbound)
Push the current buffer onto the buffer stack and clear the
buffer. Next time the editor starts up, the buffer will be
popped off the top of the buffer stack and loaded into the edit-
ing buffer.
push-line-or-edit
At the top-level (PS1) prompt, equivalent to push-line. At a
secondary (PS2) prompt, move the entire current multiline con-
struct into the editor buffer. The latter is equivalent to
push-input followed by get-line.
read-command
Only useful from a user-defined widget. A keystroke is read
just as in normal operation, but instead of the command being
executed the name of the command that would be executed is
stored in the shell parameter REPLY. This can be used as the
argument of a future zle command. If the key sequence is not
bound, status 1 is returned; typically, however, REPLY is set to
undefined-key to indicate a useless key sequence.
recursive-edit
Only useful from a user-defined widget. At this point in the
function, the editor regains control until one of the standard
widgets which would normally cause zle to exit (typically an
accept-line caused by hitting the return key) is executed.
Instead, control returns to the user-defined widget. The status
returned is non-zero if the return was caused by an error, but
the function still continues executing and hence may tidy up.
This makes it safe for the user-defined widget to alter the com-
mand line or key bindings temporarily.
The following widget, caps-lock, serves as an example.
self-insert-ucase() {
LBUFFER+=${(U)KEYS[-1]}
}
integer stat
zle -N self-insert self-insert-ucase
zle -A caps-lock save-caps-lock
zle -A accept-line caps-lock
zle recursive-edit
stat=$?
zle -A .self-insert self-insert
zle -A save-caps-lock caps-lock
zle -D save-caps-lock
(( stat )) && zle send-break
return $stat
This causes typed letters to be inserted capitalised until
either accept-line (i.e. typically the return key) is typed or
the caps-lock widget is invoked again; the later is handled by
saving the old definition of caps-lock as save-caps-lock and
then rebinding it to invoke accept-line. Note that an error
from the recursive edit is detected as a non-zero return status
and propagated by using the send-break widget.
redisplay (unbound) (^R) (^R)
Redisplays the edit buffer.
reset-prompt (unbound) (unbound) (unbound)
Force the prompts on both the left and right of the screen to be
re-expanded, then redisplay the edit buffer. This reflects
changes both to the prompt variables themselves and changes in
the expansion of the values (for example, changes in time or
directory, or changes to the value of variables referred to by
the prompt).
Otherwise, the prompt is only expanded each time zle starts, and
when the display as been interrupted by output from another part
of the shell (such as a job notification) which causes the com-
mand line to be reprinted.
send-break (^G ESC-^G) (unbound) (unbound)
Abort the current editor function, e.g. execute-named-command,
or the editor itself, e.g. if you are in vared. Otherwise abort
the parsing of the current line.
run-help (ESC-H ESC-h) (unbound) (unbound)
Push the buffer onto the buffer stack, and execute the command
`run-help cmd', where cmd is the current command. run-help is
normally aliased to man.
vi-set-buffer (unbound) (") (unbound)
Specify a buffer to be used in the following command. There are
35 buffers that can be specified: the 26 `named' buffers "a to
"z and the nine `queued' buffers "1 to "9. The named buffers
can also be specified as "A to "Z.
When a buffer is specified for a cut command, the text being cut
replaces the previous contents of the specified buffer. If a
named buffer is specified using a capital, the newly cut text is
appended to the buffer instead of overwriting it.
If no buffer is specified for a cut command, "1 is used, and the
contents of "1 to "8 are each shifted along one buffer; the con-
tents of "9 is lost.
vi-set-mark (unbound) (m) (unbound)
Set the specified mark at the cursor position.
set-mark-command (^@) (unbound) (unbound)
Set the mark at the cursor position. If called with a negative
prefix argument, do not set the mark but deactivate the region
so that it is no longer highlighted (it is still usable for
other purposes). Otherwise the region is marked as active.
spell-word (ESC-$ ESC-S ESC-s) (unbound) (unbound)
Attempt spelling correction on the current word.
undefined-key
This command is executed when a key sequence that is not bound
to any command is typed. By default it beeps.
undo (^_ ^Xu ^X^U) (unbound) (unbound)
Incrementally undo the last text modification.
redo Incrementally redo undone text modifications.
vi-undo-change (unbound) (u) (unbound)
Undo the last text modification. If repeated, redo the modifi-
cation.
what-cursor-position (^X=) (unbound) (unbound)
Print the character under the cursor, its code as an octal, dec-
imal and hexadecimal number, the current cursor position within
the buffer and the column of the cursor in the current line.
where-is
Read the name of an editor command and and print the listing of
key sequences that invoke the specified command.
which-command (ESC-?) (unbound) (unbound)
Push the buffer onto the buffer stack, and execute the command
`which-command cmd'. where cmd is the current command.
which-command is normally aliased to whence.
vi-digit-or-beginning-of-line (unbound) (0) (unbound)
If the last command executed was a digit as part of an argument,
continue the argument. Otherwise, execute vi-beginning-of-line.
CHARACTER HIGHLIGHTING
The line editor has the ability to highlight characters or regions of
the line that have a particular significance. This is controlled by
the array parameter zle_highlight, if it has been set by the user.
If the parameter contains the single entry none all highlighting is
turned off. Note the parameter is still expected to be an array.
Otherwise each entry of the array should consist of a word indicating a
context for highlighting, then a colon, then a comma-separated list of
the types of highlighting to apply in that context.
The contexts available for highlighting are the following:
default
Any text within the command line not affected by any other high-
lighting. Text outside the editable area of the command line is
not affected.
isearch
When one of the incremental history search widgets is active,
the area of the command line matched by the search string or
pattern.
region The region between the cursor (point) and the mark as set with
set-mark-command. The region is only highlighted if it is
active, which is the case if set-mark-command or
exchange-point-and-mark has been called and the line has not
been subsequently modified. The region can be deactivated by
calling set-mark-command with a negative prefix argument, or
reactivated by calling exchange-point-and-mark with a zero pre-
fix argument. Note that whether or not the region is active has
no effect on its use within widgets, it simply determines
whether it is highlighted.
special
Individual characters that have no direct printable representa-
tion but are shown in a special manner by the line editor.
These characters are described below.
zle_highlight may contain additional fields for controlling how termi-
nal sequences to change colours are output. Each of the following is
followed by a colon and a string in the same form as for key bindings.
This will not be necessary for the vast majority of terminals as the
defaults shown in parentheses are widely used.
fg_start_code (\e[3)
The start of the escape sequence for the foreground colour.
This is followed by an ASCII digit representing the colour.
fg_default_code (9)
The number to use instead of the colour to reset the default
foreground colour.
fg_end_code (m)
The end of the escape sequence for the foreground colour.
bg_start_code (\e[4)
The start of the escape sequence for the background colour.
This is followed by an ASCII digit representing the colour.
bg_default_code (9)
The number to use instead of the colour to reset the default
background colour.
bg_end_code (m)
The end of the escape sequence for the background colour.
The available types of highlighting are the following. Note that not
all types of highlighting are available on all terminals:
none No highlighting is applied to the given context. It is not use-
ful for this to appear with other types of highlighting; it is
used to override a default.
fg=colour
The foreground colour should be set to colour, a decimal integer
or the name of one of the eight most widely-supported colours.
Not all terminals support this and, of those that do, not all
provide facilities to test the support, hence the user should
decide based on the terminal type. Most terminals support the
colours black, red, green, yellow, blue, magenta, cyan and
white, which can be set by name. In addition. default may be
used to set the terminal's default foreground colour. Abbrevia-
tions are allowed; b or bl selects black. Some terminals may
generate additional colours if the bold attribute is also
present.
On recent terminals and on systems with an up-to-date terminal
database the number of colours supported may be tested by the
command `echotc Co'; if this succeeds, it indicates a limit on
the number of colours which will be enforced by the line editor.
The number of colours is in any case limited to 256 (i.e. the
range 0 to 255).
Colour is also known as color.
bg=colour
The background colour should be set to colour. This works simi-
larly to the foreground colour, except the background is not
usually affected by the bold attribute.
bold The characters in the given context are shown in a bold font.
standout
The characters in the given context are shown in the terminal's
standout mode. The actual effect is specific to the terminal;
on many terminals it is inverse video. On some such terminals,
where the cursor does not blink it appears with standout mode
negated, making it less than clear where the cursor actually is.
On such terminals one of the other effects may be preferable for
highlighting the region and matched search string.
underline
The characters in the given context are shown underlined. Some
terminals show the foreground in a different colour instead; in
this case whitespace will not be highlighted.
The characters described above as `special' are as follows. The for-
matting described here is used irrespective of whether the characters
are highlighted:
ASCII control characters
Control characters in the ASCII range are shown as `^' followed
by the base character.
Unprintable multibyte characters
This item applies to control characters not in the ASCII range,
plus other characters as follows. If the MULTIBYTE option is in
effect, multibyte characters not in the ASCII character set that
are reported as having zero width are treated as combining char-
acters when the option COMBINING_CHARS is on. If the option is
off, or if a character appears where a combining character is
not valid, the character is treated as unprintable.
Unprintable multibyte characters are shown as a hexadecimal num-
ber between angle brackets. The number is the code point of the
character in the wide character set; this may or may not be Uni-
code, depending on the operating system.
If zle_highlight is not set or no value applies to a particular con-
text, the defaults applied are equivalent to
zle_highlight=(region:standout special:standout
isearch:underline)
i.e. both the region and special characters are shown in standout mode.
Within widgets, arbitrary regions may be highlighted by setting the
special array parameter region_highlight; see above.
ZSHCOMPWID(1) ZSHCOMPWID(1)
NAME
zshcompwid - zsh completion widgets
DESCRIPTION
The shell's programmable completion mechanism can be manipulated in two
ways; here the low-level features supporting the newer, function-based
mechanism are defined. A complete set of shell functions based on
these features is described in zshcompsys(1), and users with no inter-
est in adding to that system (or, potentially, writing their own -- see
dictionary entry for `hubris') should skip the current section. The
older system based on the compctl builtin command is described in zsh-
compctl(1).
Completion widgets are defined by the -C option to the zle builtin com-
mand provided by the zsh/zle module (see zshzle(1)). For example,
zle -C complete expand-or-complete completer
defines a widget named `complete'. The second argument is the name of
any of the builtin widgets that handle completions: complete-word,
expand-or-complete, expand-or-complete-prefix, menu-complete,
menu-expand-or-complete, reverse-menu-complete, list-choices, or
delete-char-or-list. Note that this will still work even if the widget
in question has been re-bound.
When this newly defined widget is bound to a key using the bindkey
builtin command defined in the zsh/zle module (see zshzle(1)), typing
that key will call the shell function `completer'. This function is
responsible for generating the possible matches using the builtins
described below. As with other ZLE widgets, the function is called
with its standard input closed.
Once the function returns, the completion code takes over control again
and treats the matches in the same manner as the specified builtin wid-
get, in this case expand-or-complete.
COMPLETION SPECIAL PARAMETERS
Inside completion widgets, and any functions called from them, some
parameters have special meaning; outside these functions they are not
special to the shell in any way. These parameters are used to pass
information between the completion code and the completion widget. Some
of the builtin commands and the condition codes use or change the cur-
rent values of these parameters. Any existing values will be hidden
during execution of completion widgets; except for compstate, the
parameters are reset on each function exit (including nested function
calls from within the completion widget) to the values they had when
the function was entered.
CURRENT
This is the number of the current word, i.e. the word the cursor
is currently on in the words array. Note that this value is
only correct if the ksharrays option is not set.
IPREFIX
Initially this will be set to the empty string. This parameter
functions like PREFIX; it contains a string which precedes the
one in PREFIX and is not considered part of the list of matches.
Typically, a string is transferred from the beginning of PREFIX
to the end of IPREFIX, for example:
IPREFIX=${PREFIX%%\=*}=
PREFIX=${PREFIX#*=}
causes the part of the prefix up to and including the first
equal sign not to be treated as part of a matched string. This
can be done automatically by the compset builtin, see below.
ISUFFIX
As IPREFIX, but for a suffix that should not be considered part
of the matches; note that the ISUFFIX string follows the SUFFIX
string.
PREFIX Initially this will be set to the part of the current word from
the beginning of the word up to the position of the cursor; it
may be altered to give a common prefix for all matches.
QIPREFIX
This parameter is read-only and contains the quoted string up to
the word being completed. E.g. when completing `"foo', this
parameter contains the double quote. If the -q option of compset
is used (see below), and the original string was `"foo bar' with
the cursor on the `bar', this parameter contains `"foo '.
QISUFFIX
Like QIPREFIX, but containing the suffix.
SUFFIX Initially this will be set to the part of the current word from
the cursor position to the end; it may be altered to give a com-
mon suffix for all matches. It is most useful when the option
COMPLETE_IN_WORD is set, as otherwise the whole word on the com-
mand line is treated as a prefix.
compstate
This is an associative array with various keys and values that
the completion code uses to exchange information with the com-
pletion widget. The keys are:
all_quotes
The -q option of the compset builtin command (see below)
allows a quoted string to be broken into separate words;
if the cursor is on one of those words, that word will be
completed, possibly invoking `compset -q' recursively.
With this key it is possible to test the types of quoted
strings which are currently broken into parts in this
fashion. Its value contains one character for each quot-
ing level. The characters are a single quote or a double
quote for strings quoted with these characters, a dollars
sign for strings quoted with $'...' and a backslash for
strings not starting with a quote character. The first
character in the value always corresponds to the inner-
most quoting level.
context
This will be set by the completion code to the overall
context in which completion is attempted. Possible values
are:
array_value
when completing inside the value of an array
parameter assignment; in this case the words array
contains the words inside the parentheses.
brace_parameter
when completing the name of a parameter in a
parameter expansion beginning with ${.
assign_parameter
when completing the name of a parameter in a
parameter assignment.
command
when completing for a normal command (either in
command position or for an argument of the com-
mand).
condition
when completing inside a `[[...]]' conditional
expression; in this case the words array contains
only the words inside the conditional expression.
math when completing in a mathematical environment such
as a `((...))' construct.
parameter
when completing the name of a parameter in a
parameter expansion beginning with $ but not ${.
redirect
when completing after a redirection operator.
subscript
when completing inside a parameter subscript.
value when completing the value of a parameter assign-
ment.
exact Controls the behaviour when the REC_EXACT option is set.
It will be set to accept if an exact match would be
accepted, and will be unset otherwise.
If it was set when at least one match equal to the string
on the line was generated, the match is accepted.
exact_string
The string of an exact match if one was found, otherwise
unset.
ignored
The number of words that were ignored because they
matched one of the patterns given with the -F option to
the compadd builtin command.
insert This controls the manner in which a match is inserted
into the command line. On entry to the widget function,
if it is unset the command line is not to be changed; if
set to unambiguous, any prefix common to all matches is
to be inserted; if set to automenu-unambiguous, the com-
mon prefix is to be inserted and the next invocation of
the completion code may start menu completion (due to the
AUTO_MENU option being set); if set to menu or automenu
menu completion will be started for the matches currently
generated (in the latter case this will happen because
the AUTO_MENU is set). The value may also contain the
string `tab' when the completion code would normally not
really do completion, but only insert the TAB character.
On exit it may be set to any of the values above (where
setting it to the empty string is the same as unsetting
it), or to a number, in which case the match whose number
is given will be inserted into the command line. Nega-
tive numbers count backward from the last match (with
`-1' selecting the last match) and out-of-range values
are wrapped around, so that a value of zero selects the
last match and a value one more than the maximum selects
the first. Unless the value of this key ends in a space,
the match is inserted as in a menu completion, i.e. with-
out automatically appending a space.
Both menu and automenu may also specify the the number of
the match to insert, given after a colon. For example,
`menu:2' says to start menu completion, beginning with
the second match.
Note that a value containing the substring `tab' makes
the matches generated be ignored and only the TAB be
inserted.
Finally, it may also be set to all, which makes all
matches generated be inserted into the line.
insert_positions
When the completion system inserts an unambiguous string
into the line, there may be multiple places where charac-
ters are missing or where the character inserted differs
from at least one match. The value of this key contains
a colon separated list of all these positions, as indexes
into the command line.
last_prompt
If this is set to a non-empty string for every match
added, the completion code will move the cursor back to
the previous prompt after the list of completions has
been displayed. Initially this is set or unset according
to the ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT option.
list This controls whether or how the list of matches will be
displayed. If it is unset or empty they will never be
listed; if its value begins with list, they will always
be listed; if it begins with autolist or ambiguous, they
will be listed when the AUTO_LIST or LIST_AMBIGUOUS
options respectively would normally cause them to be.
If the substring force appears in the value, this makes
the list be shown even if there is only one match. Nor-
mally, the list would be shown only if there are at least
two matches.
The value contains the substring packed if the
LIST_PACKED option is set. If this substring is given for
all matches added to a group, this group will show the
LIST_PACKED behavior. The same is done for the
LIST_ROWS_FIRST option with the substring rows.
Finally, if the value contains the string explanations,
only the explanation strings, if any, will be listed and
if it contains messages, only the messages (added with
the -x option of compadd) will be listed. If it contains
both explanations and messages both kinds of explanation
strings will be listed. It will be set appropriately on
entry to a completion widget and may be changed there.
list_lines
This gives the number of lines that are needed to display
the full list of completions. Note that to calculate the
total number of lines to display you need to add the num-
ber of lines needed for the command line to this value,
this is available as the value of the BUFFERLINES special
parameter.
list_max
Initially this is set to the value of the LISTMAX parame-
ter. It may be set to any other value; when the widget
exits this value will be used in the same way as the
value of LISTMAX.
nmatches
The number of matches generated and accepted by the com-
pletion code so far.
old_insert
On entry to the widget this will be set to the number of
the match of an old list of completions that is currently
inserted into the command line. If no match has been
inserted, this is unset.
As with old_list, the value of this key will only be used
if it is the string keep. If it was set to this value by
the widget and there was an old match inserted into the
command line, this match will be kept and if the value of
the insert key specifies that another match should be
inserted, this will be inserted after the old one.
old_list
This is set to yes if there is still a valid list of com-
pletions from a previous completion at the time the wid-
get is invoked. This will usually be the case if and
only if the previous editing operation was a completion
widget or one of the builtin completion functions. If
there is a valid list and it is also currently shown on
the screen, the value of this key is shown.
After the widget has exited the value of this key is only
used if it was set to keep. In this case the completion
code will continue to use this old list. If the widget
generated new matches, they will not be used.
parameter
The name of the parameter when completing in a subscript
or in the value of a parameter assignment.
pattern_insert
Normally this is set to menu, which specifies that menu
completion will be used whenever a set of matches was
generated using pattern matching. If it is set to any
other non-empty string by the user and menu completion is
not selected by other option settings, the code will
instead insert any common prefix for the generated
matches as with normal completion.
pattern_match
Locally controls the behaviour given by the GLOB_COMPLETE
option. Initially it is set to `*' if and only if the
option is set. The completion widget may set it to this
value, to an empty string (which has the same effect as
unsetting it), or to any other non-empty string. If it
is non-empty, unquoted metacharacters on the command line
will be treated as patterns; if it is `*', then addition-
ally a wildcard `*' is assumed at the cursor position; if
it is empty or unset, metacharacters will be treated lit-
erally.
Note that the matcher specifications given to the compadd
builtin command are not used if this is set to a
non-empty string.
quote When completing inside quotes, this contains the quota-
tion character (i.e. either a single quote, a double
quote, or a backtick). Otherwise it is unset.
quoting
When completing inside single quotes, this is set to the
string single; inside double quotes, the string double;
inside backticks, the string backtick. Otherwise it is
unset.
redirect
The redirection operator when completing in a redirection
position, i.e. one of <, >, etc.
restore
This is set to auto before a function is entered, which
forces the special parameters mentioned above (words,
CURRENT, PREFIX, IPREFIX, SUFFIX, and ISUFFIX) to be
restored to their previous values when the function
exits. If a function unsets it or sets it to any other
string, they will not be restored.
to_end Specifies the occasions on which the cursor is moved to
the end of a string when a match is inserted. On entry
to a widget function, it may be single if this will hap-
pen when a single unambiguous match was inserted or match
if it will happen any time a match is inserted (for exam-
ple, by menu completion; this is likely to be the effect
of the ALWAYS_TO_END option).
On exit, it may be set to single as above. It may also
be set to always, or to the empty string or unset; in
those cases the cursor will be moved to the end of the
string always or never respectively. Any other string is
treated as match.
unambiguous
This key is read-only and will always be set to the com-
mon (unambiguous) prefix the completion code has gener-
ated for all matches added so far.
unambiguous_cursor
This gives the position the cursor would be placed at if
the common prefix in the unambiguous key were inserted,
relative to the value of that key. The cursor would be
placed before the character whose index is given by this
key.
unambiguous_positions
This contains all positions where characters in the unam-
biguous string are missing or where the character
inserted differs from at least one of the matches. The
positions are given as indexes into the string given by
the value of the unambiguous key.
vared If completion is called while editing a line using the
vared builtin, the value of this key is set to the name
of the parameter given as an argument to vared. This key
is only set while a vared command is active.
words This array contains the words present on the command line cur-
rently being edited.
COMPLETION BUILTIN COMMANDS
compadd [ -akqQfenUld12C ] [ -F array ]
[ -P prefix ] [ -S suffix ]
[ -p hidden-prefix ] [ -s hidden-suffix ]
[ -i ignored-prefix ] [ -I ignored-suffix ]
[ -W file-prefix ] [ -d array ]
[ -J name ] [ -V name ] [ -X explanation ] [ -x message ]
[ -r remove-chars ] [ -R remove-func ]
[ -D array ] [ -O array ] [ -A array ]
[ -E number ]
[ -M match-spec ] [ -- ] [ words ... ]
This builtin command can be used to add matches directly and
control all the information the completion code stores with each
possible match. The return status is zero if at least one match
was added and non-zero if no matches were added.
The completion code breaks the string to complete into seven
fields in the order:
<ipre><apre><hpre><word><hsuf><asuf><isuf>
The first field is an ignored prefix taken from the command
line, the contents of the IPREFIX parameter plus the string
given with the -i option. With the -U option, only the string
from the -i option is used. The field <apre> is an optional pre-
fix string given with the -P option. The <hpre> field is a
string that is considered part of the match but that should not
be shown when listing completions, given with the -p option; for
example, functions that do filename generation might specify a
common path prefix this way. <word> is the part of the match
that should appear in the list of completions, i.e. one of the
words given at the end of the compadd command line. The suffixes
<hsuf>, <asuf> and <isuf> correspond to the prefixes <hpre>,
<apre> and <ipre> and are given by the options -s, -S and -I,
respectively.
The supported flags are:
-P prefix
This gives a string to be inserted before the given
words. The string given is not considered as part of the
match and any shell metacharacters in it will not be
quoted when the string is inserted.
-S suffix
Like -P, but gives a string to be inserted after the
match.
-p hidden-prefix
This gives a string that should be inserted into the com-
mand line before the match but that should not appear in
the list of matches. Unless the -U option is given, this
string must be matched as part of the string on the com-
mand line.
-s hidden-suffix
Like `-p', but gives a string to insert after the match.
-i ignored-prefix
This gives a string to insert into the command line just
before any string given with the `-P' option. Without
`-P' the string is inserted before the string given with
`-p' or directly before the match.
-I ignored-suffix
Like -i, but gives an ignored suffix.
-a With this flag the words are taken as names of arrays and
the possible matches are their values. If only some ele-
ments of the arrays are needed, the words may also con-
tain subscripts, as in `foo[2,-1]'.
-k With this flag the words are taken as names of associa-
tive arrays and the possible matches are their keys. As
for -a, the words may also contain subscripts, as in
`foo[(R)*bar*]'.
-d array
This adds per-match display strings. The array should
contain one element per word given. The completion code
will then display the first element instead of the first
word, and so on. The array may be given as the name of an
array parameter or directly as a space-separated list of
words in parentheses.
If there are fewer display strings than words, the left-
over words will be displayed unchanged and if there are
more display strings than words, the leftover display
strings will be silently ignored.
-l This option only has an effect if used together with the
-d option. If it is given, the display strings are listed
one per line, not arrayed in columns.
-o This option only has an effect if used together with the
-d option. If it is given, the order of the output is
determined by the match strings; otherwise it is deter-
mined by the display strings (i.e. the strings given by
the -d option).
-J name
Gives the name of the group of matches the words should
be stored in.
-V name
Like -J but naming a unsorted group. These are in a dif-
ferent name space than groups created with the -J flag.
-1 If given together with the -V option, makes only consecu-
tive duplicates in the group be removed. If combined with
the -J option, this has no visible effect. Note that
groups with and without this flag are in different name
spaces.
-2 If given together with the -J or -V option, makes all
duplicates be kept. Again, groups with and without this
flag are in different name spaces.
-X explanation
The explanation string will be printed with the list of
matches, above the group currently selected.
-x message
Like -X, but the message will be printed even if there
are no matches in the group.
-q The suffix given with -S will be automatically removed if
the next character typed is a blank or does not insert
anything, or if the suffix consists of only one character
and the next character typed is the same character.
-r remove-chars
This is a more versatile form of the -q option. The suf-
fix given with -S or the slash automatically added after
completing directories will be automatically removed if
the next character typed inserts one of the characters
given in the remove-chars. This string is parsed as a
characters class and understands the backslash sequences
used by the print command. For example, `-r "a-z\t"'
removes the suffix if the next character typed inserts a
lower case character or a TAB, and `-r "^0-9"' removes
the suffix if the next character typed inserts anything
but a digit. One extra backslash sequence is understood
in this string: `\-' stands for all characters that
insert nothing. Thus `-S "=" -q' is the same as `-S "="
-r "= \t\n\-"'.
This option may also be used without the -S option; then
any automatically added space will be removed when one of
the characters in the list is typed.
-R remove-func
This is another form of the -r option. When a suffix has
been inserted and the completion accepted, the function
remove-func will be called after the next character
typed. It is passed the length of the suffix as an argu-
ment and can use the special parameters available in
ordinary (non-completion) zle widgets (see zshzle(1)) to
analyse and modify the command line.
-f If this flag is given, all of the matches built from
words are marked as being the names of files. They are
not required to be actual filenames, but if they are, and
the option LIST_TYPES is set, the characters describing
the types of the files in the completion lists will be
shown. This also forces a slash to be added when the name
of a directory is completed.
-e This flag can be used to tell the completion code that
the matches added are parameter names for a parameter
expansion. This will make the AUTO_PARAM_SLASH and
AUTO_PARAM_KEYS options be used for the matches.
-W file-prefix
This string is a pathname that will be prepended to each
of the matches formed by the given words together with
any prefix specified by the -p option to form a complete
filename for testing. Hence it is only useful if com-
bined with the -f flag, as the tests will not otherwise
be performed.
-F array
Specifies an array containing patterns. Words matching
one of these patterns are ignored, i.e. not considered to
be possible matches.
The array may be the name of an array parameter or a list
of literal patterns enclosed in parentheses and quoted,
as in `-F "(*?.o *?.h)"'. If the name of an array is
given, the elements of the array are taken as the pat-
terns.
-Q This flag instructs the completion code not to quote any
metacharacters in the words when inserting them into the
command line.
-M match-spec
This gives local match specifications as described below
in the section `Completion Matching Control'. This option
may be given more than once. In this case all
match-specs given are concatenated with spaces between
them to form the specification string to use. Note that
they will only be used if the -U option is not given.
-n Specifies that the words added are to be used as possible
matches, but are not to appear in the completion listing.
-U If this flag is given, all words given will be accepted
and no matching will be done by the completion code. Nor-
mally this is used in functions that do the matching
themselves.
-O array
If this option is given, the words are not added to the
set of possible completions. Instead, matching is done
as usual and all of the words given as arguments that
match the string on the command line will be stored in
the array parameter whose name is given as array.
-A array
As the -O option, except that instead of those of the
words which match being stored in array, the strings gen-
erated internally by the completion code are stored. For
example, with a matching specification of `-M "L:|no="',
the string `nof' on the command line and the string `foo'
as one of the words, this option stores the string
`nofoo' in the array, whereas the -O option stores the
`foo' originally given.
-D array
As with -O, the words are not added to the set of possi-
ble completions. Instead, the completion code tests
whether each word in turn matches what is on the line.
If the n'th word does not match, the n'th element of the
array is removed. Elements for which the corresponding
word is matched are retained.
-C This option adds a special match which expands to all
other matches when inserted into the line, even those
that are added after this option is used. Together with
the -d option it is possible to specify a string that
should be displayed in the list for this special match.
If no string is given, it will be shown as a string con-
taining the strings that would be inserted for the other
matches, truncated to the width of the screen.
-E This option adds number empty matches after the words
have been added. An empty match takes up space in com-
pletion listings but will never be inserted in the line
and can't be selected with menu completion or menu selec-
tion. This makes empty matches only useful to format
completion lists and to make explanatory string be shown
in completion lists (since empty matches can be given
display strings with the -d option). And because all but
one empty string would otherwise be removed, this option
implies the -V and -2 options (even if an explicit -J
option is given).
-
-- This flag ends the list of flags and options. All argu-
ments after it will be taken as the words to use as
matches even if they begin with hyphens.
Except for the -M flag, if any of these flags is given more than
once, the first one (and its argument) will be used.
compset -p number
compset -P [ number ] pattern
compset -s number
compset -S [ number ] pattern
compset -n begin [ end ]
compset -N beg-pat [ end-pat ]
compset -q
This command simplifies modification of the special parameters,
while its return status allows tests on them to be carried out.
The options are:
-p number
If the contents of the PREFIX parameter is longer than
number characters, the first number characters are
removed from it and appended to the contents of the
IPREFIX parameter.
-P [ number ] pattern
If the value of the PREFIX parameter begins with anything
that matches the pattern, the matched portion is removed
from PREFIX and appended to IPREFIX.
Without the optional number, the longest match is taken,
but if number is given, anything up to the number'th
match is moved. If the number is negative, the number'th
longest match is moved. For example, if PREFIX contains
the string `a=b=c', then compset -P '*\=' will move the
string `a=b=' into the IPREFIX parameter, but compset -P
1 '*\=' will move only the string `a='.
-s number
As -p, but transfer the last number characters from the
value of SUFFIX to the front of the value of ISUFFIX.
-S [ number ] pattern
As -P, but match the last portion of SUFFIX and transfer
the matched portion to the front of the value of ISUFFIX.
-n begin [ end ]
If the current word position as specified by the parame-
ter CURRENT is greater than or equal to begin, anything
up to the begin'th word is removed from the words array
and the value of the parameter CURRENT is decremented by
begin.
If the optional end is given, the modification is done
only if the current word position is also less than or
equal to end. In this case, the words from position end
onwards are also removed from the words array.
Both begin and end may be negative to count backwards
from the last element of the words array.
-N beg-pat [ end-pat ]
If one of the elements of the words array before the one
at the index given by the value of the parameter CURRENT
matches the pattern beg-pat, all elements up to and
including the matching one are removed from the words
array and the value of CURRENT is changed to point to the
same word in the changed array.
If the optional pattern end-pat is also given, and there
is an element in the words array matching this pattern,
the parameters are modified only if the index of this
word is higher than the one given by the CURRENT parame-
ter (so that the matching word has to be after the cur-
sor). In this case, the words starting with the one
matching end-pat are also removed from the words array.
If words contains no word matching end-pat, the testing
and modification is performed as if it were not given.
-q The word currently being completed is split on spaces
into separate words, respecting the usual shell quoting
conventions. The resulting words are stored in the words
array, and CURRENT, PREFIX, SUFFIX, QIPREFIX, and QISUF-
FIX are modified to reflect the word part that is com-
pleted.
In all the above cases the return status is zero if the test
succeeded and the parameters were modified and non-zero other-
wise. This allows one to use this builtin in tests such as:
if compset -P '*\='; then ...
This forces anything up to and including the last equal sign to
be ignored by the completion code.
compcall [ -TD ]
This allows the use of completions defined with the compctl
builtin from within completion widgets. The list of matches
will be generated as if one of the non-widget completion func-
tion (complete-word, etc.) had been called, except that only
compctls given for specific commands are used. To force the code
to try completions defined with the -T option of compctl and/or
the default completion (whether defined by compctl -D or the
builtin default) in the appropriate places, the -T and/or -D
flags can be passed to compcall.
The return status can be used to test if a matching compctl def-
inition was found. It is non-zero if a compctl was found and
zero otherwise.
Note that this builtin is defined by the zsh/compctl module.
COMPLETION CONDITION CODES
The following additional condition codes for use within the [[ ... ]]
construct are available in completion widgets. These work on the spe-
cial parameters. All of these tests can also be performed by the
compset builtin, but in the case of the condition codes the contents of
the special parameters are not modified.
-prefix [ number ] pattern
true if the test for the -P option of compset would succeed.
-suffix [ number ] pattern
true if the test for the -S option of compset would succeed.
-after beg-pat
true if the test of the -N option with only the beg-pat given
would succeed.
-between beg-pat end-pat
true if the test for the -N option with both patterns would suc-
ceed.
COMPLETION MATCHING CONTROL
It is possible by use of the -M option of the compadd builtin command
to specify how the characters in the string to be completed (referred
to here as the command line) map onto the characters in the list of
matches produced by the completion code (referred to here as the trial
completions). Note that this is not used if the command line contains a
glob pattern and the GLOB_COMPLETE option is set or the pattern_match
of the compstate special association is set to a non-empty string.
The match-spec given as the argument to the -M option (see `Completion
Builtin Commands' above) consists of one or more matching descriptions
separated by whitespace. Each description consists of a letter fol-
lowed by a colon and then the patterns describing which character
sequences on the line match which character sequences in the trial com-
pletion. Any sequence of characters not handled in this fashion must
match exactly, as usual.
The forms of match-spec understood are as follows. In each case, the
form with an upper case initial character retains the string already
typed on the command line as the final result of completion, while with
a lower case initial character the string on the command line is
changed into the corresponding part of the trial completion.
m:lpat=tpat
M:lpat=tpat
Here, lpat is a pattern that matches on the command line, corre-
sponding to tpat which matches in the trial completion.
l:lanchor|lpat=tpat
L:lanchor|lpat=tpat
l:lanchor||ranchor=tpat
L:lanchor||ranchor=tpat
b:lpat=tpat
B:lpat=tpat
These letters are for patterns that are anchored by another pat-
tern on the left side. Matching for lpat and tpat is as for m
and M, but the pattern lpat matched on the command line must be
preceded by the pattern lanchor. The lanchor can be blank to
anchor the match to the start of the command line string; other-
wise the anchor can occur anywhere, but must match in both the
command line and trial completion strings.
If no lpat is given but a ranchor is, this matches the gap
between substrings matched by lanchor and ranchor. Unlike lan-
chor, the ranchor only needs to match the trial completion
string.
The b and B forms are similar to l and L with an empty anchor,
but need to match only the beginning of the trial completion or
the word on the command line, respectively.
r:lpat|ranchor=tpat
R:lpat|ranchor=tpat
r:lanchor||ranchor=tpat
R:lanchor||ranchor=tpat
e:lpat=tpat
E:lpat=tpat
As l, L, b and B, with the difference that the command line and
trial completion patterns are anchored on the right side. Here
an empty ranchor and the e and E forms force the match to the
end of the trial completion or command line string.
Each lpat, tpat or anchor is either an empty string or consists of a
sequence of literal characters (which may be quoted with a backslash),
question marks, character classes, and correspondence classes; ordinary
shell patterns are not used. Literal characters match only themselves,
question marks match any character, and character classes are formed as
for globbing and match any character in the given set.
Correspondence classes are defined like character classes, but with two
differences: they are delimited by a pair of braces, and negated
classes are not allowed, so the characters ! and ^ have no special
meaning directly after the opening brace. They indicate that a range
of characters on the line match a range of characters in the trial com-
pletion, but (unlike ordinary character classes) paired according to
the corresponding position in the sequence. For example, to make any
ASCII lower case letter on the line match the corresponding upper case
letter in the trial completion, you can use `m:{a-z}={A-Z}' (however,
see below for the recommended form for this). More than one pair of
classes can occur, in which case the first class before the = corre-
sponds to the first after it, and so on. If one side has more such
classes than the other side, the superfluous classes behave like normal
character classes. In anchor patterns correspondence classes also
behave like normal character classes.
The standard `[:name:]' forms described for standard shell patterns,
see the section FILENAME GENERATION in zshexpn(1), may appear in corre-
spondence classes as well as normal character classes. The only spe-
cial behaviour in correspondence classes is if the form on the left and
the form on the right are each one of [:upper:], [:lower:]. In these
cases the character in the word and the character on the line must be
the same up to a difference in case. Hence to make any lower case
character on the line match the corresponding upper case character in
the trial completion you can use `m:{[:lower:]}={[:upper:]}'. Although
the matching system does not yet handle multibyte characters, this is
likely to be a future extension, at which point this syntax will handle
arbitrary alphabets; hence this form, rather than the use of explicit
ranges, is the recommended form. In other cases `[:name:]' forms are
allowed. If the two forms on the left and right are the same, the
characters must match exactly. In remaining cases, the corresponding
tests are applied to both characters, but they are not otherwise con-
strained; any matching character in one set goes with any matching
character in the other set: this is equivalent to the behaviour of
ordinary character classes.
The pattern tpat may also be one or two stars, `*' or `**'. This means
that the pattern on the command line can match any number of characters
in the trial completion. In this case the pattern must be anchored (on
either side); in the case of a single star, the anchor then determines
how much of the trial completion is to be included -- only the charac-
ters up to the next appearance of the anchor will be matched. With two
stars, substrings matched by the anchor can be matched, too.
Examples:
The keys of the options association defined by the parameter module are
the option names in all-lower-case form, without underscores, and with-
out the optional no at the beginning even though the builtins setopt
and unsetopt understand option names with upper case letters, under-
scores, and the optional no. The following alters the matching rules
so that the prefix no and any underscore are ignored when trying to
match the trial completions generated and upper case letters on the
line match the corresponding lower case letters in the words:
compadd -M 'L:|[nN][oO]= M:_= M:{[:upper:]}={[:lower:]}' - \
${(k)options}
The first part says that the pattern `[nN][oO]' at the beginning (the
empty anchor before the pipe symbol) of the string on the line matches
the empty string in the list of words generated by completion, so it
will be ignored if present. The second part does the same for an under-
score anywhere in the command line string, and the third part uses cor-
respondence classes so that any upper case letter on the line matches
the corresponding lower case letter in the word. The use of the upper
case forms of the specification characters (L and M) guarantees that
what has already been typed on the command line (in particular the pre-
fix no) will not be deleted.
Note that the use of L in the first part means that it matches only
when at the beginning of both the command line string and the trial
completion. I.e., the string `_NO_f' would not be completed to
`_NO_foo', nor would `NONO_f' be completed to `NONO_foo' because of the
leading underscore or the second `NO' on the line which makes the pat-
tern fail even though they are otherwise ignored. To fix this, one
would use `B:[nN][oO]=' instead of the first part. As described above,
this matches at the beginning of the trial completion, independent of
other characters or substrings at the beginning of the command line
word which are ignored by the same or other match-specs.
The second example makes completion case insensitive. This is just the
same as in the option example, except here we wish to retain the char-
acters in the list of completions:
compadd -M 'm:{[:lower:]}={[:upper:]}' ...
This makes lower case letters match their upper case counterparts. To
make upper case letters match the lower case forms as well:
compadd -M 'm:{[:lower:][:upper:]}={[:upper:][:lower:]}' ...
A nice example for the use of * patterns is partial word completion.
Sometimes you would like to make strings like `c.s.u' complete to
strings like `comp.source.unix', i.e. the word on the command line con-
sists of multiple parts, separated by a dot in this example, where each
part should be completed separately -- note, however, that the case
where each part of the word, i.e. `comp', `source' and `unix' in this
example, is to be completed from separate sets of matches is a differ-
ent problem to be solved by the implementation of the completion wid-
get. The example can be handled by:
compadd -M 'r:|.=* r:|=*' \
- comp.sources.unix comp.sources.misc ...
The first specification says that lpat is the empty string, while
anchor is a dot; tpat is *, so this can match anything except for the
`.' from the anchor in the trial completion word. So in `c.s.u', the
matcher sees `c', followed by the empty string, followed by the anchor
`.', and likewise for the second dot, and replaces the empty strings
before the anchors, giving `c[omp].s[ources].u[nix]', where the last
part of the completion is just as normal.
With the pattern shown above, the string `c.u' could not be completed
to `comp.sources.unix' because the single star means that no dot
(matched by the anchor) can be skipped. By using two stars as in
`r:|.=**', however, `c.u' could be completed to `comp.sources.unix'.
This also shows that in some cases, especially if the anchor is a real
pattern, like a character class, the form with two stars may result in
more matches than one would like.
The second specification is needed to make this work when the cursor is
in the middle of the string on the command line and the option COM-
PLETE_IN_WORD is set. In this case the completion code would normally
try to match trial completions that end with the string as typed so
far, i.e. it will only insert new characters at the cursor position
rather then at the end. However in our example we would like the code
to recognise matches which contain extra characters after the string on
the line (the `nix' in the example). Hence we say that the empty
string at the end of the string on the line matches any characters at
the end of the trial completion.
More generally, the specification
compadd -M 'r:|[.,_-]=* r:|=*' ...
allows one to complete words with abbreviations before any of the char-
acters in the square brackets. For example, to complete veryverylong-
file.c rather than veryverylongheader.h with the above in effect, you
can just type very.c before attempting completion.
The specifications with both a left and a right anchor are useful to
complete partial words whose parts are not separated by some special
character. For example, in some places strings have to be completed
that are formed `LikeThis' (i.e. the separate parts are determined by a
leading upper case letter) or maybe one has to complete strings with
trailing numbers. Here one could use the simple form with only one
anchor as in:
compadd -M 'r:|[[:upper:]0-9]=* r:|=*' LikeTHIS FooHoo 5foo123 5bar234
But with this, the string `H' would neither complete to `FooHoo' nor to
`LikeTHIS' because in each case there is an upper case letter before
the `H' and that is matched by the anchor. Likewise, a `2' would not be
completed. In both cases this could be changed by using
`r:|[[:upper:]0-9]=**', but then `H' completes to both `LikeTHIS' and
`FooHoo' and a `2' matches the other strings because characters can be
inserted before every upper case letter and digit. To avoid this one
would use:
compadd -M 'r:[^[:upper:]0-9]||[[:upper:]0-9]=** r:|=*' \
LikeTHIS FooHoo foo123 bar234
By using these two anchors, a `H' matches only upper case `H's that are
immediately preceded by something matching the left anchor
`[^[:upper:]0-9]'. The effect is, of course, that `H' matches only the
string `FooHoo', a `2' matches only `bar234' and so on.
When using the completion system (see zshcompsys(1)), users can define
match specifications that are to be used for specific contexts by using
the matcher and matcher-list styles. The values for the latter will be
used everywhere.
COMPLETION WIDGET EXAMPLE
The first step is to define the widget:
zle -C complete complete-word complete-files
Then the widget can be bound to a key using the bindkey builtin com-
mand:
bindkey '^X\t' complete
After that the shell function complete-files will be invoked after typ-
ing control-X and TAB. The function should then generate the matches,
e.g.:
complete-files () { compadd - * }
This function will complete files in the current directory matching the
current word.
ZSHCOMPSYS(1) ZSHCOMPSYS(1)
NAME
zshcompsys - zsh completion system
DESCRIPTION
This describes the shell code for the `new' completion system, referred
to as compsys. It is written in shell functions based on the features
described in zshcompwid(1).
The features are contextual, sensitive to the point at which completion
is started. Many completions are already provided. For this reason, a
user can perform a great many tasks without knowing any details beyond
how to initialize the system, which is described below in INITIALIZA-
TION.
The context that decides what completion is to be performed may be
o an argument or option position: these describe the position on
the command line at which completion is requested. For example
`first argument to rmdir, the word being completed names a
directory';
o a special context, denoting an element in the shell's syntax.
For example `a word in command position' or `an array sub-
script'.
A full context specification contains other elements, as we shall
describe.
Besides commands names and contexts, the system employs two more con-
cepts, styles and tags. These provide ways for the user to configure
the system's behaviour.
Tags play a dual role. They serve as a classification system for the
matches, typically indicating a class of object that the user may need
to distinguish. For example, when completing arguments of the ls com-
mand the user may prefer to try files before directories, so both of
these are tags. They also appear as the rightmost element in a context
specification.
Styles modify various operations of the completion system, such as out-
put formatting, but also what kinds of completers are used (and in what
order), or which tags are examined. Styles may accept arguments and
are manipulated using the zstyle command described in see zshmod-
ules(1).
In summary, tags describe what the completion objects are, and style
how they are to be completed. At various points of execution, the com-
pletion system checks what styles and/or tags are defined for the cur-
rent context, and uses that to modify its behavior. The full descrip-
tion of context handling, which determines how tags and other elements
of the context influence the behaviour of styles, is described below in
COMPLETION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION.
When a completion is requested, a dispatcher function is called; see
the description of _main_complete in the list of control functions
below. This dispatcher decides which function should be called to pro-
duce the completions, and calls it. The result is passed to one or more
completers, functions that implement individual completion strategies:
simple completion, error correction, completion with error correction,
menu selection, etc.
More generally, the shell functions contained in the completion system
are of two types:
o those beginning `comp' are to be called directly; there are only
a few of these;
o those beginning `_' are called by the completion code. The
shell functions of this set, which implement completion behav-
iour and may be bound to keystrokes, are referred to as `wid-
gets'. These proliferate as new completions are required.
INITIALIZATION
If the system was installed completely, it should be enough to call the
shell function compinit from your initialization file; see the next
section. However, the function compinstall can be run by a user to
configure various aspects of the completion system.
Usually, compinstall will insert code into .zshrc, although if that is
not writable it will save it in another file and tell you that file's
location. Note that it is up to you to make sure that the lines added
to .zshrc are actually run; you may, for example, need to move them to
an earlier place in the file if .zshrc usually returns early. So long
as you keep them all together (including the comment lines at the start
and finish), you can rerun compinstall and it will correctly locate and
modify these lines. Note, however, that any code you add to this sec-
tion by hand is likely to be lost if you rerun compinstall, although
lines using the command `zstyle' should be gracefully handled.
The new code will take effect next time you start the shell, or run
.zshrc by hand; there is also an option to make them take effect imme-
diately. However, if compinstall has removed definitions, you will
need to restart the shell to see the changes.
To run compinstall you will need to make sure it is in a directory men-
tioned in your fpath parameter, which should already be the case if zsh
was properly configured as long as your startup files do not remove the
appropriate directories from fpath. Then it must be autoloaded
(`autoload -U compinstall' is recommended). You can abort the instal-
lation any time you are being prompted for information, and your .zshrc
will not be altered at all; changes only take place right at the end,
where you are specifically asked for confirmation.
Use of compinit
This section describes the use of compinit to initialize completion for
the current session when called directly; if you have run compinstall
it will be called automatically from your .zshrc.
To initialize the system, the function compinit should be in a direc-
tory mentioned in the fpath parameter, and should be autoloaded
(`autoload -U compinit' is recommended), and then run simply as
`compinit'. This will define a few utility functions, arrange for all
the necessary shell functions to be autoloaded, and will then re-define
all widgets that do completion to use the new system. If you use the
menu-select widget, which is part of the zsh/complist module, you
should make sure that that module is loaded before the call to compinit
so that that widget is also re-defined. If completion styles (see
below) are set up to perform expansion as well as completion by
default, and the TAB key is bound to expand-or-complete, compinit will
rebind it to complete-word; this is necessary to use the correct form
of expansion.
Should you need to use the original completion commands, you can still
bind keys to the old widgets by putting a `.' in front of the widget
name, e.g. `.expand-or-complete'.
To speed up the running of compinit, it can be made to produce a dumped
configuration that will be read in on future invocations; this is the
default, but can be turned off by calling compinit with the option -D.
The dumped file is .zcompdump in the same directory as the startup
files (i.e. $ZDOTDIR or $HOME); alternatively, an explicit file name
can be given by `compinit -d dumpfile'. The next invocation of
compinit will read the dumped file instead of performing a full ini-
tialization.
If the number of completion files changes, compinit will recognise this
and produce a new dump file. However, if the name of a function or the
arguments in the first line of a #compdef function (as described below)
change, it is easiest to delete the dump file by hand so that compinit
will re-create it the next time it is run. The check performed to see
if there are new functions can be omitted by giving the option -C. In
this case the dump file will only be created if there isn't one
already.
The dumping is actually done by another function, compdump, but you
will only need to run this yourself if you change the configuration
(e.g. using compdef) and then want to dump the new one. The name of
the old dumped file will be remembered for this purpose.
If the parameter _compdir is set, compinit uses it as a directory where
completion functions can be found; this is only necessary if they are
not already in the function search path.
For security reasons compinit also checks if the completion system
would use files not owned by root or by the current user, or files in
directories that are world- or group-writable or that are not owned by
root or by the current user. If such files or directories are found,
compinit will ask if the completion system should really be used. To
avoid these tests and make all files found be used without asking, use
the option -u, and to make compinit silently ignore all insecure files
and directories use the option -i. This security check is skipped
entirely when the -C option is given.
The security check can be retried at any time by running the function
compaudit. This is the same check used by compinit, but when it is
executed directly any changes to fpath are made local to the function
so they do not persist. The directories to be checked may be passed as
arguments; if none are given, compaudit uses fpath and _compdir to find
completion system directories, adding missing ones to fpath as neces-
sary. To force a check of exactly the directories currently named in
fpath, set _compdir to an empty string before calling compaudit or
compinit.
Autoloaded files
The convention for autoloaded functions used in completion is that they
start with an underscore; as already mentioned, the fpath/FPATH parame-
ter must contain the directory in which they are stored. If zsh was
properly installed on your system, then fpath/FPATH automatically con-
tains the required directories for the standard functions.
For incomplete installations, if compinit does not find enough files
beginning with an underscore (fewer than twenty) in the search path, it
will try to find more by adding the directory _compdir to the search
path. If that directory has a subdirectory named Base, all subdirecto-
ries will be added to the path. Furthermore, if the subdirectory Base
has a subdirectory named Core, compinit will add all subdirectories of
the subdirectories is to the path: this allows the functions to be in
the same format as in the zsh source distribution.
When compinit is run, it searches all such files accessible via
fpath/FPATH and reads the first line of each of them. This line should
contain one of the tags described below. Files whose first line does
not start with one of these tags are not considered to be part of the
completion system and will not be treated specially.
The tags are:
#compdef names... [ -[pP] patterns... [ -N names... ] ]
The file will be made autoloadable and the function defined in
it will be called when completing names, each of which is either
the name of a command whose arguments are to be completed or one
of a number of special contexts in the form -context- described
below.
Each name may also be of the form `cmd=service'. When complet-
ing the command cmd, the function typically behaves as if the
command (or special context) service was being completed
instead. This provides a way of altering the behaviour of func-
tions that can perform many different completions. It is imple-
mented by setting the parameter $service when calling the func-
tion; the function may choose to interpret this how it wishes,
and simpler functions will probably ignore it.
If the #compdef line contains one of the options -p or -P, the
words following are taken to be patterns. The function will be
called when completion is attempted for a command or context
that matches one of the patterns. The options -p and -P are
used to specify patterns to be tried before or after other com-
pletions respectively. Hence -P may be used to specify default
actions.
The option -N is used after a list following -p or -P; it speci-
fies that remaining words no longer define patterns. It is pos-
sible to toggle between the three options as many times as nec-
essary.
#compdef -k style key-sequences...
This option creates a widget behaving like the builtin widget
style and binds it to the given key-sequences, if any. The
style must be one of the builtin widgets that perform comple-
tion, namely complete-word, delete-char-or-list, expand-or-com-
plete, expand-or-complete-prefix, list-choices, menu-complete,
menu-expand-or-complete, or reverse-menu-complete. If the
zsh/complist module is loaded (see zshmodules(1)) the widget
menu-select is also available.
When one of the key-sequences is typed, the function in the file
will be invoked to generate the matches. Note that a key will
not be re-bound if if it already was (that is, was bound to
something other than undefined-key). The widget created has the
same name as the file and can be bound to any other keys using
bindkey as usual.
#compdef -K widget-name style key-sequences ...
This is similar to -k except that only one key-sequences argu-
ment may be given for each widget-name style pair. However, the
entire set of three arguments may be repeated with a different
set of arguments. Note in particular that the widget-name must
be distinct in each set. If it does not begin with `_' this
will be added. The widget-name should not clash with the name
of any existing widget: names based on the name of the function
are most useful. For example,
#compdef -K _foo_complete complete-word "^X^C" \
_foo_list list-choices "^X^D"
(all on one line) defines a widget _foo_complete for completion,
bound to `^X^C', and a widget _foo_list for listing, bound to
`^X^D'.
#autoload [ options ]
Functions with the #autoload tag are marked for autoloading but
are not otherwise treated specially. Typically they are to be
called from within one of the completion functions. Any options
supplied will be passed to the autoload builtin; a typical use
is +X to force the function to be loaded immediately. Note that
the -U and -z flags are always added implicitly.
The # is part of the tag name and no white space is allowed after it.
The #compdef tags use the compdef function described below; the main
difference is that the name of the function is supplied implicitly.
The special contexts for which completion functions can be defined are:
-array-value-
The right hand side of an array-assignment (`foo=(...)')
-brace-parameter-
The name of a parameter expansion within braces (`${...}')
-assign-parameter-
The name of a parameter in an assignment, i.e. on the left hand
side of an `='
-command-
A word in command position
-condition-
A word inside a condition (`[[...]]')
-default-
Any word for which no other completion is defined
-equal-
A word beginning with an equals sign
-first-
This is tried before any other completion function. The func-
tion called may set the _compskip parameter to one of various
values: all: no further completion is attempted; a string con-
taining the substring patterns: no pattern completion functions
will be called; a string containing default: the function for
the `-default-' context will not be called, but functions
defined for commands will
-math- Inside mathematical contexts, such as `((...))'
-parameter-
The name of a parameter expansion (`$...')
-redirect-
The word after a redirection operator.
-subscript-
The contents of a parameter subscript.
-tilde-
After an initial tilde (`~'), but before the first slash in the
word.
-value-
On the right hand side of an assignment.
Default implementations are supplied for each of these contexts. In
most cases the context -context- is implemented by a corresponding
function _context, for example the context `-tilde-' and the function
`_tilde').
The contexts -redirect- and -value- allow extra context-specific infor-
mation. (Internally, this is handled by the functions for each context
calling the function _dispatch.) The extra information is added sepa-
rated by commas.
For the -redirect- context, the extra information is in the form `-re-
direct-,op,command', where op is the redirection operator and command
is the name of the command on the line. If there is no command on the
line yet, the command field will be empty.
For the -value- context, the form is `-value-,name,command', where name
is the name of the parameter. In the case of elements of an associa-
tive array, for example `assoc=(key <TAB>', name is expanded to
`name-key'. In certain special contexts, such as completing after
`make CFLAGS=', the command part gives the name of the command, here
make; otherwise it is empty.
It is not necessary to define fully specific completions as the func-
tions provided will try to generate completions by progressively
replacing the elements with `-default-'. For example, when completing
after `foo=<TAB>', _value will try the names `-value-,foo,' (note the
empty command part), `-value-,foo,-default-'
and`-value-,-default-,-default-', in that order, until it finds a func-
tion to handle the context.
As an example:
compdef '_files -g "*.log"' '-redirect-,2>,-default-'
completes files matching `*.log' after `2> <TAB>' for any command with
no more specific handler defined.
Also:
compdef _foo -value-,-default-,-default-
specifies that _foo provides completions for the values of parameters
for which no special function has been defined. This is usually han-
dled by the function _value itself.
The same lookup rules are used when looking up styles (as described
below); for example
zstyle ':completion:*:*:-redirect-,2>,*:*' file-patterns '*.log'
is another way to make completion after `2> <TAB>' complete files
matching `*.log'.
Functions
The following function is defined by compinit and may be called
directly.
compdef [ -an ] function names... [ -[pP] patterns... [ -N names... ] ]
compdef -d names...
compdef -k [ -an ] function style key-sequences...
compdef -K [ -an ] function name style key-sequences ...
The first form defines the function to call for completion in
the given contexts as described for the #compdef tag above.
Alternatively, all the arguments may have the form `cmd=ser-
vice'. Here service should already have been defined by
`cmd1=service' lines in #compdef files, as described above. The
argument for cmd will be completed in the same way as service.
The function argument may alternatively be a string containing
any shell code. The string will be executed using the eval
builtin command to generate completions. This provides a way of
avoiding having to define a new completion function. For exam-
ple, to complete files ending in `.h' as arguments to the com-
mand foo:
compdef '_files -g "*.h"' foo
The option -n prevents any completions already defined for the
command or context from being overwritten.
The option -d deletes any completion defined for the command or
contexts listed.
The names may also contain -p, -P and -N options as described
for the #compdef tag. The effect on the argument list is iden-
tical, switching between definitions of patterns tried ini-
tially, patterns tried finally, and normal commands and con-
texts.
The parameter $_compskip may be set by any function defined for
a pattern context. If it is set to a value containing the sub-
string `patterns' none of the pattern-functions will be called;
if it is set to a value containing the substring `all', no other
function will be called.
The form with -k defines a widget with the same name as the
function that will be called for each of the key-sequences; this
is like the #compdef -k tag. The function should generate the
completions needed and will otherwise behave like the builtin
widget whose name is given as the style argument. The widgets
usable for this are: complete-word, delete-char-or-list,
expand-or-complete, expand-or-complete-prefix, list-choices,
menu-complete, menu-expand-or-complete, and reverse-menu-com-
plete, as well as menu-select if the zsh/complist module is
loaded. The option -n prevents the key being bound if it is
already to bound to something other than undefined-key.
The form with -K is similar and defines multiple widgets based
on the same function, each of which requires the set of three
arguments name, style and key-sequences, where the latter two
are as for -k and the first must be a unique widget name begin-
ning with an underscore.
Wherever applicable, the -a option makes the function autoload-
able, equivalent to autoload -U function.
The function compdef can be used to associate existing completion func-
tions with new commands. For example,
compdef _pids foo
uses the function _pids to complete process IDs for the command foo.
Note also the _gnu_generic function described below, which can be used
to complete options for commands that understand the `--help' option.
COMPLETION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
This section gives a short overview of how the completion system works,
and then more detail on how users can configure how and when matches
are generated.
Overview
When completion is attempted somewhere on the command line the comple-
tion system first works out the context. This takes account of a num-
ber of things including the command word (such as `grep' or `zsh') and
options to which the current word may be an argument (such as the `-o'
option to zsh which takes a shell option as an argument).
This context information is condensed into a string consisting of mul-
tiple fields separated by colons, referred to simply as `the context'
in the remainder of the documentation. This is used to look up styles,
context-sensitive options that can be used to configure the completion
system. The context used for lookup may vary during the same call to
the completion system.
The context string always consists of a fixed set of fields, separated
by colons and with a leading colon before the first, in the form :com-
pletion:function:completer:command:argument:tag. These have the fol-
lowing meaning:
o The literal string completion, saying that this style is used by
the completion system. This distinguishes the context from
those used by, for example, zle widgets and ZFTP functions.
o The function, if completion is called from a named widget rather
than through the normal completion system. Typically this is
blank, but it is set by special widgets such as predict-on and
the various functions in the Widget directory of the distribu-
tion to the name of that function, often in an abbreviated form.
o The completer currently active, the name of the function without
the leading underscore and with other underscores converted to
hyphens. A `completer' is in overall control of how completion
is to be performed; `complete' is the simplest, but other com-
pleters exist to perform related tasks such as correction, or to
modify the behaviour of a later completer. See the section
`Control Functions' below for more information.
o The command or a special -context-, just at it appears following
the #compdef tag or the compdef function. Completion functions
for commands that have sub-commands usually modify this field to
contain the name of the command followed by a minus sign and the
sub-command. For example, the completion function for the cvs
command sets this field to cvs-add when completing arguments to
the add subcommand.
o The argument; this indicates which command line or option argu-
ment we are completing. For command arguments this generally
takes the form argument-n, where n is the number of the argu-
ment, and for arguments to options the form option-opt-n where n
is the number of the argument to option opt. However, this is
only the case if the command line is parsed with standard
UNIX-style options and arguments, so many completions do not set
this.
o The tag. As described previously, tags are used to discriminate
between the types of matches a completion function can generate
in a certain context. Any completion function may use any tag
name it likes, but a list of the more common ones is given
below.
The context is gradually put together as the functions are executed,
starting with the main entry point, which adds :completion: and the
function element if necessary. The completer then adds the completer
element. The contextual completion adds the command and argument
options. Finally, the tag is added when the types of completion are
known. For example, the context name
:completion::complete:dvips:option-o-1:files
says that normal completion was attempted as the first argument to the
option -o of the command dvips:
dvips -o ...
and the completion function will generate filenames.
Usually completion will be tried for all possible tags in an order
given by the completion function. However, this can be altered by
using the tag-order style. Completion is then restricted to the list
of given tags in the given order.
The _complete_help bindable command shows all the contexts and tags
available for completion at a particular point. This provides an easy
way of finding information for tag-order and other styles. It is
described in the section `Bindable Commands' below.
Styles determine such things as how the matches are generated, simi-
larly to shell options but with much more control. They can have any
number of strings as their value. They are defined with the zstyle
builtin command (see zshmodules(1)).
When looking up styles the completion system uses full context names,
including the tag. Looking up the value of a style therefore consists
of two things: the context, which may be matched as a pattern, and the
name of the style itself, which must be given exactly.
For example, many completion functions can generate matches in a simple
and a verbose form and use the verbose style to decide which form
should be used. To make all such functions use the verbose form, put
zstyle ':completion:*' verbose yes
in a startup file (probably .zshrc). This gives the verbose style the
value yes in every context inside the completion system, unless that
context has a more specific definition. It is best to avoid giving the
context as `*' in case the style has some meaning outside the comple-
tion system.
Many such general purpose styles can be configured simply by using the
compinstall function.
A more specific example of the use of the verbose style is by the com-
pletion for the kill builtin. If the style is set, the builtin lists
full job texts and process command lines; otherwise it shows the bare
job numbers and PIDs. To turn the style off for this use only:
zstyle ':completion:*:*:kill:*' verbose no
For even more control, the style can use one of the tags `jobs' or
`processes'. To turn off verbose display only for jobs:
zstyle ':completion:*:*:kill:*:jobs' verbose no
The -e option to zstyle even allows completion function code to appear
as the argument to a style; this requires some understanding of the
internals of completion functions (see see zshcompwid(1))). For exam-
ple,
zstyle -e ':completion:*' hosts 'reply=($myhosts)'
This forces the value of the hosts style to be read from the variable
myhosts each time a host name is needed; this is useful if the value of
myhosts can change dynamically. For another useful example, see the
example in the description of the file-list style below. This form can
be slow and should be avoided for commonly examined styles such as menu
and list-rows-first.
Note that the order in which styles are defined does not matter; the
style mechanism uses the most specific possible match for a particular
style to determine the set of values. More precisely, strings are pre-
ferred over patterns (for example, `:completion::complete:foo' is more
specific than `:completion::complete:*'), and longer patterns are pre-
ferred over shorter patterns.
Style names like those of tags are arbitrary and depend on the comple-
tion function. However, the following two sections list some of the
most common tags and styles.
Standard Tags
Some of the following are only used when looking up particular styles
and do not refer to a type of match.
accounts
used to look up the users-hosts style
all-expansions
used by the _expand completer when adding the single string con-
taining all possible expansions
all-files
for the names of all files (as distinct from a particular sub-
set, see the globbed-files tag).
arguments
for arguments to a command
arrays for names of array parameters
association-keys
for keys of associative arrays; used when completing inside a
subscript to a parameter of this type
bookmarks
when completing bookmarks (e.g. for URLs and the zftp function
suite)
builtins
for names of builtin commands
characters
for single characters in arguments of commands such as stty.
Also used when completing character classes after an opening
bracket
colormapids
for X colormap ids
colors for color names
commands
for names of external commands. Also used by complex commands
such as cvs when completing names subcommands.
contexts
for contexts in arguments to the zstyle builtin command
corrections
used by the _approximate and _correct completers for possible
corrections
cursors
for cursor names used by X programs
default
used in some contexts to provide a way of supplying a default
when more specific tags are also valid. Note that this tag is
used when only the function field of the context name is set
descriptions
used when looking up the value of the format style to generate
descriptions for types of matches
devices
for names of device special files
directories
for names of directories
directory-stack
for entries in the directory stack
displays
for X display names
domains
for network domains
expansions
used by the _expand completer for individual words (as opposed
to the complete set of expansions) resulting from the expansion
of a word on the command line
extensions
for X server extensions
file-descriptors
for numbers of open file descriptors
files the generic file-matching tag used by functions completing file-
names
fonts for X font names
fstypes
for file system types (e.g. for the mount command)
functions
names of functions -- normally shell functions, although certain
commands may understand other kinds of function
globbed-files
for filenames when the name has been generated by pattern match-
ing
groups for names of user groups
history-words
for words from the history
hosts for hostnames
indexes
for array indexes
jobs for jobs (as listed by the `jobs' builtin)
interfaces
for network interfaces
keymaps
for names of zsh keymaps
keysyms
for names of X keysyms
libraries
for names of system libraries
limits for system limits
local-directories
for names of directories that are subdirectories of the current
working directory when completing arguments of cd and related
builtin commands (compare path-directories)
manuals
for names of manual pages
mailboxes
for e-mail folders
maps for map names (e.g. NIS maps)
messages
used to look up the format style for messages
modifiers
for names of X modifiers
modules
for modules (e.g. zsh modules)
my-accounts
used to look up the users-hosts style
named-directories
for named directories (you wouldn't have guessed that, would
you?)
names for all kinds of names
newsgroups
for USENET groups
nicknames
for nicknames of NIS maps
options
for command options
original
used by the _approximate, _correct and _expand completers when
offering the original string as a match
other-accounts
used to look up the users-hosts style
other-files
for the names of any non-directory files. This is used instead
of all-files when the list-dirs-first style is in effect.
packages
for packages (e.g. rpm or installed Debian packages)
parameters
for names of parameters
path-directories
for names of directories found by searching the cdpath array
when completing arguments of cd and related builtin commands
(compare local-directories)
paths used to look up the values of the expand, ambiguous and spe-
cial-dirs styles
pods for perl pods (documentation files)
ports for communication ports
prefixes
for prefixes (like those of a URL)
printers
for print queue names
processes
for process identifiers
processes-names
used to look up the command style when generating the names of
processes for killall
sequences
for sequences (e.g. mh sequences)
sessions
for sessions in the zftp function suite
signals
for signal names
strings
for strings (e.g. the replacement strings for the cd builtin
command)
styles for styles used by the zstyle builtin command
suffixes
for filename extensions
tags for tags (e.g. rpm tags)
targets
for makefile targets
time-zones
for time zones (e.g. when setting the TZ parameter)
types for types of whatever (e.g. address types for the xhost command)
urls used to look up the urls and local styles when completing URLs
users for usernames
values for one of a set of values in certain lists
variant
used by _pick_variant to look up the command to run when deter-
mining what program is installed for a particular command name.
visuals
for X visuals
warnings
used to look up the format style for warnings
widgets
for zsh widget names
windows
for IDs of X windows
zsh-options
for shell options
Standard Styles
Note that the values of several of these styles represent boolean val-
ues. Any of the strings `true', `on', `yes', and `1' can be used for
the value `true' and any of the strings `false', `off', `no', and `0'
for the value `false'. The behavior for any other value is undefined
except where explicitly mentioned. The default value may be either
true or false if the style is not set.
Some of these styles are tested first for every possible tag corre-
sponding to a type of match, and if no style was found, for the default
tag. The most notable styles of this type are menu, list-colors and
styles controlling completion listing such as list-packed and
last-prompt). When tested for the default tag, only the function field
of the context will be set so that a style using the default tag will
normally be defined along the lines of:
zstyle ':completion:*:default' menu ...
accept-exact
This is tested for the default tag in addition to the tags valid
for the current context. If it is set to `true' and any of the
trial matches is the same as the string on the command line,
this match will immediately be accepted (even if it would other-
wise be considered ambiguous).
When completing pathnames (where the tag used is `paths') this
style accepts any number of patterns as the value in addition to
the boolean values. Pathnames matching one of these patterns
will be accepted immediately even if the command line contains
some more partially typed pathname components and these match no
file under the directory accepted.
This style is also used by the _expand completer to decide if
words beginning with a tilde or parameter expansion should be
expanded. For example, if there are parameters foo and foobar,
the string `$foo' will only be expanded if accept-exact is set
to `true'; otherwise the completion system will be allowed to
complete $foo to $foobar. If the style is set to `continue',
_expand will add the expansion as a match and the completion
system will also be allowed to continue.
accept-exact-dirs
This is used by filename completion. Unlike accept-exact it is
a boolean. By default, filename completion examines all compo-
nents of a path to see if there are completions of that compo-
nent, even if the component matches an existing directory. For
example, when completion after /usr/bin/, the function examines
possible completions to /usr.
When this style is true, any prefix of a path that matches an
existing directory is accepted without any attempt to complete
it further. Hence, in the given example, the path /usr/bin/ is
accepted immediately and completion tried in that directory.
add-space
This style is used by the _expand completer. If it is true (the
default), a space will be inserted after all words resulting
from the expansion, or a slash in the case of directory names.
If the value is `file', the completer will only add a space to
names of existing files. Either a boolean true or the value
`file' may be combined with `subst', in which case the completer
will not add a space to words generated from the expansion of a
substitution of the form `$(...)' or `${...}'.
The _prefix completer uses this style as a simple boolean value
to decide if a space should be inserted before the suffix.
ambiguous
This applies when completing non-final components of filename
paths, in other words those with a trailing slash. If it is
set, the cursor is left after the first ambiguous component,
even if menu completion is in use. The style is always tested
with the paths tag.
assign-list
When completing after an equals sign that is being treated as an
assignment, the completion system normally completes only one
filename. In some cases the value may be a list of filenames
separated by colons, as with PATH and similar parameters. This
style can be set to a list of patterns matching the names of
such parameters.
The default is to complete lists when the word on the line
already contains a colon.
auto-description
If set, this style's value will be used as the description for
options that are not described by the completion functions, but
that have exactly one argument. The sequence `%d' in the value
will be replaced by the description for this argument. Depend-
ing on personal preferences, it may be useful to set this style
to something like `specify: %d'. Note that this may not work
for some commands.
avoid-completer
This is used by the _all_matches completer to decide if the
string consisting of all matches should be added to the list
currently being generated. Its value is a list of names of com-
pleters. If any of these is the name of the completer that gen-
erated the matches in this completion, the string will not be
added.
The default value for this style is `_expand _old_list _correct
_approximate', i.e. it contains the completers for which a
string with all matches will almost never be wanted.
cache-path
This style defines the path where any cache files containing
dumped completion data are stored. It defaults to `$ZDOT-
DIR/.zcompcache', or `$HOME/.zcompcache' if $ZDOTDIR is not
defined. The completion cache will not be used unless the
use-cache style is set.
cache-policy
This style defines the function that will be used to determine
whether a cache needs rebuilding. See the section on the
_cache_invalid function below.
call-command
This style is used in the function for commands such as make and
ant where calling the command directly to generate matches suf-
fers problems such as being slow or, as in the case of make can
potentially causes actions in the makefile to be executed. If it
is set to `true' the command is called to generate matches. The
default value of this style is `false'.
command
In many places, completion functions need to call external com-
mands to generate the list of completions. This style can be
used to override the command that is called in some such cases.
The elements of the value are joined with spaces to form a com-
mand line to execute. The value can also start with a hyphen,
in which case the usual command will be added to the end; this
is most useful for putting `builtin' or `command' in front to
make sure the appropriate version of a command is called, for
example to avoid calling a shell function with the same name as
an external command.
As an example, the completion function for process IDs uses this
style with the processes tag to generate the IDs to complete and
the list of processes to display (if the verbose style is
`true'). The list produced by the command should look like the
output of the ps command. The first line is not displayed, but
is searched for the string `PID' (or `pid') to find the position
of the process IDs in the following lines. If the line does not
contain `PID', the first numbers in each of the other lines are
taken as the process IDs to complete.
Note that the completion function generally has to call the
specified command for each attempt to generate the completion
list. Hence care should be taken to specify only commands that
take a short time to run, and in particular to avoid any that
may never terminate.
command-path
This is a list of directories to search for commands to com-
plete. The default for this style is the value of the special
parameter path.
commands
This is used by the function completing sub-commands for the
system initialisation scripts (residing in /etc/init.d or some-
where not too far away from that). Its values give the default
commands to complete for those commands for which the completion
function isn't able to find them out automatically. The default
for this style are the two strings `start' and `stop'.
complete
This is used by the _expand_alias function when invoked as a
bindable command. If it set to `true' and the word on the com-
mand line is not the name of an alias, matching alias names will
be completed.
complete-options
This is used by the completer for cd, chdir and pushd. For
these commands a - is used to introduce a directory stack entry
and completion of these is far more common than completing
options. Hence unless the value of this style is true options
will not be completed, even after an initial -. If it is true,
options will be completed after an initial - unless there is a
preceding -- on the command line.
completer
The strings given as the value of this style provide the names
of the completer functions to use. The available completer func-
tions are described in the section `Control Functions' below.
Each string may be either the name of a completer function or a
string of the form `function:name'. In the first case the com-
pleter field of the context will contain the name of the com-
pleter without the leading underscore and with all other under-
scores replaced by hyphens. In the second case the function is
the name of the completer to call, but the context will contain
the user-defined name in the completer field of the context. If
the name starts with a hyphen, the string for the context will
be build from the name of the completer function as in the first
case with the name appended to it. For example:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _complete:-foo
Here, completion will call the _complete completer twice, once
using `complete' and once using `complete-foo' in the completer
field of the context. Normally, using the same completer more
than once only makes sense when used with the `functions:name'
form, because otherwise the context name will be the same in all
calls to the completer; possible exceptions to this rule are the
_ignored and _prefix completers.
The default value for this style is `_complete _ignored': only
completion will be done, first using the ignored-patterns style
and the $fignore array and then without ignoring matches.
condition
This style is used by the _list completer function to decide if
insertion of matches should be delayed unconditionally. The
default is `true'.
delimiters
This style is used when adding a delimiter for use with history
modifiers or glob qualifiers that have delimited arguments. It
is an array of preferred delimiters to add. Non-special charac-
ters are preferred as the completion system may otherwise become
confused. The default list is :, +, /, -, %. The list may be
empty to force a delimiter to be typed.
disabled
If this is set to `true', the _expand_alias completer and bind-
able command will try to expand disabled aliases, too. The
default is `false'.
domains
A list of names of network domains for completion. If this is
not set, domain names will be taken from the file
/etc/resolv.conf.
environ
The environ style is used when completing for `sudo'. It is set
to an array of `VAR=value' assignments to be exported into the
local environment before the completion for the target command
is invoked.
zstyle :complete:sudo: environ \
PATH="/sbin:/usr/sbin:$PATH" HOME="/root"
expand This style is used when completing strings consisting of multi-
ple parts, such as path names.
If one of its values is the string `prefix', the partially typed
word from the line will be expanded as far as possible even if
trailing parts cannot be completed.
If one of its values is the string `suffix', matching names for
components after the first ambiguous one will also be added.
This means that the resulting string is the longest unambiguous
string possible. However, menu completion can be used to cycle
through all matches.
fake This style may be set for any completion context. It specifies
additional strings that will always be completed in that con-
text. The form of each string is `value:description'; the colon
and description may be omitted, but any literal colons in value
must be quoted with a backslash. Any description provided is
shown alongside the value in completion listings.
It is important to use a sufficiently restrictive context when
specifying fake strings. Note that the styles fake-files and
fake-parameters provide additional features when completing
files or parameters.
fake-always
This works identically to the fake style except that the
ignored-patterns style is not applied to it. This makes it pos-
sible to override a set of matches completely by setting the
ignored patterns to `*'.
The following shows a way of supplementing any tag with arbi-
trary data, but having it behave for display purposes like a
separate tag. In this example we use the features of the
tag-order style to divide the named-directories tag into two
when performing completion with the standard completer complete
for arguments of cd. The tag named-directories-normal behaves
as normal, but the tag named-directories-mine contains a fixed
set of directories. This has the effect of adding the match
group `extra directories' with the given completions.
zstyle ':completion::complete:cd:*' tag-order \
'named-directories:-mine:extra\ directories
named-directories:-normal:named\ directories *'
zstyle ':completion::complete:cd:*:named-directories-mine' \
fake-always mydir1 mydir2
zstyle ':completion::complete:cd:*:named-directories-mine' \
ignored-patterns '*'
fake-files
This style is used when completing files and looked up without a
tag. Its values are of the form `dir:names...'. This will add
the names (strings separated by spaces) as possible matches when
completing in the directory dir, even if no such files really
exist. The dir may be a pattern; pattern characters or colons
in dir should be quote with a backslash to be treated literally.
This can be useful on systems that support special filesystems
whose top-level pathnames can not be listed or generated with
glob patterns. It can also be used for directories for which
one does not have read permission.
The pattern form can be used to add a certain `magic' entry to
all directories on a particular filing system.
fake-parameters
This is used by the completion function for parameter names.
Its values are names of parameters that might not yet be set but
should be completed nonetheless. Each name may also be followed
by a colon and a string specifying the type of the parameter
(like `scalar', `array' or `integer'). If the type is given,
the name will only be completed if parameters of that type are
required in the particular context. Names for which no type is
specified will always be completed.
file-list
This style controls whether files completed using the standard
builtin mechanism are to be listed with a long list similar to
ls -l. Note that this feature uses the shell module zsh/stat
for file information; this loads the builtin stat which will
replace any external stat executable. To avoid this the follow-
ing code can be included in an initialization file:
zmodload -i zsh/stat
disable stat
The style may either be set to a true value (or `all'), or one
of the values `insert' or `list', indicating that files are to
be listed in long format in all circumstances, or when attempt-
ing to insert a file name, or when listing file names without
attempting to insert one.
More generally, the value may be an array of any of the above
values, optionally followed by =num. If num is present it gives
the maximum number of matches for which long listing style will
be used. For example,
zstyle ':completion:*' file-list list=20 insert=10
specifies that long format will be used when listing up to 20
files or inserting a file with up to 10 matches (assuming a
listing is to be shown at all, for example on an ambiguous com-
pletion), else short format will be used.
zstyle -e ':completion:*' file-list '(( ${+NUMERIC} )) && reply=(true)'
specifies that long format will be used any time a numeric argu-
ment is supplied, else short format.
file-patterns
This is used by the standard function for completing filenames,
_files. If the style is unset up to three tags are offered,
`globbed-files',`directories' and `all-files', depending on the
types of files expected by the caller of _files. The first two
(`globbed-files' and `directories') are normally offered
together to make it easier to complete files in sub-directories.
The file-patterns style provides alternatives to the default
tags, which are not used. Its value consists of elements of the
form `pattern:tag'; each string may contain any number of such
specifications separated by spaces.
The pattern is a pattern that is to be used to generate file-
names. Any occurrence of the sequence `%p' is replaced by any
pattern(s) passed by the function calling _files. Colons in the
pattern must be preceded by a backslash to make them distin-
guishable from the colon before the tag. If more than one pat-
tern is needed, the patterns can be given inside braces, sepa-
rated by commas.
The tags of all strings in the value will be offered by _files
and used when looking up other styles. Any tags in the same
word will be offered at the same time and before later words.
If no `:tag' is given the `files' tag will be used.
The tag may also be followed by an optional second colon and a
description, which will be used for the `%d' in the value of the
format style (if that is set) instead of the default description
supplied by the completion function. If the description given
here contains itself a `%d', that is replaced with the descrip-
tion supplied by the completion function.
For example, to make the rm command first complete only names of
object files and then the names of all files if there is no
matching object file:
zstyle ':completion:*:*:rm:*' file-patterns \
'*.o:object-files' '%p:all-files'
To alter the default behaviour of file completion -- offer files
matching a pattern and directories on the first attempt, then
all files -- to offer only matching files on the first attempt,
then directories, and finally all files:
zstyle ':completion:*' file-patterns \
'%p:globbed-files' '*(-/):directories' '*:all-files'
This works even where there is no special pattern: _files
matches all files using the pattern `*' at the first step and
stops when it sees this pattern. Note also it will never try a
pattern more than once for a single completion attempt.
During the execution of completion functions, the EXTENDED_GLOB
option is in effect, so the characters `#', `~' and `^' have
special meanings in the patterns.
file-sort
The standard filename completion function uses this style with-
out a tag to determine in which order the names should be
listed; menu completion will cycle through them in the same
order. The possible values are: `size' to sort by the size of
the file; `links' to sort by the number of links to the file;
`modification' (or `time' or `date') to sort by the last modifi-
cation time; `access' to sort by the last access time; and
`inode' (or `change') to sort by the last inode change time. If
the style is set to any other value, or is unset, files will be
sorted alphabetically by name. If the value contains the string
`reverse', sorting is done in the opposite order. If the value
contains the string `follow', timestamps are associated with the
targets of symbolic links; the default is to use the timestamps
of the links themselves.
filter This is used by the LDAP plugin for e-mail address completion to
specify the attributes to match against when filtering entries.
So for example, if the style is set to `sn', matching is done
against surnames. Standard LDAP filtering is used so normal
completion matching is bypassed. If this style is not set, the
LDAP plugin is skipped. You may also need to set the command
style to specify how to connect to your LDAP server.
force-list
This forces a list of completions to be shown at any point where
listing is done, even in cases where the list would usually be
suppressed. For example, normally the list is only shown if
there are at least two different matches. By setting this style
to `always', the list will always be shown, even if there is
only a single match that will immediately be accepted. The
style may also be set to a number. In this case the list will
be shown if there are at least that many matches, even if they
would all insert the same string.
This style is tested for the default tag as well as for each tag
valid for the current completion. Hence the listing can be
forced only for certain types of match.
format If this is set for the descriptions tag, its value is used as a
string to display above matches in completion lists. The
sequence `%d' in this string will be replaced with a short
description of what these matches are. This string may also
contain the following sequences to specify output attributes, as
described in the section PROMPT EXPANSION in zshmisc(1): `%B',
`%S', `%U', `%F', `%K' and their lower case counterparts, as
well as `%{...%}'. `%F', `%K' and `%{...%}' take arguments in
the same form as prompt expansion. Note that the %G sequence is
not available; an argument to `%{' should be used instead.
The style is tested with each tag valid for the current comple-
tion before it is tested for the descriptions tag. Hence dif-
ferent format strings can be defined for different types of
match.
Note also that some completer functions define additional
`%'-sequences. These are described for the completer functions
that make use of them.
Some completion functions display messages that may be cus-
tomised by setting this style for the messages tag. Here, the
`%d' is replaced with a message given by the completion func-
tion.
Finally, the format string is looked up with the warnings tag,
for use when no matches could be generated at all. In this case
the `%d' is replaced with the descriptions for the matches that
were expected separated by spaces. The sequence `%D' is
replaced with the same descriptions separated by newlines.
It is possible to use printf-style field width specifiers with
`%d' and similar escape sequences. This is handled by the zfor-
mat builtin command from the zsh/zutil module, see zshmod-
ules(1).
glob This is used by the _expand completer. If it is set to `true'
(the default), globbing will be attempted on the words resulting
from a previous substitution (see the substitute style) or else
the original string from the line.
global If this is set to `true' (the default), the _expand_alias com-
pleter and bindable command will try to expand global aliases.
group-name
The completion system can group different types of matches,
which appear in separate lists. This style can be used to give
the names of groups for particular tags. For example, in com-
mand position the completion system generates names of builtin
and external commands, names of aliases, shell functions and
parameters and reserved words as possible completions. To have
the external commands and shell functions listed separately:
zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*:commands' group-name commands
zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*:functions' group-name functions
As a consequence, any match with the same tag will be displayed
in the same group.
If the name given is the empty string the name of the tag for
the matches will be used as the name of the group. So, to have
all different types of matches displayed separately, one can
just set:
zstyle ':completion:*' group-name ''
All matches for which no group name is defined will be put in a
group named -default-.
group-order
This style is additional to the group-name style to specify the
order for display of the groups defined by that style (compare
tag-order, which determines which completions appear at all).
The groups named are shown in the given order; any other groups
are shown in the order defined by the completion function.
For example, to have names of builtin commands, shell functions
and external commands appear in that order when completing in
command position:
zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*' group-order \
builtins functions commands
groups A list of names of UNIX groups. If this is not set, group names
are taken from the YP database or the file `/etc/group'.
hidden If this is set to true, matches for the given context will not
be listed, although any description for the matches set with the
format style will be shown. If it is set to `all', not even the
description will be displayed.
Note that the matches will still be completed; they are just not
shown in the list. To avoid having matches considered as possi-
ble completions at all, the tag-order style can be modified as
described below.
hosts A list of names of hosts that should be completed. If this is
not set, hostnames are taken from the file `/etc/hosts'.
hosts-ports
This style is used by commands that need or accept hostnames and
network ports. The strings in the value should be of the form
`host:port'. Valid ports are determined by the presence of
hostnames; multiple ports for the same host may appear.
ignore-line
This is tested for each tag valid for the current completion.
If it is set to `true', none of the words that are already on
the line will be considered as possible completions. If it is
set to `current', the word the cursor is on will not be consid-
ered as a possible completion. The value `current-shown' is
similar but only applies if the list of completions is currently
shown on the screen. Finally, if the style is set to `other',
no word apart from the current one will be considered as a pos-
sible completion.
The values `current' and `current-shown' are a bit like the
opposite of the accept-exact style: only strings with missing
characters will be completed.
Note that you almost certainly don't want to set this to `true'
or `other' for a general context such as `:completion:*'. This
is because it would disallow completion of, for example, options
multiple times even if the command in question accepts the
option more than once.
ignore-parents
The style is tested without a tag by the function completing
pathnames in order to determine whether to ignore the names of
directories already mentioned in the current word, or the name
of the current working directory. The value must include one or
both of the following strings:
parent The name of any directory whose path is already contained
in the word on the line is ignored. For example, when
completing after foo/../, the directory foo will not be
considered a valid completion.
pwd The name of the current working directory will not be
completed; hence, for example, completion after ../ will
not use the name of the current directory.
In addition, the value may include one or both of:
.. Ignore the specified directories only when the word on
the line contains the substring `../'.
directory
Ignore the specified directories only when names of
directories are completed, not when completing names of
files.
Excluded values act in a similar fashion to values of the
ignored-patterns style, so they can be restored to consideration
by the _ignored completer.
extra-verbose
If set, the completion listing is more verbose at the cost of a
probable decrease in completion speed. Completion performance
will suffer if this style is set to `true'.
ignored-patterns
A list of patterns; any trial completion matching one of the
patterns will be excluded from consideration. The _ignored com-
pleter can appear in the list of completers to restore the
ignored matches. This is a more configurable version of the
shell parameter $fignore.
Note that the EXTENDED_GLOB option is set during the execution
of completion functions, so the characters `#', `~' and `^' have
special meanings in the patterns.
insert This style is used by the _all_matches completer to decide
whether to insert the list of all matches unconditionally
instead of adding the list as another match.
insert-ids
When completing process IDs, for example as arguments to the
kill and wait builtins the name of a command may be converted to
the appropriate process ID. A problem arises when the process
name typed is not unique. By default (or if this style is set
explicitly to `menu') the name will be converted immediately to
a set of possible IDs, and menu completion will be started to
cycle through them.
If the value of the style is `single', the shell will wait until
the user has typed enough to make the command unique before con-
verting the name to an ID; attempts at completion will be unsuc-
cessful until that point. If the value is any other string,
menu completion will be started when the string typed by the
user is longer than the common prefix to the corresponding IDs.
insert-tab
If this is set to `true', the completion system will insert a
TAB character (assuming that was used to start completion)
instead of performing completion when there is no non-blank
character to the left of the cursor. If it is set to `false',
completion will be done even there.
The value may also contain the substrings `pending' or `pend-
ing=val'. In this case, the typed character will be inserted
instead of staring completion when there is unprocessed input
pending. If a val is given, completion will not be done if
there are at least that many characters of unprocessed input.
This is often useful when pasting characters into a terminal.
Note however, that it relies on the $PENDING special parameter
from the zsh/zle module being set properly which is not guaran-
teed on all platforms.
The default value of this style is `true' except for completion
within vared builtin command where it is `false'.
insert-unambiguous
This is used by the _match and _approximate completers. These
completers are often used with menu completion since the word
typed may bear little resemblance to the final completion. How-
ever, if this style is `true', the completer will start menu
completion only if it could find no unambiguous initial string
at least as long as the original string typed by the user.
In the case of the _approximate completer, the completer field
in the context will already have been set to one of correct-num
or approximate-num, where num is the number of errors that were
accepted.
In the case of the _match completer, the style may also be set
to the string `pattern'. Then the pattern on the line is left
unchanged if it does not match unambiguously.
keep-prefix
This style is used by the _expand completer. If it is `true',
the completer will try to keep a prefix containing a tilde or
parameter expansion. Hence, for example, the string `~/f*'
would be expanded to `~/foo' instead of `/home/user/foo'. If
the style is set to `changed' (the default), the prefix will
only be left unchanged if there were other changes between the
expanded words and the original word from the command line. Any
other value forces the prefix to be expanded unconditionally.
The behaviour of expand when this style is true is to cause
_expand to give up when a single expansion with the restored
prefix is the same as the original; hence any remaining com-
pleters may be called.
last-prompt
This is a more flexible form of the ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT option.
If it is true, the completion system will try to return the cur-
sor to the previous command line after displaying a completion
list. It is tested for all tags valid for the current comple-
tion, then the default tag. The cursor will be moved back to
the previous line if this style is `true' for all types of
match. Note that unlike the ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT option this is
independent of the numeric prefix argument.
known-hosts-files
This style should contain a list of files to search for host
names and (if the use-ip style is set) IP addresses in a format
compatible with ssh known_hosts files. If it is not set, the
files /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts and ~/.ssh/known_hosts are used.
list This style is used by the _history_complete_word bindable com-
mand. If it is set to `true' it has no effect. If it is set to
`false' matches will not be listed. This overrides the setting
of the options controlling listing behaviour, in particular
AUTO_LIST. The context always starts with `:completion:his-
tory-words'.
list-colors
If the zsh/complist module is loaded, this style can be used to
set color specifications. This mechanism replaces the use of
the ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS parameters described in the sec-
tion `The zsh/complist Module' in zshmodules(1), but the syntax
is the same.
If this style is set for the default tag, the strings in the
value are taken as specifications that are to be used every-
where. If it is set for other tags, the specifications are used
only for matches of the type described by the tag. For this to
work best, the group-name style must be set to an empty string.
In addition to setting styles for specific tags, it is also pos-
sible to use group names specified explicitly by the group-name
tag together with the `(group)' syntax allowed by the ZLS_COLORS
and ZLS_COLOURS parameters and simply using the default tag.
It is possible to use any color specifications already set up
for the GNU version of the ls command:
zstyle ':completion:*:default' list-colors ${(s.:.)LS_COLORS}
The default colors are the same as for the GNU ls command and
can be obtained by setting the style to an empty string (i.e.
'').
list-dirs-first
This is used by file completion. If set, directories to be com-
pleted are listed separately from and before completion for
other files, regardless of tag ordering. In addition, the tag
other-files is used in place of all-files for the remaining
files, to indicate that no directories are presented with that
tag.
list-grouped
If this style is `true' (the default), the completion system
will try to make certain completion listings more compact by
grouping matches. For example, options for commands that have
the same description (shown when the verbose style is set to
`true') will appear as a single entry. However, menu selection
can be used to cycle through all the matches.
list-packed
This is tested for each tag valid in the current context as well
as the default tag. If it is set to `true', the corresponding
matches appear in listings as if the LIST_PACKED option were
set. If it is set to `false', they are listed normally.
list-prompt
If this style is set for the default tag, completion lists that
don't fit on the screen can be scrolled (see the description of
the zsh/complist module in zshmodules(1)). The value, if not
the empty string, will be displayed after every screenful and
the shell will prompt for a key press; if the style is set to
the empty string, a default prompt will be used.
The value may contain the escape sequences: `%l' or `%L', which
will be replaced by the number of the last line displayed and
the total number of lines; `%m' or `%M', the number of the last
match shown and the total number of matches; and `%p' and `%P',
`Top' when at the beginning of the list, `Bottom' when at the
end and the position shown as a percentage of the total length
otherwise. In each case the form with the uppercase letter will
be replaced by a string of fixed width, padded to the right
with spaces, while the lowercase form will be replaced by a
variable width string. As in other prompt strings, the escape
sequences `%S', `%s', `%B', `%b', `%U', `%u' for entering and
leaving the display modes standout, bold and underline, and
`%F', `%f', `%K', `%k' for changing the foreground background
colour, are also available, as is the form `%{...%}' for enclos-
ing escape sequences which display with zero (or, with a numeric
argument, some other) width.
After deleting this prompt the variable LISTPROMPT should be
unset for the the removal to take effect.
list-rows-first
This style is tested in the same way as the list-packed style
and determines whether matches are to be listed in a rows-first
fashion as if the LIST_ROWS_FIRST option were set.
list-suffixes
This style is used by the function that completes filenames. If
it is true, and completion is attempted on a string containing
multiple partially typed pathname components, all ambiguous com-
ponents will be shown. Otherwise, completion stops at the first
ambiguous component.
list-separator
The value of this style is used in completion listing to sepa-
rate the string to complete from a description when possible
(e.g. when completing options). It defaults to `--' (two
hyphens).
local This is for use with functions that complete URLs for which the
corresponding files are available directly from the filing sys-
tem. Its value should consist of three strings: a hostname, the
path to the default web pages for the server, and the directory
name used by a user placing web pages within their home area.
For example:
zstyle ':completion:*' local toast \
/var/http/public/toast public_html
Completion after `http://toast/stuff/' will look for files in
the directory /var/http/public/toast/stuff, while completion
after `http://toast/~yousir/' will look for files in the direc-
tory ~yousir/public_html.
mail-directory
If set, zsh will assume that mailbox files can be found in the
directory specified. It defaults to `~/Mail'.
match-original
This is used by the _match completer. If it is set to only,
_match will try to generate matches without inserting a `*' at
the cursor position. If set to any other non-empty value, it
will first try to generate matches without inserting the `*' and
if that yields no matches, it will try again with the `*'
inserted. If it is unset or set to the empty string, matching
will only be performed with the `*' inserted.
matcher
This style is tested separately for each tag valid in the cur-
rent context. Its value is added to any match specifications
given by the matcher-list style. It should be in the form
described in the section `Completion Matching Control' in zsh-
compwid(1).
matcher-list
This style can be set to a list of match specifications that are
to be applied everywhere. Match specifications are described in
the section `Completion Matching Control' in zshcompwid(1). The
completion system will try them one after another for each com-
pleter selected. For example, to try first simple completion
and, if that generates no matches, case-insensitive completion:
zstyle ':completion:*' matcher-list '' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}'
By default each specification replaces the previous one; how-
ever, if a specification is prefixed with +, it is added to the
existing list. Hence it is possible to create increasingly gen-
eral specifications without repetition:
zstyle ':completion:*' matcher-list '' '+m{a-Z}={A-Z}' '+m{A-Z}={a-z}'
It is possible to create match specifications valid for particu-
lar completers by using the third field of the context. For
example, to use the completers _complete and _prefix but only
allow case-insensitive completion with _complete:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _prefix
zstyle ':completion:*:complete:*' matcher-list \
'' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}'
User-defined names, as explained for the completer style, are
available. This makes it possible to try the same completer
more than once with different match specifications each time.
For example, to try normal completion without a match specifica-
tion, then normal completion with case-insensitive matching,
then correction, and finally partial-word completion:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _correct _complete:foo
zstyle ':completion:*:complete:*' matcher-list \
'' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}'
zstyle ':completion:*:foo:*' matcher-list \
'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z} r:|[-_./]=* r:|=*'
If the style is unset in any context no match specification is
applied. Note also that some completers such as _correct and
_approximate do not use the match specifications at all, though
these completers will only ever called once even if the
matcher-list contains more than one element.
Where multiple specifications are useful, note that the entire
completion is done for each element of matcher-list, which can
quickly reduce the shell's performance. As a rough rule of
thumb, one to three strings will give acceptable performance.
On the other hand, putting multiple space-separated values into
the same string does not have an appreciable impact on perfor-
mance.
If there is no current matcher or it is empty, and the option
NO_CASE_GLOB is in effect, the matching for files is performed
case-insensitively in any case. However, any matcher must
explicitly specify case-insensitive matching if that is
required.
max-errors
This is used by the _approximate and _correct completer func-
tions to determine the maximum number of errors to allow. The
completer will try to generate completions by first allowing one
error, then two errors, and so on, until either a match or
matches were found or the maximum number of errors given by this
style has been reached.
If the value for this style contains the string `numeric', the
completer function will take any numeric argument as the maximum
number of errors allowed. For example, with
zstyle ':completion:*:approximate:::' max-errors 2 numeric
two errors are allowed if no numeric argument is given, but with
a numeric argument of six (as in `ESC-6 TAB'), up to six errors
are accepted. Hence with a value of `0 numeric', no correcting
completion will be attempted unless a numeric argument is given.
If the value contains the string `not-numeric', the completer
will not try to generate corrected completions when given a
numeric argument, so in this case the number given should be
greater than zero. For example, `2 not-numeric' specifies that
correcting completion with two errors will usually be performed,
but if a numeric argument is given, correcting completion will
not be performed.
The default value for this style is `2 numeric'.
max-matches-width
This style is used to determine the trade off between the width
of the display used for matches and the width used for their
descriptions when the verbose style is in effect. The value
gives the number of display columns to reserve for the matches.
The default is half the width of the screen.
This has the most impact when several matches have the same
description and so will be grouped together. Increasing the
style will allow more matches to be grouped together; decreasing
it will allow more of the description to be visible.
menu If this is true in the context of any of the tags defined for
the current completion menu completion will be used. The value
for a specific tag will take precedence over that for the
`default' tag.
If none of the values found in this way is true but at least one
is set to `auto', the shell behaves as if the AUTO_MENU option
is set.
If one of the values is explicitly set to false, menu completion
will be explicitly turned off, overriding the MENU_COMPLETE
option and other settings.
In the form `yes=num', where `yes' may be any of the true values
(`yes', `true', `on' and `1'), menu completion will be turned on
if there are at least num matches. In the form `yes=long', menu
completion will be turned on if the list does not fit on the
screen. This does not activate menu completion if the widget
normally only lists completions, but menu completion can be
activated in that case with the value `yes=long-list' (Typi-
cally, the value `select=long-list' described later is more use-
ful as it provides control over scrolling.)
Similarly, with any of the `false' values (as in `no=10'), menu
completion will not be used if there are num or more matches.
The value of this widget also controls menu selection, as imple-
mented by the zsh/complist module. The following values may
appear either alongside or instead of the values above.
If the value contains the string `select', menu selection will
be started unconditionally.
In the form `select=num', menu selection will only be started if
there are at least num matches. If the values for more than one
tag provide a number, the smallest number is taken.
Menu selection can be turned off explicitly by defining a value
containing the string`no-select'.
It is also possible to start menu selection only if the list of
matches does not fit on the screen by using the value
`select=long'. To start menu selection even if the current wid-
get only performs listing, use the value `select=long-list'.
To turn on menu completion or menu selection when a there are a
certain number of matches or the list of matches does not fit on
the screen, both of `yes=' and `select=' may be given twice,
once with a number and once with `long' or `long-list'.
Finally, it is possible to activate two special modes of menu
selection. The word `interactive' in the value causes interac-
tive mode to be entered immediately when menu selection is
started; see the description of the zsh/complist module in zsh-
modules(1) for a description of interactive mode. Including the
string `search' does the same for incremental search mode. To
select backward incremental search, include the string
`search-backward'.
muttrc If set, gives the location of the mutt configuration file. It
defaults to `~/.muttrc'.
numbers
This is used with the jobs tag. If it is `true', the shell will
complete job numbers instead of the shortest unambiguous prefix
of the job command text. If the value is a number, job numbers
will only be used if that many words from the job descriptions
are required to resolve ambiguities. For example, if the value
is `1', strings will only be used if all jobs differ in the
first word on their command lines.
old-list
This is used by the _oldlist completer. If it is set to
`always', then standard widgets which perform listing will
retain the current list of matches, however they were generated;
this can be turned off explicitly with the value `never', giving
the behaviour without the _oldlist completer. If the style is
unset, or any other value, then the existing list of completions
is displayed if it is not already; otherwise, the standard com-
pletion list is generated; this is the default behaviour of
_oldlist. However, if there is an old list and this style con-
tains the name of the completer function that generated the
list, then the old list will be used even if it was generated by
a widget which does not do listing.
For example, suppose you type ^Xc to use the _correct_word wid-
get, which generates a list of corrections for the word under
the cursor. Usually, typing ^D would generate a standard list
of completions for the word on the command line, and show that.
With _oldlist, it will instead show the list of corrections
already generated.
As another example consider the _match completer: with the
insert-unambiguous style set to `true' it inserts only a common
prefix string, if there is any. However, this may remove parts
of the original pattern, so that further completion could pro-
duce more matches than on the first attempt. By using the
_oldlist completer and setting this style to _match, the list of
matches generated on the first attempt will be used again.
old-matches
This is used by the _all_matches completer to decide if an old
list of matches should be used if one exists. This is selected
by one of the `true' values or by the string `only'. If the
value is `only', _all_matches will only use an old list and
won't have any effect on the list of matches currently being
generated.
If this style is set it is generally unwise to call the
_all_matches completer unconditionally. One possible use is for
either this style or the completer style to be defined with the
-e option to zstyle to make the style conditional.
old-menu
This is used by the _oldlist completer. It controls how menu
completion behaves when a completion has already been inserted
and the user types a standard completion key such as TAB. The
default behaviour of _oldlist is that menu completion always
continues with the existing list of completions. If this style
is set to `false', however, a new completion is started if the
old list was generated by a different completion command; this
is the behaviour without the _oldlist completer.
For example, suppose you type ^Xc to generate a list of correc-
tions, and menu completion is started in one of the usual ways.
Usually, or with this style set to false, typing TAB at this
point would start trying to complete the line as it now appears.
With _oldlist, it instead continues to cycle through the list of
corrections.
original
This is used by the _approximate and _correct completers to
decide if the original string should be added as a possible com-
pletion. Normally, this is done only if there are at least two
possible corrections, but if this style is set to `true', it is
always added. Note that the style will be examined with the
completer field in the context name set to correct-num or
approximate-num, where num is the number of errors that were
accepted.
packageset
This style is used when completing arguments of the Debian
`dpkg' program. It contains an override for the default package
set for a given context. For example,
zstyle ':completion:*:complete:dpkg:option--status-1:*' \
packageset avail
causes available packages, rather than only installed packages,
to be completed for `dpkg --status'.
path The function that completes color names uses this style with the
colors tag. The value should be the pathname of a file contain-
ing color names in the format of an X11 rgb.txt file. If the
style is not set but this file is found in one of various stan-
dard locations it will be used as the default.
pine-directory
If set, specifies the directory containing PINE mailbox files.
There is no default, since recursively searching this directory
is inconvenient for anyone who doesn't use PINE.
ports A list of Internet service names (network ports) to complete.
If this is not set, service names are taken from the file
`/etc/services'.
prefix-hidden
This is used for certain completions which share a common pre-
fix, for example command options beginning with dashes. If it
is `true', the prefix will not be shown in the list of matches.
The default value for this style is `false'.
prefix-needed
This, too, is used for matches with a common prefix. If it is
set to `true' this common prefix must be typed by the user to
generate the matches. In the case of command options, this
means that the initial `-', `+', or `--' must be typed explic-
itly before option names will be completed.
The default value for this style is `true'.
preserve-prefix
This style is used when completing path names. Its value should
be a pattern matching an initial prefix of the word to complete
that should be left unchanged under all circumstances. For
example, on some Unices an initial `//' (double slash) has a
special meaning; setting this style to the string `//' will pre-
serve it. As another example, setting this style to `?:/' under
Cygwin would allow completion after `a:/...' and so on.
range This is used by the _history completer and the _history_com-
plete_word bindable command to decide which words should be com-
pleted.
If it is a singe number, only the last N words from the history
will be completed.
If it is a range of the form `max:slice', the last slice words
will be completed; then if that yields no matches, the slice
words before those will be tried and so on. This process stops
either when at least one match was been found, or max words have
been tried.
The default is to complete all words from the history at once.
regular
This style is used by the _expand_alias completer and bindable
command. If set to `true' (the default), regular aliases will
be expanded but only in command position. If it is set to
`false', regular aliases will never be expanded. If it is set
to `always', regular aliases will be expanded even if not in
command position.
rehash If this is set when completing external commands, the internal
list (hash) of commands will be updated for each search by issu-
ing the rehash command. There is a speed penalty for this which
is only likely to be noticeable when directories in the path
have slow file access.
remote-access
If set to false, certain commands will be prevented from making
Internet connections to retrieve remote information. This
includes the completion for the CVS command.
It is not always possible to know if connections are in fact to
a remote site, so some may be prevented unnecessarily.
remove-all-dups
The _history_complete_word bindable command and the _history
completer use this to decide if all duplicate matches should be
removed, rather than just consecutive duplicates.
select-prompt
If this is set for the default tag, its value will be displayed
during menu selection (see the menu style above) when the com-
pletion list does not fit on the screen as a whole. The same
escapes as for the list-prompt style are understood, except that
the numbers refer to the match or line the mark is on. A
default prompt is used when the value is the empty string.
select-scroll
This style is tested for the default tag and determines how a
completion list is scrolled during a menu selection (see the
menu style above) when the completion list does not fit on the
screen as a whole. If the value is `0' (zero), the list is
scrolled by half-screenfuls; if it is a positive integer, the
list is scrolled by the given number of lines; if it is a nega-
tive number, the list is scrolled by a screenful minus the abso-
lute value of the given number of lines. The default is to
scroll by single lines.
separate-sections
This style is used with the manuals tag when completing names of
manual pages. If it is `true', entries for different sections
are added separately using tag names of the form `manual.X',
where X is the section number. When the group-name style is
also in effect, pages from different sections will appear sepa-
rately. This style is also used similarly with the words style
when completing words for the dict command. It allows words from
different dictionary databases to be added separately. The
default for this style is `false'.
show-completer
Tested whenever a new completer is tried. If it is true, the
completion system outputs a progress message in the listing area
showing what completer is being tried. The message will be
overwritten by any output when completions are found and is
removed after completion is finished.
single-ignored
This is used by the _ignored completer when there is only one
match. If its value is `show', the single match will be dis-
played but not inserted. If the value is `menu', then the sin-
gle match and the original string are both added as matches and
menu completion is started, making it easy to select either of
them.
sort Many completion widgets call _description at some point which
decides whether the matches are added sorted or unsorted (often
indirectly via _wanted or _requested). This style can be set
explicitly to one of the usual true or false values as an over-
ride. If it is not set for the context, the standard behaviour
of the calling widget is used.
The style is tested first against the full context including the
tag, and if that fails to produce a value against the context
without the tag.
If the calling widget explicitly requests unsorted matches, this
is usually honoured. However, the default (unsorted) behaviour
of completion for the command history may be overridden by set-
ting the style to true.
In the _expand completer, if it is set to `true', the expansions
generated will always be sorted. If it is set to `menu', then
the expansions are only sorted when they are offered as single
strings but not in the string containing all possible expan-
sions.
special-dirs
Normally, the completion code will not produce the directory
names `.' and `..' as possible completions. If this style is
set to `true', it will add both `.' and `..' as possible comple-
tions; if it is set to `..', only `..' will be added.
The following example sets special-dirs to `..' when the current
prefix is empty, is a single `.', or consists only of a path
beginning with `../'. Otherwise the value is `false'.
zstyle -e ':completion:*' special-dirs \
'[[ $PREFIX = (../)#(|.|..) ]] && reply=(..)'
squeeze-slashes
If set to `true', sequences of slashes in filename paths (for
example in `foo//bar') will be treated as a single slash. This
is the usual behaviour of UNIX paths. However, by default the
file completion function behaves as if there were a `*' between
the slashes.
stop If set to `true', the _history_complete_word bindable command
will stop once when reaching the beginning or end of the his-
tory. Invoking _history_complete_word will then wrap around to
the opposite end of the history. If this style is set to
`false' (the default), _history_complete_word will loop immedi-
ately as in a menu completion.
strip-comments
If set to `true', this style causes non-essential comment text
to be removed from completion matches. Currently it is only
used when completing e-mail addresses where it removes any dis-
play name from the addresses, cutting them down to plain
user@host form.
subst-globs-only
This is used by the _expand completer. If it is set to `true',
the expansion will only be used if it resulted from globbing;
hence, if expansions resulted from the use of the substitute
style described below, but these were not further changed by
globbing, the expansions will be rejected.
The default for this style is `false'.
substitute
This boolean style controls whether the _expand completer will
first try to expand all substitutions in the string (such as
`$(...)' and `${...}').
The default is `true'.
suffix This is used by the _expand completer if the word starts with a
tilde or contains a parameter expansion. If it is set to
`true', the word will only be expanded if it doesn't have a suf-
fix, i.e. if it is something like `~foo' or `$foo' rather than
`~foo/' or `$foo/bar', unless that suffix itself contains char-
acters eligible for expansion. The default for this style is
`true'.
tag-order
This provides a mechanism for sorting how the tags available in
a particular context will be used.
The values for the style are sets of space-separated lists of
tags. The tags in each value will be tried at the same time; if
no match is found, the next value is used. (See the file-pat-
terns style for an exception to this behavior.)
For example:
zstyle ':completion:*:complete:-command-:*' tag-order \
'commands functions'
specifies that completion in command position first offers
external commands and shell functions. Remaining tags will be
tried if no completions are found.
In addition to tag names, each string in the value may take one
of the following forms:
- If any value consists of only a hyphen, then only the
tags specified in the other values are generated. Nor-
mally all tags not explicitly selected are tried last if
the specified tags fail to generate any matches. This
means that a single value consisting only of a single
hyphen turns off completion.
! tags...
A string starting with an exclamation mark specifies
names of tags that are not to be used. The effect is the
same as if all other possible tags for the context had
been listed.
tag:label ...
Here, tag is one of the standard tags and label is an
arbitrary name. Matches are generated as normal but the
name label is used in contexts instead of tag. This is
not useful in words starting with !.
If the label starts with a hyphen, the tag is prepended
to the label to form the name used for lookup. This can
be used to make the completion system try a certain tag
more than once, supplying different style settings for
each attempt; see below for an example.
tag:label:description
As before, but description will replace the `%d' in the
value of the format style instead of the default descrip-
tion supplied by the completion function. Spaces in the
description must be quoted with a backslash. A `%d'
appearing in description is replaced with the description
given by the completion function.
In any of the forms above the tag may be a pattern or several
patterns in the form `{pat1,pat2...}'. In this case all match-
ing tags will be used except for any given explicitly in the
same string.
One use of these features is to try one tag more than once, set-
ting other styles differently on each attempt, but still to use
all the other tags without having to repeat them all. For exam-
ple, to make completion of function names in command position
ignore all the completion functions starting with an underscore
the first time completion is tried:
zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*' tag-order \
'functions:-non-comp *' functions
zstyle ':completion:*:functions-non-comp' ignored-patterns '_*'
On the first attempt, all tags will be offered but the functions
tag will be replaced by functions-non-comp. The ignored-pat-
terns style is set for this tag to exclude functions starting
with an underscore. If there are no matches, the second value
of the tag-order style is used which completes functions using
the default tag, this time presumably including all function
names.
The matches for one tag can be split into different groups. For
example:
zstyle ':completion:*' tag-order \
'options:-long:long\ options
options:-short:short\ options
options:-single-letter:single\ letter\ options'
zstyle ':completion:*:options-long' ignored-patterns '[-+](|-|[^-]*)'
zstyle ':completion:*:options-short' ignored-patterns '--*' '[-+]?'
zstyle ':completion:*:options-single-letter' ignored-patterns '???*'
With the group-names style set, options beginning with `--',
options beginning with a single `-' or `+' but containing multi-
ple characters, and single-letter options will be displayed in
separate groups with different descriptions.
Another use of patterns is to try multiple match specifications
one after another. The matcher-list style offers something sim-
ilar, but it is tested very early in the completion system and
hence can't be set for single commands nor for more specific
contexts. Here is how to try normal completion without any
match specification and, if that generates no matches, try again
with case-insensitive matching, restricting the effect to argu-
ments of the command foo:
zstyle ':completion:*:*:foo:*' tag-order '*' '*:-case'
zstyle ':completion:*-case' matcher 'm:{a-z}={A-Z}'
First, all the tags offered when completing after foo are tried
using the normal tag name. If that generates no matches, the
second value of tag-order is used, which tries all tags again
except that this time each has -case appended to its name for
lookup of styles. Hence this time the value for the matcher
style from the second call to zstyle in the example is used to
make completion case-insensitive.
It is possible to use the -e option of the zstyle builtin com-
mand to specify conditions for the use of particular tags. For
example:
zstyle -e '*:-command-:*' tag-order '
if [[ -n $PREFIX$SUFFIX ]]; then
reply=( )
else
reply=( - )
fi'
Completion in command position will be attempted only if the
string typed so far is not empty. This is tested using the PRE-
FIX special parameter; see zshcompwid for a description of
parameters which are special inside completion widgets. Setting
reply to an empty array provides the default behaviour of trying
all tags at once; setting it to an array containing only a
hyphen disables the use of all tags and hence of all comple-
tions.
If no tag-order style has been defined for a context, the
strings `(|*-)argument-* (|*-)option-* values' and `options'
plus all tags offered by the completion function will be used to
provide a sensible default behavior that causes arguments
(whether normal command arguments or arguments of options) to be
completed before option names for most commands.
urls This is used together with the the urls tag by functions com-
pleting URLs.
If the value consists of more than one string, or if the only
string does not name a file or directory, the strings are used
as the URLs to complete.
If the value contains only one string which is the name of a
normal file the URLs are taken from that file (where the URLs
may be separated by white space or newlines).
Finally, if the only string in the value names a directory, the
directory hierarchy rooted at this directory gives the comple-
tions. The top level directory should be the file access
method, such as `http', `ftp', `bookmark' and so on. In many
cases the next level of directories will be a filename. The
directory hierarchy can descend as deep as necessary.
For example,
zstyle ':completion:*' urls ~/.urls
mkdir -p ~/.urls/ftp/ftp.zsh.org/pub/development
allows completion of all the components of the URL
ftp://ftp.zsh.org/pub/development after suitable commands such
as `netscape' or `lynx'. Note, however, that access methods and
files are completed separately, so if the hosts style is set
hosts can be completed without reference to the urls style.
See the description in the function _urls itself for more infor-
mation (e.g. `more $^fpath/_urls(N)').
use-cache
If this is set, the completion caching layer is activated for
any completions which use it (via the _store_cache,
_retrieve_cache, and _cache_invalid functions). The directory
containing the cache files can be changed with the cache-path
style.
use-compctl
If this style is set to a string not equal to false, 0, no, and
off, the completion system may use any completion specifications
defined with the compctl builtin command. If the style is
unset, this is done only if the zsh/compctl module is loaded.
The string may also contain the substring `first' to use comple-
tions defined with `compctl -T', and the substring `default' to
use the completion defined with `compctl -D'.
Note that this is only intended to smooth the transition from
compctl to the new completion system and may disappear in the
future.
Note also that the definitions from compctl will only be used if
there is no specific completion function for the command in
question. For example, if there is a function _foo to complete
arguments to the command foo, compctl will never be invoked for
foo. However, the compctl version will be tried if foo only
uses default completion.
use-ip By default, the function _hosts that completes host names strips
IP addresses from entries read from host databases such as NIS
and ssh files. If this style is true, the corresponding IP
addresses can be completed as well. This style is not use in
any context where the hosts style is set; note also it must be
set before the cache of host names is generated (typically the
first completion attempt).
use-perl
Various parts of the function system use awk to extract words
from files or command output as this universally available.
However, many versions of awk have arbitrary limits on the size
of input. If this style is set, perl will be used instead.
This is almost always preferable if perl is available on your
system.
Currently this is only used in completions for `make', but it
may be extended depending on authorial frustration.
users This may be set to a list of usernames to be completed. If it
is not set all usernames will be completed. Note that if it is
set only that list of users will be completed; this is because
on some systems querying all users can take a prohibitive amount
of time.
users-hosts
The values of this style should be of the form `user@host' or
`user:host'. It is used for commands that need pairs of user-
and hostnames. These commands will complete usernames from this
style (only), and will restrict subsequent hostname completion
to hosts paired with that user in one of the values of the
style.
It is possible to group values for sets of commands which allow
a remote login, such as rlogin and ssh, by using the my-accounts
tag. Similarly, values for sets of commands which usually refer
to the accounts of other people, such as talk and finger, can be
grouped by using the other-accounts tag. More ambivalent com-
mands may use the accounts tag.
users-hosts-ports
Like users-hosts but used for commands like telnet and contain-
ing strings of the form `user@host:port'.
verbose
If set, as it is by default, the completion listing is more ver-
bose. In particular many commands show descriptions for options
if this style is `true'.
word This is used by the _list completer, which prevents the inser-
tion of completions until a second completion attempt when the
line has not changed. The normal way of finding out if the line
has changed is to compare its entire contents between the two
occasions. If this style is true, the comparison is instead
performed only on the current word. Hence if completion is per-
formed on another word with the same contents, completion will
not be delayed.
CONTROL FUNCTIONS
The initialization script compinit redefines all the widgets which per-
form completion to call the supplied widget function _main_complete.
This function acts as a wrapper calling the so-called `completer' func-
tions that generate matches. If _main_complete is called with argu-
ments, these are taken as the names of completer functions to be called
in the order given. If no arguments are given, the set of functions to
try is taken from the completer style. For example, to use normal com-
pletion and correction if that doesn't generate any matches:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _correct
after calling compinit. The default value for this style is `_complete
_ignored', i.e. normally only ordinary completion is tried, first with
the effect of the ignored-patterns style and then without it. The
_main_complete function uses the return status of the completer func-
tions to decide if other completers should be called. If the return
status is zero, no other completers are tried and the _main_complete
function returns.
If the first argument to _main_complete is a single hyphen, the argu-
ments will not be taken as names of completers. Instead, the second
argument gives a name to use in the completer field of the context and
the other arguments give a command name and arguments to call to gener-
ate the matches.
The following completer functions are contained in the distribution,
although users may write their own. Note that in contexts the leading
underscore is stripped, for example basic completion is performed in
the context `:completion::complete:...'.
_all_matches
This completer can be used to add a string consisting of all
other matches. As it influences later completers it must appear
as the first completer in the list. The list of all matches is
affected by the avoid-completer and old-matches styles described
above.
It may be useful to use the _generic function described below to
bind _all_matches to its own keystroke, for example:
zle -C all-matches complete-word _generic
bindkey '^Xa' all-matches
zstyle ':completion:all-matches:*' old-matches only
zstyle ':completion:all-matches::::' completer _all_matches
Note that this does not generate completions by itself: first
use any of the standard ways of generating a list of comple-
tions, then use ^Xa to show all matches. It is possible instead
to add a standard completer to the list and request that the
list of all matches should be directly inserted:
zstyle ':completion:all-matches::::' completer _all_matches _complete
zstyle ':completion:all-matches:*' insert true
In this case the old-matches style should not be set.
_approximate
This is similar to the basic _complete completer but allows the
completions to undergo corrections. The maximum number of
errors can be specified by the max-errors style; see the
description of approximate matching in zshexpn(1) for how errors
are counted. Normally this completer will only be tried after
the normal _complete completer:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _approximate
This will give correcting completion if and only if normal com-
pletion yields no possible completions. When corrected comple-
tions are found, the completer will normally start menu comple-
tion allowing you to cycle through these strings.
This completer uses the tags corrections and original when gen-
erating the possible corrections and the original string. The
format style for the former may contain the additional sequences
`%e' and `%o' which will be replaced by the number of errors
accepted to generate the corrections and the original string,
respectively.
The completer progressively increases the number of errors
allowed up to the limit by the max-errors style, hence if a com-
pletion is found with one error, no completions with two errors
will be shown, and so on. It modifies the completer name in the
context to indicate the number of errors being tried: on the
first try the completer field contains `approximate-1', on the
second try `approximate-2', and so on.
When _approximate is called from another function, the number of
errors to accept may be passed with the -a option. The argument
is in the same format as the max-errors style, all in one
string.
Note that this completer (and the _correct completer mentioned
below) can be quite expensive to call, especially when a large
number of errors are allowed. One way to avoid this is to set
up the completer style using the -e option to zstyle so that
some completers are only used when completion is attempted a
second time on the same string, e.g.:
zstyle -e ':completion:*' completer '
if [[ $_last_try != "$HISTNO$BUFFER$CURSOR" ]]; then
_last_try="$HISTNO$BUFFER$CURSOR"
reply=(_complete _match _prefix)
else
reply=(_ignored _correct _approximate)
fi'
This uses the HISTNO parameter and the BUFFER and CURSOR special
parameters that are available inside zle and completion widgets
to find out if the command line hasn't changed since the last
time completion was tried. Only then are the _ignored, _correct
and _approximate completers called.
_complete
This completer generates all possible completions in a con-
text-sensitive manner, i.e. using the settings defined with the
compdef function explained above and the current settings of all
special parameters. This gives the normal completion behaviour.
To complete arguments of commands, _complete uses the utility
function _normal, which is in turn responsible for finding the
particular function; it is described below. Various contexts of
the form -context- are handled specifically. These are all men-
tioned above as possible arguments to the #compdef tag.
Before trying to find a function for a specific context, _com-
plete checks if the parameter `compcontext' is set. Setting
`compcontext' allows the usual completion dispatching to be
overridden which is useful in places such as a function that
uses vared for input. If it is set to an array, the elements are
taken to be the possible matches which will be completed using
the tag `values' and the description `value'. If it is set to an
associative array, the keys are used as the possible completions
and the values (if non-empty) are used as descriptions for the
matches. If `compcontext' is set to a string containing colons,
it should be of the form `tag:descr:action'. In this case the
tag and descr give the tag and description to use and the action
indicates what should be completed in one of the forms accepted
by the _arguments utility function described below.
Finally, if `compcontext' is set to a string without colons, the
value is taken as the name of the context to use and the func-
tion defined for that context will be called. For this purpose,
there is a special context named -command-line- that completes
whole command lines (commands and their arguments). This is not
used by the completion system itself but is nonetheless handled
when explicitly called.
_correct
Generate corrections, but not completions, for the current word;
this is similar to _approximate but will not allow any number of
extra characters at the cursor as that completer does. The
effect is similar to spell-checking. It is based on _approxi-
mate, but the completer field in the context name is correct.
For example, with:
zstyle ':completion:::::' completer _complete _correct _approximate
zstyle ':completion:*:correct:::' max-errors 2 not-numeric
zstyle ':completion:*:approximate:::' max-errors 3 numeric
correction will accept up to two errors. If a numeric argument
is given, correction will not be performed, but correcting com-
pletion will be, and will accept as many errors as given by the
numeric argument. Without a numeric argument, first correction
and then correcting completion will be tried, with the first one
accepting two errors and the second one accepting three errors.
When _correct is called as a function, the number of errors to
accept may be given following the -a option. The argument is in
the same form a values to the accept style, all in one string.
This completer function is intended to be used without the
_approximate completer or, as in the example, just before it.
Using it after the _approximate completer is useless since
_approximate will at least generate the corrected strings gener-
ated by the _correct completer -- and probably more.
_expand
This completer function does not really perform completion, but
instead checks if the word on the command line is eligible for
expansion and, if it is, gives detailed control over how this
expansion is done. For this to happen, the completion system
needs to be invoked with complete-word, not expand-or-complete
(the default binding for TAB), as otherwise the string will be
expanded by the shell's internal mechanism before the completion
system is started. Note also this completer should be called
before the _complete completer function.
The tags used when generating expansions are all-expansions for
the string containing all possible expansions, expansions when
adding the possible expansions as single matches and original
when adding the original string from the line. The order in
which these strings are generated, if at all, can be controlled
by the group-order and tag-order styles, as usual.
The format string for all-expansions and for expansions may con-
tain the sequence `%o' which will be replaced by the original
string from the line.
The kind of expansion to be tried is controlled by the substi-
tute, glob and subst-globs-only styles.
It is also possible to call _expand as a function, in which case
the different modes may be selected with options: -s for substi-
tute, -g for glob and -o for subst-globs-only.
_expand_alias
If the word the cursor is on is an alias, it is expanded and no
other completers are called. The types of aliases which are to
be expanded can be controlled with the styles regular, global
and disabled.
This function is also a bindable command, see the section `Bind-
able Commands' below.
_history
Complete words from the shell's command history. This com-
pleter can be controlled by the remove-all-dups, and sort styles
as for the _history_complete_word bindable command, see the sec-
tion `Bindable Commands' below and the section `Completion Sys-
tem Configuration' above.
_ignored
The ignored-patterns style can be set to a list of patterns
which are compared against possible completions; matching ones
are removed. With this completer those matches can be rein-
stated, as if no ignored-patterns style were set. The completer
actually generates its own list of matches; which completers are
invoked is determined in the same way as for the _prefix com-
pleter. The single-ignored style is also available as described
above.
_list This completer allows the insertion of matches to be delayed
until completion is attempted a second time without the word on
the line being changed. On the first attempt, only the list of
matches will be shown. It is affected by the styles condition
and word, see the section `Completion System Configuration'
above.
_match This completer is intended to be used after the _complete com-
pleter. It behaves similarly but the string on the command line
may be a pattern to match against trial completions. This gives
the effect of the GLOB_COMPLETE option.
Normally completion will be performed by taking the pattern from
the line, inserting a `*' at the cursor position and comparing
the resulting pattern with the possible completions generated.
This can be modified with the match-original style described
above.
The generated matches will be offered in a menu completion
unless the insert-unambiguous style is set to `true'; see the
description above for other options for this style.
Note that matcher specifications defined globally or used by the
completion functions (the styles matcher-list and matcher) will
not be used.
_menu This completer was written as simple example function to show
how menu completion can be enabled in shell code. However, it
has the notable effect of disabling menu selection which can be
useful with _generic based widgets. It should be used as the
first completer in the list. Note that this is independent of
the setting of the MENU_COMPLETE option and does not work with
the other menu completion widgets such as reverse-menu-complete,
or accept-and-menu-complete.
_oldlist
This completer controls how the standard completion widgets
behave when there is an existing list of completions which may
have been generated by a special completion (i.e. a sepa-
rately-bound completion command). It allows the ordinary com-
pletion keys to continue to use the list of completions thus
generated, instead of producing a new list of ordinary contex-
tual completions. It should appear in the list of completers
before any of the widgets which generate matches. It uses two
styles: old-list and old-menu, see the section `Completion Sys-
tem Configuration' above.
_prefix
This completer can be used to try completion with the suffix
(everything after the cursor) ignored. In other words, the suf-
fix will not be considered to be part of the word to complete.
The effect is similar to the expand-or-complete-prefix command.
The completer style is used to decide which other completers are
to be called to generate matches. If this style is unset, the
list of completers set for the current context is used --
except, of course, the _prefix completer itself. Furthermore,
if this completer appears more than once in the list of com-
pleters only those completers not already tried by the last
invocation of _prefix will be called.
For example, consider this global completer style:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer \
_complete _prefix _correct _prefix:foo
Here, the _prefix completer tries normal completion but ignoring
the suffix. If that doesn't generate any matches, and neither
does the call to the _correct completer after it, _prefix will
be called a second time and, now only trying correction with the
suffix ignored. On the second invocation the completer part of
the context appears as `foo'.
To use _prefix as the last resort and try only normal completion
when it is invoked:
zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete ... _prefix
zstyle ':completion::prefix:*' completer _complete
The add-space style is also respected. If it is set to `true'
then _prefix will insert a space between the matches generated
(if any) and the suffix.
Note that this completer is only useful if the COMPLETE_IN_WORD
option is set; otherwise, the cursor will be moved to the end of
the current word before the completion code is called and hence
there will be no suffix.
bashcompinit
This function provides compatibility with bash's programmable
completion system. When run it will define the functions, comp-
gen and complete which correspond to the bash builtins with the
same names. It will then be possible to use completion specifi-
cations and functions written for bash.
BINDABLE COMMANDS
In addition to the context-dependent completions provided, which are
expected to work in an intuitively obvious way, there are a few widgets
implementing special behaviour which can be bound separately to keys.
The following is a list of these and their default bindings.
_bash_completions
This function is used by two widgets, _bash_complete-word and
_bash_list-choices. It exists to provide compatibility with
completion bindings in bash. The last character of the binding
determines what is completed: `!', command names; `$', environ-
ment variables; `@', host names; `/', file names; `~' user
names. In bash, the binding preceded by `\e' gives completion,
and preceded by `^X' lists options. As some of these bindings
clash with standard zsh bindings, only `\e~' and `^X~' are bound
by default. To add the rest, the following should be added to
.zshrc after compinit has been run:
for key in '!' '$' '@' '/' '~'; do
bindkey "\e$key" _bash_complete-word
bindkey "^X$key" _bash_list-choices
done
This includes the bindings for `~' in case they were already
bound to something else; the completion code does not override
user bindings.
_correct_filename (^XC)
Correct the filename path at the cursor position. Allows up to
six errors in the name. Can also be called with an argument to
correct a filename path, independently of zle; the correction is
printed on standard output.
_correct_word (^Xc)
Performs correction of the current argument using the usual con-
textual completions as possible choices. This stores the string
`correct-word' in the function field of the context name and
then calls the _correct completer.
_expand_alias (^Xa)
This function can be used as a completer and as a bindable com-
mand. It expands the word the cursor is on if it is an alias.
The types of alias expanded can be controlled with the styles
regular, global and disabled.
When used as a bindable command there is one additional feature
that can be selected by setting the complete style to `true'.
In this case, if the word is not the name of an alias,
_expand_alias tries to complete the word to a full alias name
without expanding it. It leaves the cursor directly after the
completed word so that invoking _expand_alias once more will
expand the now-complete alias name.
_expand_word (^Xe)
Performs expansion on the current word: equivalent to the stan-
dard expand-word command, but using the _expand completer.
Before calling it, the function field of the context is set to
`expand-word'.
_generic
This function is not defined as a widget and not bound by
default. However, it can be used to define a widget and will
then store the name of the widget in the function field of the
context and call the completion system. This allows custom com-
pletion widgets with their own set of style settings to be
defined easily. For example, to define a widget that performs
normal completion and starts menu selection:
zle -C foo complete-word _generic
bindkey '...' foo
zstyle ':completion:foo:*' menu yes select=1
Note in particular that the completer style may be set for the
context in order to change the set of functions used to generate
possible matches. If _generic is called with arguments, those
are passed through to _main_complete as the list of completers
in place of those defined by the completer style.
_history_complete_word (\e/)
Complete words from the shell's command history. This uses the
list, remove-all-dups, sort, and stop styles.
_most_recent_file (^Xm)
Complete the name of the most recently modified file matching
the pattern on the command line (which may be blank). If given
a numeric argument N, complete the Nth most recently modified
file. Note the completion, if any, is always unique.
_next_tags (^Xn)
This command alters the set of matches used to that for the next
tag, or set of tags, either as given by the tag-order style or
as set by default; these matches would otherwise not be avail-
able. Successive invocations of the command cycle through all
possible sets of tags.
_read_comp (^X^R)
Prompt the user for a string, and use that to perform completion
on the current word. There are two possibilities for the
string. First, it can be a set of words beginning `_', for
example `_files -/', in which case the function with any argu-
ments will be called to generate the completions. Unambiguous
parts of the function name will be completed automatically (nor-
mal completion is not available at this point) until a space is
typed.
Second, any other string will be passed as a set of arguments to
compadd and should hence be an expression specifying what should
be completed.
A very restricted set of editing commands is available when
reading the string: `DEL' and `^H' delete the last character;
`^U' deletes the line, and `^C' and `^G' abort the function,
while `RET' accepts the completion. Note the string is used
verbatim as a command line, so arguments must be quoted in
accordance with standard shell rules.
Once a string has been read, the next call to _read_comp will
use the existing string instead of reading a new one. To force
a new string to be read, call _read_comp with a numeric argu-
ment.
_complete_debug (^X?)
This widget performs ordinary completion, but captures in a tem-
porary file a trace of the shell commands executed by the com-
pletion system. Each completion attempt gets its own file. A
command to view each of these files is pushed onto the editor
buffer stack.
_complete_help (^Xh)
This widget displays information about the context names, the
tags, and the completion functions used when completing at the
current cursor position. If given a numeric argument other than
1 (as in `ESC-2 ^Xh'), then the styles used and the contexts for
which they are used will be shown, too.
Note that the information about styles may be incomplete; it
depends on the information available from the completion func-
tions called, which in turn is determined by the user's own
styles and other settings.
_complete_help_generic
Unlike other commands listed here, this must be created as a
normal ZLE widget rather than a completion widget (i.e. with zle
-N). It is used for generating help with a widget bound to the
_generic widget that is described above.
If this widget is created using the name of the function, as it
is by default, then when executed it will read a key sequence.
This is expected to be bound to a call to a completion function
that uses the _generic widget. That widget will be executed,
and information provided in the same format that the _com-
plete_help widget displays for contextual completion.
If the widget's name contains debug, for example if it is cre-
ated as `zle -N _complete_debug_generic _complete_help_generic',
it will read and execute the keystring for a generic widget as
before, but then generate debugging information as done by _com-
plete_debug for contextual completion.
If the widget's name contains noread, it will not read a
keystring but instead arrange that the next use of a generic
widget run in the same shell will have the effect as described
above.
The widget works by setting the shell parameter
ZSH_TRACE_GENERIC_WIDGET which is read by _generic. Unsetting
the parameter cancels any pending effect of the noread form.
For example, after executing the following:
zle -N _complete_debug_generic _complete_help_generic
bindkey '^x:' _complete_debug_generic
typing `C-x :' followed by the key sequence for a generic widget
will cause trace output for that widget to be saved to a file.
_complete_tag (^Xt)
This widget completes symbol tags created by the etags or ctags
programmes (note there is no connection with the completion sys-
tem's tags) stored in a file TAGS, in the format used by etags,
or tags, in the format created by ctags. It will look back up
the path hierarchy for the first occurrence of either file; if
both exist, the file TAGS is preferred. You can specify the
full path to a TAGS or tags file by setting the parameter $TAGS-
FILE or $tagsfile respectively. The corresponding completion
tags used are etags and vtags, after emacs and vi respectively.
UTILITY FUNCTIONS
Descriptions follow for utility functions that may be useful when writ-
ing completion functions. If functions are installed in subdirecto-
ries, most of these reside in the Base subdirectory. Like the example
functions for commands in the distribution, the utility functions gen-
erating matches all follow the convention of returning status zero if
they generated completions and non-zero if no matching completions
could be added.
Two more features are offered by the _main_complete function. The
arrays compprefuncs and comppostfuncs may contain names of functions
that are to be called immediately before or after completion has been
tried. A function will only be called once unless it explicitly rein-
serts itself into the array.
_all_labels [ -x ] [ -12VJ ] tag name descr [ command args ... ]
This is a convenient interface to the _next_label function
below, implementing the loop shown in the _next_label example.
The command and its arguments are called to generate the
matches. The options stored in the parameter name will automat-
ically be inserted into the args passed to the command. Nor-
mally, they are put directly after the command, but if one of
the args is a single hyphen, they are inserted directly before
that. If the hyphen is the last argument, it will be removed
from the argument list before the command is called. This
allows _all_labels to be used in almost all cases where the
matches can be generated by a single call to the compadd builtin
command or by a call to one of the utility functions.
For example:
local expl
...
if _requested foo; then
...
_all_labels foo expl '...' compadd ... - $matches
fi
Will complete the strings from the matches parameter, using com-
padd with additional options which will take precedence over
those generated by _all_labels.
_alternative [ -C name ] spec ...
This function is useful in simple cases where multiple tags are
available. Essentially it implements a loop like the one
described for the _tags function below.
The tags to use and the action to perform if a tag is requested
are described using the specs which are of the form:
`tag:descr:action'. The tags are offered using _tags and if the
tag is requested, the action is executed with the given descrip-
tion descr. The actions are those accepted by the _arguments
function (described below), excluding the `->state' and `=...'
forms.
For example, the action may be a simple function call:
_alternative \
'users:user:_users' \
'hosts:host:_hosts'
offers usernames and hostnames as possible matches, generated by
the _users and _hosts functions respectively.
Like _arguments, this functions uses _all_labels to execute the
actions, which will loop over all sets of tags. Special han-
dling is only required if there is an additional valid tag, for
example inside a function called from _alternative.
Like _tags this function supports the -C option to give a dif-
ferent name for the argument context field.
_arguments [ -nswWACRS ] [ -O name ] [ -M matchspec ] [ : ] spec ...
This function can be used to give a complete specification for
completion for a command whose arguments follow standard UNIX
option and argument conventions. The following forms specify
individual sets of options and arguments; to avoid ambiguity,
these may be separated from the options to _arguments itself by
a single colon. Options to _arguments itself must be in sepa-
rate words, i.e. -s -w, not -sw.
With the option -n, _arguments sets the parameter NORMARG to the
position of the first normal argument in the $words array, i.e.
the position after the end of the options. If that argument has
not been reached, NORMARG is set to -1. The caller should
declare `integer NORMARG' if the -n option is passed; otherwise
the parameter is not used.
n:message:action
n::message:action
This describes the n'th normal argument. The message
will be printed above the matches generated and the
action indicates what can be completed in this position
(see below). If there are two colons before the message
the argument is optional. If the message contains only
white space, nothing will be printed above the matches
unless the action adds an explanation string itself.
:message:action
::message:action
Similar, but describes the next argument, whatever number
that happens to be. If all arguments are specified in
this form in the correct order the numbers are unneces-
sary.
*:message:action
*::message:action
*:::message:action
This describes how arguments (usually non-option argu-
ments, those not beginning with - or +) are to be com-
pleted when neither of the first two forms was provided.
Any number of arguments can be completed in this fashion.
With two colons before the message, the words special
array and the CURRENT special parameter are modified to
refer only to the normal arguments when the action is
executed or evaluated. With three colons before the mes-
sage they are modified to refer only to the normal argu-
ments covered by this description.
optspec
optspec:...
This describes an option. The colon indicates handling
for one or more arguments to the option; if it is not
present, the option is assumed to take no arguments.
By default, options are multi-character name, one `-word'
per option. With -s, options may be single characters,
with more than one option per word, although words start-
ing with two hyphens, such as `--prefix', are still con-
sidered complete option names. This is suitable for
standard GNU options.
The combination of -s with -w allows single-letter
options to be combined in a single word even if one or
more of the options take arguments. For example, if -a
takes an argument, with no -s `-ab' is considered as a
single (unhandled) option; with -s -ab is an option with
the argument `b'; with both -s and -w, -ab may be the
option -a and the option -b with arguments still to come.
The option -W takes this a stage further: it is possible
to complete single-letter options even after an argument
that occurs in the same word. However, it depends on the
action performed whether options will really be completed
at this point. For more control, use a utility function
like _guard as part of the action.
The following forms are available for the initial opt-
spec, whether or not the option has arguments.
*optspec
Here optspec is one of the remaining forms below.
This indicates the following optspec may be
repeated. Otherwise if the corresponding option
is already present on the command line to the left
of the cursor it will not be offered again.
-optname
+optname
In the simplest form the optspec is just the
option name beginning with a minus or a plus sign,
such as `-foo'. The first argument for the option
(if any) must follow as a separate word directly
after the option.
Either of `-+optname' and `+-optname' can be used
to specify that -optname and +optname are both
valid.
In all the remaining forms, the leading `-' may be
replaced by or paired with `+' in this way.
-optname-
The first argument of the option must come
directly after the option name in the same word.
For example, `-foo-:...' specifies that the com-
pleted option and argument will look like
`-fooarg'.
-optname+
The first argument may appear immediately after
optname in the same word, or may appear as a sepa-
rate word after the option. For example,
`-foo+:...' specifies that the completed option
and argument will look like either `-fooarg' or
`-foo arg'.
-optname=
The argument may appear as the next word, or in
same word as the option name provided that it is
separated from it by an equals sign, for example
`-foo=arg' or `-foo arg'.
-optname=-
The argument to the option must appear after an
equals sign in the same word, and may not be given
in the next argument.
optspec[explanation]
An explanation string may be appended to any of
the preceding forms of optspec by enclosing it in
brackets, as in `-q[query operation]'.
The verbose style is used to decide whether the
explanation strings are displayed with the option
in a completion listing.
If no bracketed explanation string is given but
the auto-description style is set and only one
argument is described for this optspec, the value
of the style is displayed, with any appearance of
the sequence `%d' in it replaced by the message of
the first optarg that follows the optspec; see
below.
It is possible for options with a literal `+' or `=' to appear,
but that character must be quoted, for example `-\+'.
Each optarg following an optspec must take one of the following
forms:
:message:action
::message:action
An argument to the option; message and action are treated
as for ordinary arguments. In the first form, the argu-
ment is mandatory, and in the second form it is optional.
This group may be repeated for options which take multi-
ple arguments. In other words, :message1:action1:mes-
sage2:action2 specifies that the option takes two argu-
ments.
:*pattern:message:action
:*pattern::message:action
:*pattern:::message:action
This describes multiple arguments. Only the last optarg
for an option taking multiple arguments may be given in
this form. If the pattern is empty (i.e., :*:), all the
remaining words on the line are to be completed as
described by the action; otherwise, all the words up to
and including a word matching the pattern are to be com-
pleted using the action.
Multiple colons are treated as for the `*:...' forms for
ordinary arguments: when the message is preceded by two
colons, the words special array and the CURRENT special
parameter are modified during the execution or evaluation
of the action to refer only to the words after the
option. When preceded by three colons, they are modified
to refer only to the words covered by this description.
Any literal colon in an optname, message, or action must be preceded by
a backslash, `\:'.
Each of the forms above may be preceded by a list in parentheses of
option names and argument numbers. If the given option is on the com-
mand line, the options and arguments indicated in parentheses will not
be offered. For example, `(-two -three 1)-one:...' completes the
option `-one'; if this appears on the command line, the options -two
and -three and the first ordinary argument will not be completed after
it. `(-foo):...' specifies an ordinary argument completion; -foo will
not be completed if that argument is already present.
Other items may appear in the list of excluded options to indicate var-
ious other items that should not be applied when the current specifica-
tion is matched: a single star (*) for the rest arguments (i.e. a spec-
ification of the form `*:...'); a colon (:) for all normal
(non-option-) arguments; and a hyphen (-) for all options. For exam-
ple, if `(*)' appears before an option and the option appears on the
command line, the list of remaining arguments (those shown in the above
table beginning with `*:') will not be completed.
To aid in reuse of specifications, it is possible to precede any of the
forms above with `!'; then the form will no longer be completed,
although if the option or argument appears on the command line they
will be skipped as normal. The main use for this is when the arguments
are given by an array, and _arguments is called repeatedly for more
specific contexts: on the first call `_arguments $global_options' is
used, and on subsequent calls `_arguments !$^global_options'.
In each of the forms above the action determines how completions should
be generated. Except for the `->string' form below, the action will be
executed by calling the _all_labels function to process all tag labels.
No special handling of tags is needed unless a function call introduces
a new one.
The forms for action are as follows.
(single unquoted space)
This is useful where an argument is required but it is not pos-
sible or desirable to generate matches for it. The message will
be displayed but no completions listed. Note that even in this
case the colon at the end of the message is needed; it may only
be omitted when neither a message nor an action is given.
(item1 item2 ...)
One of a list of possible matches, for example:
:foo:(foo bar baz)
((item1\:desc1 ...))
Similar to the above, but with descriptions for each possible
match. Note the backslash before the colon. For example,
:foo:((a\:bar b\:baz))
The matches will be listed together with their descriptions if
the description style is set with the values tag in the context.
->string
In this form, _arguments processes the arguments and options and
then returns control to the calling function with parameters set
to indicate the state of processing; the calling function then
makes its own arrangements for generating completions. For
example, functions that implement a state machine can use this
type of action.
Where _arguments encounters a `->string', it will strip all
leading and trailing whitespace from string and set the array
state to the set of all stringss for which an action is to be
performed.
By default and in common with all other well behaved completion
functions, _arguments returns status zero if it was able to add
matches and non-zero otherwise. However, if the -R option is
given, _arguments will instead return a status of 300 to indi-
cate that $state is to be handled.
In addition to $state, _arguments also sets the global parame-
ters `context', `line' and `opt_args' as described below, and
does not reset any changes made to the special parameters such
as PREFIX and words. This gives the calling function the choice
of resetting these parameters or propagating changes in them.
A function calling _arguments with at least one action contain-
ing a `->string' therefore must declare appropriate local param-
eters:
local context state line
typeset -A opt_args
to avoid _arguments from altering the global environment.
{eval-string}
A string in braces is evaluated as shell code to generate
matches. If the eval-string itself does not begin with an open-
ing parenthesis or brace it is split into separate words before
execution.
= action
If the action starts with `= ' (an equals sign followed by a
space), _arguments will insert the contents of the argument
field of the current context as the new first element in the
words special array and increment the value of the CURRENT spe-
cial parameter. This has the effect of inserting a dummy word
onto the completion command line while not changing the point at
which completion is taking place.
This is most useful with one of the specifiers that restrict the
words on the command line on which the action is to operate (the
two- and three-colon forms above). One particular use is when
an action itself causes _arguments on a restricted range; it is
necessary to use this trick to insert an appropriate command
name into the range for the second call to _arguments to be able
to parse the line.
word...
word...
This covers all forms other than those above. If the action
starts with a space, the remaining list of words will be invoked
unchanged.
Otherwise it will be invoked with some extra strings placed
after the first word; these are to be passed down as options to
the compadd builtin. They ensure that the state specified by
_arguments, in particular the descriptions of options and argu-
ments, is correctly passed to the completion command. These
additional arguments are taken from the array parameter `expl';
this will be set up before executing the action and hence may be
referred to inside it, typically in an expansion of the form
`$expl[@]' which preserves empty elements of the array.
During the performance of the action the array `line' will be set to
the command name and normal arguments from the command line, i.e. the
words from the command line excluding all options and their arguments.
Options are stored in the associative array `opt_args' with option
names as keys and their arguments as the values. For options that have
more than one argument these are given as one string, separated by
colons. All colons in the original arguments are preceded with back-
slashes.
The parameter `context' is set when returning to the calling function
to perform an action of the form `->string'. It is set to an array of
elements corresponding to the elements of $state. Each element is a
suitable name for the argument field of the context: either a string of
the form `option-opt-n' for the n'th argument of the option -opt, or a
string of the form `argument-n' for the n'th argument. For `rest'
arguments, that is those in the list at the end not handled by posi-
tion, n is the string `rest'. For example, when completing the argu-
ment of the -o option, the name is `option-o-1', while for the second
normal (non-option-) argument it is `argument-2'.
Furthermore, during the evaluation of the action the context name in
the curcontext parameter is altered to append the same string that is
stored in the context parameter.
It is possible to specify multiple sets of options and arguments with
the sets separated by single hyphens. The specifications before the
first hyphen (if any) are shared by all the remaining sets. The first
word in every other set provides a name for the set which may appear in
exclusion lists in specifications, either alone or before one of the
possible values described above. In the second case a `-' should
appear between this name and the remainder.
For example:
_arguments \
-a \
- set1 \
-c \
- set2 \
-d \
':arg:(x2 y2)'
This defines two sets. When the command line contains the option `-c',
the `-d' option and the argument will not be considered possible com-
pletions. When it contains `-d' or an argument, the option `-c' will
not be considered. However, after `-a' both sets will still be consid-
ered valid.
If the name given for one of the mutually exclusive sets is of the form
`(name)' then only one value from each set will ever be completed; more
formally, all specifications are mutually exclusive to all other speci-
fications in the same set. This is useful for defining multiple sets
of options which are mutually exclusive and in which the options are
aliases for each other. For example:
_arguments \
-a -b \
- '(compress)' \
{-c,--compress}'[compress]' \
- '(uncompress)' \
{-d,--decompress}'[decompress]'
As the completion code has to parse the command line separately for
each set this form of argument is slow and should only be used when
necessary. A useful alternative is often an option specification with
rest-arguments (as in `-foo:*:...'); here the option -foo swallows up
all remaining arguments as described by the optarg definitions.
The options -S and -A are available to simplify the specifications for
commands with standard option parsing. With -S, no option will be com-
pleted after a `--' appearing on its own on the line; this argument
will otherwise be ignored; hence in the line
foobar -a -- -b
the `-a' is considered an option but the `-b' is considered an argu-
ment, while the `--' is considered to be neither.
With -A, no options will be completed after the first non-option argu-
ment on the line. The -A must be followed by a pattern matching all
strings which are not to be taken as arguments. For example, to make
_arguments stop completing options after the first normal argument, but
ignoring all strings starting with a hyphen even if they are not
described by one of the optspecs, the form is `-A "-*"'.
The option `-O name' specifies the name of an array whose elements will
be passed as arguments to functions called to execute actions. For
example, this can be used to pass the same set of options for the com-
padd builtin to all actions.
The option `-M spec' sets a match specification to use to completion
option names and values. It must appear before the first argument
specification. The default is `r:|[_-]=* r:|=*': this allows partial
word completion after `_' and `-', for example `-f-b' can be completed
to `-foo-bar'.
The option -C tells _arguments to modify the curcontext parameter for
an action of the form `->state'. This is the standard parameter used
to keep track of the current context. Here it (and not the context
array) should be made local to the calling function to avoid passing
back the modified value and should be initialised to the current value
at the start of the function:
local curcontext="$curcontext"
This is useful where it is not possible for multiple states to be valid
together.
The option `--' allows _arguments to work out the names of long options
that support the `--help' option which is standard in many GNU com-
mands. The command word is called with the argument `--help' and the
output examined for option names. Clearly, it can be dangerous to pass
this to commands which may not support this option as the behaviour of
the command is unspecified.
In addition to options, `_arguments --' will try to deduce the types of
arguments available for options when the form `--opt=val' is valid. It
is also possible to provide hints by examining the help text of the
command and adding specifiers of the form `pattern:message:action';
note that normal _arguments specifiers are not used. The pattern is
matched against the help text for an option, and if it matches the mes-
sage and action are used as for other argument specifiers. For exam-
ple:
_arguments -- '*\*:toggle:(yes no)' \
'*=FILE*:file:_files' \
'*=DIR*:directory:_files -/' \
'*=PATH*:directory:_files -/'
Here, `yes' and `no' will be completed as the argument of options whose
description ends in a star; file names will be completed for options
that contain the substring `=FILE' in the description; and directories
will be completed for options whose description contains `=DIR' or
`=PATH'. The last three are in fact the default and so need not be
given explicitly, although it is possible to override the use of these
patterns. A typical help text which uses this feature is:
-C, --directory=DIR change to directory DIR
so that the above specifications will cause directories to be completed
after `--directory', though not after `-C'.
Note also that _arguments tries to find out automatically if the argu-
ment for an option is optional. This can be specified explicitly by
doubling the colon before the message.
If the pattern ends in `(-)', this will removed from the pattern and
the action will be used only directly after the `=', not in the next
word. This is the behaviour of a normal specification defined with the
form `=-'.
The `_arguments --' can be followed by the option `-i patterns' to give
patterns for options which are not to be completed. The patterns can
be given as the name of an array parameter or as a literal list in
parentheses. For example,
_arguments -- -i \
"(--(en|dis)able-FEATURE*)"
will cause completion to ignore the options `--enable-FEATURE' and
`--disable-FEATURE' (this example is useful with GNU configure).
The `_arguments --' form can also be followed by the option `-s pair'
to describe option aliases. Each pair consists of a pattern and a
replacement. For example, some configure-scripts describe options only
as `--enable-foo', but also accept `--disable-foo'. To allow comple-
tion of the second form:
_arguments -- -s "(#--enable- --disable-)"
Here is a more general example of the use of _arguments:
_arguments '-l+:left border:' \
'-format:paper size:(letter A4)' \
'*-copy:output file:_files::resolution:(300 600)' \
':postscript file:_files -g \*.\(ps\|eps\)' \
'*:page number:'
This describes three options: `-l', `-format', and `-copy'. The first
takes one argument described as `left border' for which no completion
will be offered because of the empty action. Its argument may come
directly after the `-l' or it may be given as the next word on the
line.
The `-format' option takes one argument in the next word, described as
`paper size' for which only the strings `letter' and `A4' will be com-
pleted.
The `-copy' option may appear more than once on the command line and
takes two arguments. The first is mandatory and will be completed as a
filename. The second is optional (because of the second colon before
the description `resolution') and will be completed from the strings
`300' and `600'.
The last two descriptions say what should be completed as arguments.
The first describes the first argument as a `postscript file' and makes
files ending in `ps' or `eps' be completed. The last description gives
all other arguments the description `page numbers' but does not offer
completions.
_cache_invalid cache_identifier
This function returns status zero if the completions cache cor-
responding to the given cache identifier needs rebuilding. It
determines this by looking up the cache-policy style for the
current context. This should provide a function name which is
run with the full path to the relevant cache file as the only
argument.
Example:
_example_caching_policy () {
# rebuild if cache is more than a week old
local -a oldp
oldp=( "$1"(Nmw+1) )
(( $#oldp ))
}
_call_function return name [ args ... ]
If a function name exists, it is called with the arguments args.
The return argument gives the name of a parameter in which the
return status from the function name; if return is empty or a
single hyphen it is ignored.
The return status of _call_function itself is zero if the func-
tion name exists and was called and non-zero otherwise.
_call_program tag string ...
This function provides a mechanism for the user to override the
use of an external command. It looks up the command style with
the supplied tag. If the style is set, its value is used as the
command to execute. The strings from the call to _call_program,
or from the style if set, are concatenated with spaces between
them and the resulting string is evaluated. The return status
is the return status of the command called.
_combination [ -s pattern ] tag style spec ... field opts ...
This function is used to complete combinations of values, for
example pairs of hostnames and usernames. The style argument
gives the style which defines the pairs; it is looked up in a
context with the tag specified.
The style name consists of field names separated by hyphens, for
example `users-hosts-ports'. For each field for a value is
already known, a spec of the form `field=pattern' is given. For
example, if the command line so far specifies a user `pws', the
argument `users=pws' should appear.
The next argument with no equals sign is taken as the name of
the field for which completions should be generated (presumably
not one of the fields for which the value is known).
The matches generated will be taken from the value of the style.
These should contain the possible values for the combinations in
the appropriate order (users, hosts, ports in the example
above). The different fields the values for the different
fields are separated by colons. This can be altered with the
option -s to _combination which specifies a pattern. Typically
this is a character class, as for example `-s "[:@]"' in the
case of the users-hosts style. Each `field=pattern' specifi-
cation restricts the completions which apply to elements of the
style with appropriately matching fields.
If no style with the given name is defined for the given tag, or
if none of the strings in style's value match, but a function
name of the required field preceded by an underscore is defined,
that function will be called to generate the matches. For exam-
ple, if there is no `users-hosts-ports' or no matching hostname
when a host is required, the function `_hosts' will automati-
cally be called.
If the same name is used for more than one field, in both the
`field=pattern' and the argument that gives the name of the
field to be completed, the number of the field (starting with
one) may be given after the fieldname, separated from it by a
colon.
All arguments after the required field name are passed to com-
padd when generating matches from the style value, or to the
functions for the fields if they are called.
_describe [ -oO | -t tag ] descr name1 [ name2 ] opts ... -- ...
This function associates completions with descriptions. Multi-
ple groups separated by -- can be supplied, potentially with
different completion options opts.
The descr is taken as a string to display above the matches if
the format style for the descriptions tag is set. This is fol-
lowed by one or two names of arrays followed by options to pass
to compadd. The first array contains the possible completions
with their descriptions in the form `completion:description'.
If a second array is given, it should have the same number of
elements as the first; in this case the corresponding elements
are added as possible completions instead of the completion
strings from the first array. The completion list will retain
the descriptions from the first array. Finally, a set of com-
pletion options can appear.
If the option `-o' appears before the first argument, the
matches added will be treated as names of command options (N.B.
not shell options), typically following a `-', `--' or `+' on
the command line. In this case _describe uses the prefix-hid-
den, prefix-needed and verbose styles to find out if the strings
should be added as completions and if the descriptions should be
shown. Without the `-o' option, only the verbose style is used
to decide how descriptions are shown. If `-O' is used instead
of `-O', command options are completed as above but _describe
will not handle the prefix-needed style.
With the -t option a tag can be specified. The default is `val-
ues' or, if the -o option is given, `options'.
If selected by the list-grouped style, strings with the same
description will appear together in the list.
_describe uses the _all_labels function to generate the matches,
so it does not need to appear inside a loop over tag labels.
_description [ -x ] [ -12VJ ] tag name descr [ spec ... ]
This function is not to be confused with the previous one; it is
used as a helper function for creating options to compadd. It
is buried inside many of the higher level completion functions
and so often does not need to be called directly.
The styles listed below are tested in the current context using
the given tag. The resulting options for compadd are put into
the array named name (this is traditionally `expl', but this
convention is not enforced). The description for the corre-
sponding set of matches is passed to the function in descr.
The styles tested are: format, hidden, matcher, ignored-patterns
and group-name. The format style is first tested for the given
tag and then for the descriptions tag if no value was found,
while the remainder are only tested for the tag given as the
first argument. The function also calls _setup which tests some
more styles.
The string returned by the format style (if any) will be modi-
fied so that the sequence `%d' is replaced by the descr given as
the third argument without any leading or trailing white space.
If, after removing the white space, the descr is the empty
string, the format style will not be used and the options put
into the name array will not contain an explanation string to be
displayed above the matches.
If _description is called with more than three arguments, the
additional specs should be of the form `char:str'. These supply
escape sequence replacements for the format style: every appear-
ance of `%char' will be replaced by string.
If the -x option is given, the description will be passed to
compadd using the -x option instead of the default -X. This
means that the description will be displayed even if there are
no corresponding matches.
The options placed in the array name take account of the
group-name style, so matches are placed in a separate group
where necessary. The group normally has its elements sorted (by
passing the option -J to compadd), but if an option starting
with `-V', `-J', `-1', or `-2' is passed to _description, that
option will be included in the array. Hence it is possible for
the completion group to be unsorted by giving the option `-V',
`-1V', or `-2V'.
In most cases, the function will be used like this:
local expl
_description files expl file
compadd "$expl[@]" - "$files[@]"
Note the use of the parameter expl, the hyphen, and the list of
matches. Almost all calls to compadd within the completion sys-
tem use a similar format; this ensures that user-specified
styles are correctly passed down to the builtins which implement
the internals of completion.
_dispatch context string ...
This sets the current context to context and looks for comple-
tion functions to handle this context by hunting through the
list of command names or special contexts (as described above
for compdef) given as string .... The first completion function
to be defined for one of the contexts in the list is used to
generate matches. Typically, the last string is -default- to
cause the function for default completion to be used as a fall-
back.
The function sets the parameter $service to the string being
tried, and sets the context/command field (the fourth) of the
$curcontext parameter to the context given as the first argu-
ment.
_files The function _files calls _path_files with all the arguments it
was passed except for -g and -/. The use of these two options
depends on the setting of the file-patterns style.
This function accepts the full set of options allowed by
_path_files, described below.
_gnu_generic
This function is a simple wrapper around the _arguments function
described above. It can be used to determine automatically the
long options understood by commands that produce a list when
passed the option `--help'. It is intended to be used as a
top-level completion function in its own right. For example, to
enable option completion for the commands foo and bar, use
compdef _gnu_generic foo bar
after the call to compinit.
The completion system as supplied is conservative in its use of
this function, since it is important to be sure the command
understands the option `--help'.
_guard [ options ] pattern descr
This function is intended to be used in the action for the spec-
ifications passed to _arguments and similar functions. It
returns immediately with a non-zero return status if the string
to be completed does not match the pattern. If the pattern
matches, the descr is displayed; the function then returns sta-
tus zero if the word to complete is not empty, non-zero other-
wise.
The pattern may be preceded by any of the options understood by
compadd that are passed down from _description, namely -M, -J,
-V, -1, -2, -n, -F and -X. All of these options will be
ignored. This fits in conveniently with the argument-passing
conventions of actions for _arguments.
As an example, consider a command taking the options -n and
-none, where -n must be followed by a numeric value in the same
word. By using:
_arguments '-n-: :_guard "[0-9]#" "numeric value"' '-none'
_arguments can be made to both display the message `numeric
value' and complete options after `-n<TAB>'. If the `-n' is
already followed by one or more digits (the pattern passed to
_guard) only the message will be displayed; if the `-n' is fol-
lowed by another character, only options are completed.
_message [ -r12 ] [ -VJ group ] descr
_message -e [ tag ] descr
The descr is used in the same way as the third argument to the
_description function, except that the resulting string will
always be shown whether or not matches were generated. This is
useful for displaying a help message in places where no comple-
tions can be generated.
The format style is examined with the messages tag to find a
message; the usual tag, descriptions, is used only if the style
is not set with the former.
If the -r option is given, no style is used; the descr is taken
literally as the string to display. This is most useful when
the descr comes from a pre-processed argument list which already
contains an expanded description.
The -12VJ options and the group are passed to compadd and hence
determine the group the message string is added to.
The second form gives a description for completions with the tag
tag to be shown even if there are no matches for that tag. The
tag can be omitted and if so the tag is taken from the parameter
$curtag; this is maintained by the completion system and so is
usually correct.
_multi_parts sep array
The argument sep is a separator character. The array may be
either the name of an array parameter or a literal array in the
form `(foo bar)', a parenthesised list of words separated by
whitespace. The possible completions are the strings from the
array. However, each chunk delimited by sep will be completed
separately. For example, the _tar function uses `_multi_parts /
patharray' to complete partial file paths from the given array
of complete file paths.
The -i option causes _multi_parts to insert a unique match even
if that requires multiple separators to be inserted. This is
not usually the expected behaviour with filenames, but certain
other types of completion, for example those with a fixed set of
possibilities, may be more suited to this form.
Like other utility functions, this function accepts the `-V',
`-J', `-1', `-2', `-n', `-f', `-X', `-M', `-P', `-S', `-r',
`-R', and `-q' options and passes them to the compadd builtin.
_next_label [ -x ] [ -12VJ ] tag name descr [ options ... ]
This function is used to implement the loop over different tag
labels for a particular tag as described above for the tag-order
style. On each call it checks to see if there are any more tag
labels; if there is it returns status zero, otherwise non-zero.
As this function requires a current tag to be set, it must
always follow a call to _tags or _requested.
The -x12VJ options and the first three arguments are passed to
the _description function. Where appropriate the tag will be
replaced by a tag label in this call. Any description given in
the tag-order style is preferred to the descr passed to
_next_label.
The options given after the descr are set in the parameter given
by name, and hence are to be passed to compadd or whatever func-
tion is called to add the matches.
Here is a typical use of this function for the tag foo. The
call to _requested determines if tag foo is required at all; the
loop over _next_label handles any labels defined for the tag in
the tag-order style.
local expl ret=1
...
if _requested foo; then
...
while _next_label foo expl '...'; do
compadd "$expl[@]" ... && ret=0
done
...
fi
return ret
_normal
This is the standard function called to handle completion out-
side any special -context-. It is called both to complete the
command word and also the arguments for a command. In the sec-
ond case, _normal looks for a special completion for that com-
mand, and if there is none it uses the completion for the
-default- context.
A second use is to reexamine the command line specified by the
$words array and the $CURRENT parameter after those have been
modified. For example, the function _precommand, which com-
pletes after pre-command specifiers such as nohup, removes the
first word from the words array, decrements the CURRENT parame-
ter, then calls _normal again. The effect is that `nohup cmd
...' is treated in the same way as `cmd ...'.
If the command name matches one of the patterns given by one of
the options -p or -P to compdef, the corresponding completion
function is called and then the parameter _compskip is checked.
If it is set completion is terminated at that point even if no
matches have been found. This is the same effect as in the
-first- context.
_options
This can be used to complete the names of shell options. It
provides a matcher specification that ignores a leading `no',
ignores underscores and allows upper-case letters to match their
lower-case counterparts (for example, `glob', `noglob',
`NO_GLOB' are all completed). Any arguments are propagated to
the compadd builtin.
_options_set and _options_unset
These functions complete only set or unset options, with the
same matching specification used in the _options function.
Note that you need to uncomment a few lines in the _main_com-
plete function for these functions to work properly. The lines
in question are used to store the option settings in effect
before the completion widget locally sets the options it needs.
Hence these functions are not generally used by the completion
system.
_parameters
This is used to complete the names of shell parameters.
The option `-g pattern' limits the completion to parameters
whose type matches the pattern. The type of a parameter is that
shown by `print ${(t)param}', hence judicious use of `*' in pat-
tern is probably necessary.
All other arguments are passed to the compadd builtin.
_path_files
This function is used throughout the completion system to com-
plete filenames. It allows completion of partial paths. For
example, the string `/u/i/s/sig' may be completed to
`/usr/include/sys/signal.h'.
The options accepted by both _path_files and _files are:
-f Complete all filenames. This is the default.
-/ Specifies that only directories should be completed.
-g pattern
Specifies that only files matching the pattern should be
completed.
-W paths
Specifies path prefixes that are to be prepended to the
string from the command line to generate the filenames
but that should not be inserted as completions nor shown
in completion listings. Here, paths may be the name of
an array parameter, a literal list of paths enclosed in
parentheses or an absolute pathname.
-F ignored-files
This behaves as for the corresponding option to the com-
padd builtin. It gives direct control over which file-
names should be ignored. If the option is not present,
the ignored-patterns style is used.
Both _path_files and _files also accept the following options
which are passed to compadd: `-J', `-V', `-1', `-2', `-n', `-X',
`-M', `-P', `-S', `-q', `-r', and `-R'.
Finally, the _path_files function uses the styles expand,
ambiguous, special-dirs, list-suffixes and file-sort described
above.
_pick_variant [ -c command ] [ -r name ] label=pattern ... label [ args
... ]
This function is used to resolve situations where a single com-
mand name requires more than one type of handling, either
because it has more than one variant or because there is a name
clash between two different commands.
The command to run is taken from the first element of the array
words unless this is overridden by the option -c. This command
is run and its output is compared with a series of patterns.
Arguments to be passed to the command can be specified at the
end after all the other arguments. The patterns to try in order
are given by the arguments label=pattern; if the output of `com-
mand args ...' contains pattern, then label is selected as the
label for the command variant. If none of the patterns match,
the final command label is selected and status 1 is returned.
If the `-r name' is given, the label picked is stored in the
parameter named name.
The results are also cached in the _cmd_variant associative
array indexed by the name of the command run.
_regex_arguments name spec ...
This function generates a completion function name which matches
the specifications spec ..., a set of regular expressions as
described below. After running _regex_arguments, the function
name should be called as a normal completion function. The pat-
tern to be matched is given by the contents of the words array
up to the current cursor position joined together with null
characters; no quotation is applied.
The arguments are grouped as sets of alternatives separated by
`|', which are tried one after the other until one matches.
Each alternative consists of a one or more specifications which
are tried left to right, with each pattern matched being
stripped in turn from the command line being tested, until all
of the group succeeds or until one fails; in the latter case,
the next alternative is tried. This structure can be repeated
to arbitrary depth by using parentheses; matching proceeds from
inside to outside.
A special procedure is applied if no test succeeds but the
remaining command line string contains no null character (imply-
ing the remaining word is the one for which completions are to
be generated). The completion target is restricted to the
remaining word and any actions for the corresponding patterns
are executed. In this case, nothing is stripped from the com-
mand line string. The order of evaluation of the actions can be
determined by the tag-order style; the various formats supported
by _alternative can be used in action. The descr is used for
setting up the array parameter expl.
Specification arguments take one of following forms, in which
metacharacters such as `(', `)', `#' and `|' should be quoted.
/pattern/ [%lookahead%] [-guard] [:tag:descr:action]
This is a single primitive component. The function tests
whether the combined pattern `(#b)((#B)pattern)looka-
head*' matches the command line string. If so, `guard'
is evaluated and its return status is examined to deter-
mine if the test has succeeded. The pattern string `[]'
is guaranteed never to match. The lookahead is not
stripped from the command line before the next pattern is
examined.
The argument starting with : is used in the same manner
as an argument to _alternative.
A component is used as follows: pattern is tested to see
if the component already exists on the command line. If
it does, any following specifications are examined to
find something to complete. If a component is reached
but no such pattern exists yet on the command line, the
string containing the action is used to generate matches
to insert at that point.
/pattern/+ [%lookahead%] [-guard] [:tag:descr:action]
This is similar to `/pattern/ ...' but the left part of
the command line string (i.e. the part already matched by
previous patterns) is also considered part of the comple-
tion target.
/pattern/- [%lookahead%] [-guard] [:tag:descr:action]
This is similar to `/pattern/ ...' but the actions of the
current and previously matched patterns are ignored even
if the following `pattern' matches the empty string.
( spec )
Parentheses may be used to groups specs; note each paren-
thesis is a single argument to _regex_arguments.
spec # This allows any number of repetitions of spec.
spec spec
The two specs are to be matched one after the other as
described above.
spec | spec
Either of the two specs can be matched.
The function _regex_words can be used as a helper function to
generate matches for a set of alternative words possibly with
their own arguments as a command line argument.
Examples:
_regex_arguments _tst /$'[^\0]#\0'/ \
/$'[^\0]#\0'/ :'compadd aaa'
This generates a function _tst that completes aaa as its only
argument. The tag and description for the action have been
omitted for brevity (this works but is not recommended in normal
use). The first component matches the command word, which is
arbitrary; the second matches any argument. As the argument is
also arbitrary, any following component would not depend on aaa
being present.
_regex_arguments _tst /$'[^\0]#\0'/ \
/$'aaa\0'/ :'compadd aaa'
This is a more typical use; it is similar, but any following
patterns would only match if aaa was present as the first argu-
ment.
_regex_arguments _tst /$'[^\0]#\0'/ \( \
/$'aaa\0'/ :'compadd aaa' \
/$'bbb\0'/ :'compadd bbb' \) \#
In this example, an indefinite number of command arguments may
be completed. Odd arguments are completed as aaa and even argu-
ments as bbb. Completion fails unless the set of aaa and bbb
arguments before the current one is matched correctly.
_regex_arguments _tst /$'[^\0]#\0'/ \
\( /$'aaa\0'/ :'compadd aaa' \| \
/$'bbb\0'/ :'compadd bbb' \) \#
This is similar, but either aaa or bbb may be completed for any
argument. In this case _regex_words could be used to generate a
suitable expression for the arguments.
_regex_words tag description spec ...
This function can be used to generate arguments for the
_regex_arguments command which may be inserted at any point
where a set of rules is expected. The tag and description give
a standard tag and description pertaining to the current con-
text. Each spec contains two or three arguments separated by a
colon: note that there is no leading colon in this case.
Each spec gives one of a set of words that may be completed at
this point, together with arguments. It is thus roughly equiva-
lent to the _arguments function when used in normal (non-regex)
completion.
The part of the spec before the first colon is the word to be
completed. This may contain a *; the entire word, before and
after the * is completed, but only the text before the * is
required for the context to be matched, so that further argu-
ments may be completed after the abbreviated form.
The second part of spec is a description for the word being com-
pleted.
The optional third part of the spec describes how words follow-
ing the one being completed are themselves to be completed. It
will be evaluated in order to avoid problems with quoting. This
means that typically it contains a reference to an array con-
taining previously generated regex arguments.
The option -t term specifies a terminator for the word instead
of the usual space. This is handled as an auto-removable suffix
in the manner of the option -s sep to _values.
The result of the processing by _regex_words is placed in the
array reply, which should be made local to the calling function.
If the set of words and arguments may be matched repeatedly, a #
should be appended to the generated array at that point.
For example:
local -a reply
_regex_words mydb-commands 'mydb commands' \
'add:add an entry to mydb:$mydb_add_cmds' \
'show:show entries in mydb'
_regex_arguments _mydb "$reply[@]"
_mydb "$@"
This shows a completion function for a command mydb which takes
two command arguments, add and show. show takes no arguments,
while the arguments for add have already been prepared in an
array mydb_add_cmds, quite possibly by a previous call to
_regex_words.
_requested [ -x ] [ -12VJ ] tag [ name descr [ command args ... ] ]
This function is called to decide whether a tag already regis-
tered by a call to _tags (see below) has been requested by the
user and hence completion should be performed for it. It
returns status zero if the tag is requested and non-zero other-
wise. The function is typically used as part of a loop over
different tags as follows:
_tags foo bar baz
while _tags; do
if _requested foo; then
... # perform completion for foo
fi
... # test the tags bar and baz in the same way
... # exit loop if matches were generated
done
Note that the test for whether matches were generated is not
performed until the end of the _tags loop. This is so that the
user can set the tag-order style to specify a set of tags to be
completed at the same time.
If name and descr are given, _requested calls the _description
function with these arguments together with the options passed
to _requested.
If command is given, the _all_labels function will be called
immediately with the same arguments. In simple cases this makes
it possible to perform the test for the tag and the matching in
one go. For example:
local expl ret=1
_tags foo bar baz
while _tags; do
_requested foo expl 'description' \
compadd foobar foobaz && ret=0
...
(( ret )) || break
done
If the command is not compadd, it must nevertheless be prepared
to handle the same options.
_retrieve_cache cache_identifier
This function retrieves completion information from the file
given by cache_identifier, stored in a directory specified by
the cache-path style which defaults to ~/.zcompcache. The
return status is zero if retrieval was successful. It will only
attempt retrieval if the use-cache style is set, so you can call
this function without worrying about whether the user wanted to
use the caching layer.
See _store_cache below for more details.
_sep_parts
This function is passed alternating arrays and separators as
arguments. The arrays specify completions for parts of strings
to be separated by the separators. The arrays may be the names
of array parameters or a quoted list of words in parentheses.
For example, with the array `hosts=(ftp news)' the call
`_sep_parts '(foo bar)' @ hosts' will complete the string `f'
to `foo' and the string `b@n' to `bar@news'.
This function accepts the compadd options `-V', `-J', `-1',
`-2', `-n', `-X', `-M', `-P', `-S', `-r', `-R', and `-q' and
passes them on to the compadd builtin used to add the matches.
_setup tag [ group ]
This function sets up the special parameters used by the comple-
tion system appropriately for the tag given as the first argu-
ment. It uses the styles list-colors, list-packed,
list-rows-first, last-prompt, accept-exact, menu and force-list.
The optional group supplies the name of the group in which the
matches will be placed. If it is not given, the tag is used as
the group name.
This function is called automatically from _description and
hence is not normally called explicitly.
_store_cache cache_identifier params ...
This function, together with _retrieve_cache and _cache_invalid,
implements a caching layer which can be used in any completion
function. Data obtained by costly operations are stored in
parameters; this function then dumps the values of those parame-
ters to a file. The data can then be retrieved quickly from
that file via _retrieve_cache, even in different instances of
the shell.
The cache_identifier specifies the file which the data should be
dumped to. The file is stored in a directory specified by the
cache-path style which defaults to ~/.zcompcache. The remaining
params arguments are the parameters to dump to the file.
The return status is zero if storage was successful. The func-
tion will only attempt storage if the use-cache style is set, so
you can call this function without worrying about whether the
user wanted to use the caching layer.
The completion function may avoid calling _retrieve_cache when
it already has the completion data available as parameters.
However, in that case it should call _cache_invalid to check
whether the data in the parameters and in the cache are still
valid.
See the _perl_modules completion function for a simple example
of the usage of the caching layer.
_tags [ [ -C name ] tags ... ]
If called with arguments, these are taken to be the names of
tags valid for completions in the current context. These tags
are stored internally and sorted by using the tag-order style.
Next, _tags is called repeatedly without arguments from the same
completion function. This successively selects the first, sec-
ond, etc. set of tags requested by the user. The return status
is zero if at least one of the tags is requested and non-zero
otherwise. To test if a particular tag is to be tried, the
_requested function should be called (see above).
If `-C name' is given, name is temporarily stored in the argu-
ment field (the fifth) of the context in the curcontext parame-
ter during the call to _tags; the field is restored on exit.
This allows _tags to use a more specific context without having
to change and reset the curcontext parameter (which has the same
effect).
_values [ -O name ] [ -s sep ] [ -S sep ] [ -wC ] desc spec ...
This is used to complete arbitrary keywords (values) and their
arguments, or lists of such combinations.
If the first argument is the option `-O name', it will be used
in the same way as by the _arguments function. In other words,
the elements of the name array will be passed to compadd when
executing an action.
If the first argument (or the first argument after `-O name') is
`-s', the next argument is used as the character that separates
multiple values. This character is automatically added after
each value in an auto-removable fashion (see below); all values
completed by `_values -s' appear in the same word on the command
line, unlike completion using _arguments. If this option is not
present, only a single value will be completed per word.
Normally, _values will only use the current word to determine
which values are already present on the command line and hence
are not to be completed again. If the -w option is given, other
arguments are examined as well.
The first non-option argument is used as a string to print as a
description before listing the values.
All other arguments describe the possible values and their argu-
ments in the same format used for the description of options by
the _arguments function (see above). The only differences are
that no minus or plus sign is required at the beginning, values
can have only one argument, and the forms of action beginning
with an equal sign are not supported.
The character separating a value from its argument can be set
using the option -S (like -s, followed by the character to use
as the separator in the next argument). By default the equals
sign will be used as the separator between values and arguments.
Example:
_values -s , 'description' \
'*foo[bar]' \
'(two)*one[number]:first count:' \
'two[another number]::second count:(1 2 3)'
This describes three possible values: `foo', `one', and `two'.
The first is described as `bar', takes no argument and may
appear more than once. The second is described as `number', may
appear more than once, and takes one mandatory argument
described as `first count'; no action is specified, so it will
not be completed. The `(two)' at the beginning says that if the
value `one' is on the line, the value `two' will no longer be
considered a possible completion. Finally, the last value
(`two') is described as `another number' and takes an optional
argument described as `second count' for which the completions
(to appear after an `=') are `1', `2', and `3'. The _values
function will complete lists of these values separated by com-
mas.
Like _arguments, this function temporarily adds another context
name component to the arguments element (the fifth) of the cur-
rent context while executing the action. Here this name is just
the name of the value for which the argument is completed.
The style verbose is used to decide if the descriptions for the
values (but not those for the arguments) should be printed.
The associative array val_args is used to report values and
their arguments; this works similarly to the opt_args associa-
tive array used by _arguments. Hence the function calling _val-
ues should declare the local parameters state, line, context and
val_args:
local context state line
typeset -A val_args
when using an action of the form `->string'. With this function
the context parameter will be set to the name of the value whose
argument is to be completed.
Note also that _values normally adds the character used as the
separator between values as an auto-removable suffix (similar to
a `/' after a directory). However, this is not possible for a
`->string' action as the matches for the argument are generated
by the calling function. To get the usual behaviour, the the
calling function can add the separator x as a suffix by passing
the options `-qS x' either directly or indirectly to compadd.
The option -C is treated in the same way as it is by _arguments.
In that case the parameter curcontext should be made local
instead of context (as described above).
_wanted [ -x ] [ -C name ] [ -12VJ ] tag name descr command args ...
In many contexts, completion can only generate one particular
set of matches, usually corresponding to a single tag. However,
it is still necessary to decide whether the user requires
matches of this type. This function is useful in such a case.
The arguments to _wanted are the same as those to _requested,
i.e. arguments to be passed to _description. However, in this
case the command is not optional; all the processing of tags,
including the loop over both tags and tag labels and the genera-
tion of matches, is carried out automatically by _wanted.
Hence to offer only one tag and immediately add the correspond-
ing matches with the given description:
local expl
_wanted tag expl 'description' \
compadd matches...
Note that, as for _requested, the command must be able to accept
options to be passed down to compadd.
Like _tags this function supports the -C option to give a dif-
ferent name for the argument context field. The -x option has
the same meaning as for _description.
COMPLETION DIRECTORIES
In the source distribution, the files are contained in various subdi-
rectories of the Completion directory. They may have been installed in
the same structure, or into one single function directory. The follow-
ing is a description of the files found in the original directory
structure. If you wish to alter an installed file, you will need to
copy it to some directory which appears earlier in your fpath than the
standard directory where it appears.
Base The core functions and special completion widgets automatically
bound to keys. You will certainly need most of these, though
will probably not need to alter them. Many of these are docu-
mented above.
Zsh Functions for completing arguments of shell builtin commands and
utility functions for this. Some of these are also used by
functions from the Unix directory.
Unix Functions for completing arguments of external commands and
suites of commands. They may need modifying for your system,
although in many cases some attempt is made to decide which ver-
sion of a command is present. For example, completion for the
mount command tries to determine the system it is running on,
while completion for many other utilities try to decide whether
the GNU version of the command is in use, and hence whether the
--help option is supported.
X, AIX, BSD, ...
Completion and utility function for commands available only on
some systems. These are not arranged hierarchically, so, for
example, both the Linux and Debian directories, as well as the X
directory, may be useful on your system.
ZSHCOMPCTL(1) ZSHCOMPCTL(1)
NAME
zshcompctl - zsh programmable completion
DESCRIPTION
This version of zsh has two ways of performing completion of words on
the command line. New users of the shell may prefer to use the newer
and more powerful system based on shell functions; this is described in
zshcompsys(1), and the basic shell mechanisms which support it are
described in zshcompwid(1). This manual entry describes the older com-
pctl command.
compctl [ -CDT ] options [ command ... ]
compctl [ -CDT ] options [ -x pattern options - ... -- ] [ + options [
-x ... -- ] ... [+] ] [ command ... ]
compctl -M match-specs ...
compctl -L [ -CDTM ] [ command ... ]
compctl + command ...
Control the editor's completion behavior according to the supplied set
of options. Various editing commands, notably expand-or-complete-word,
usually bound to tab, will attempt to complete a word typed by the
user, while others, notably delete-char-or-list, usually bound to ^D in
EMACS editing mode, list the possibilities; compctl controls what those
possibilities are. They may for example be filenames (the most common
case, and hence the default), shell variables, or words from a
user-specified list.
COMMAND FLAGS
Completion of the arguments of a command may be different for each com-
mand or may use the default. The behavior when completing the command
word itself may also be separately specified. These correspond to the
following flags and arguments, all of which (except for -L) may be com-
bined with any combination of the options described subsequently in the
section `Option Flags':
command ...
controls completion for the named commands, which must be listed
last on the command line. If completion is attempted for a com-
mand with a pathname containing slashes and no completion defi-
nition is found, the search is retried with the last pathname
component. If the command starts with a =, completion is tried
with the pathname of the command.
Any of the command strings may be patterns of the form normally
used for filename generation. These should be be quoted to pro-
tect them from immediate expansion; for example the command
string 'foo*' arranges for completion of the words of any com-
mand beginning with foo. When completion is attempted, all pat-
tern completions are tried in the reverse order of their defini-
tion until one matches. By default, completion then proceeds as
normal, i.e. the shell will try to generate more matches for the
specific command on the command line; this can be overridden by
including -tn in the flags for the pattern completion.
Note that aliases are expanded before the command name is deter-
mined unless the COMPLETE_ALIASES option is set. Commands may
not be combined with the -C, -D or -T flags.
-C controls completion when the command word itself is being com-
pleted. If no compctl -C command has been issued, the names of
any executable command (whether in the path or specific to the
shell, such as aliases or functions) are completed.
-D controls default completion behavior for the arguments of com-
mands not assigned any special behavior. If no compctl -D com-
mand has been issued, filenames are completed.
-T supplies completion flags to be used before any other processing
is done, even before processing for compctls defined for spe-
cific commands. This is especially useful when combined with
extended completion (the -x flag, see the section `Extended Com-
pletion' below). Using this flag you can define default behav-
ior which will apply to all commands without exception, or you
can alter the standard behavior for all commands. For example,
if your access to the user database is too slow and/or it con-
tains too many users (so that completion after `~' is too slow
to be usable), you can use
compctl -T -x 's[~] C[0,[^/]#]' -k friends -S/ -tn
to complete the strings in the array friends after a `~'. The
C[...] argument is necessary so that this form of ~-completion
is not tried after the directory name is finished.
-L lists the existing completion behavior in a manner suitable for
putting into a start-up script; the existing behavior is not
changed. Any combination of the above forms, or the -M flag
(which must follow the -L flag), may be specified, otherwise all
defined completions are listed. Any other flags supplied are
ignored.
no argument
If no argument is given, compctl lists all defined completions
in an abbreviated form; with a list of options, all completions
with those flags set (not counting extended completion) are
listed.
If the + flag is alone and followed immediately by the command list,
the completion behavior for all the commands in the list is reset to
the default. In other words, completion will subsequently use the
options specified by the -D flag.
The form with -M as the first and only option defines global matching
specifications (see zshcompwid). The match specifications given will be
used for every completion attempt (only when using compctl, not with
the new completion system) and are tried in the order in which they are
defined until one generates at least one match. E.g.:
compctl -M '' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}'
This will first try completion without any global match specifications
(the empty string) and, if that generates no matches, will try case
insensitive completion.
OPTION FLAGS
[ -fcFBdeaRGovNAIOPZEnbjrzu/12 ]
[ -k array ] [ -g globstring ] [ -s subststring ]
[ -K function ]
[ -Q ] [ -P prefix ] [ -S suffix ]
[ -W file-prefix ] [ -H num pattern ]
[ -q ] [ -X explanation ] [ -Y explanation ]
[ -y func-or-var ] [ -l cmd ] [ -h cmd ] [ -U ]
[ -t continue ] [ -J name ] [ -V name ]
[ -M match-spec ]
The remaining options specify the type of command arguments to look for
during completion. Any combination of these flags may be specified;
the result is a sorted list of all the possibilities. The options are
as follows.
Simple Flags
These produce completion lists made up by the shell itself:
-f Filenames and filesystem paths.
-/ Just filesystem paths.
-c Command names, including aliases, shell functions, builtins and
reserved words.
-F Function names.
-B Names of builtin commands.
-m Names of external commands.
-w Reserved words.
-a Alias names.
-R Names of regular (non-global) aliases.
-G Names of global aliases.
-d This can be combined with -F, -B, -w, -a, -R and -G to get names
of disabled functions, builtins, reserved words or aliases.
-e This option (to show enabled commands) is in effect by default,
but may be combined with -d; -de in combination with -F, -B, -w,
-a, -R and -G will complete names of functions, builtins,
reserved words or aliases whether or not they are disabled.
-o Names of shell options (see zshoptions(1)).
-v Names of any variable defined in the shell.
-N Names of scalar (non-array) parameters.
-A Array names.
-I Names of integer variables.
-O Names of read-only variables.
-p Names of parameters used by the shell (including special parame-
ters).
-Z Names of shell special parameters.
-E Names of environment variables.
-n Named directories.
-b Key binding names.
-j Job names: the first word of the job leader's command line.
This is useful with the kill builtin.
-r Names of running jobs.
-z Names of suspended jobs.
-u User names.
Flags with Arguments
These have user supplied arguments to determine how the list of comple-
tions is to be made up:
-k array
Names taken from the elements of $array (note that the `$' does
not appear on the command line). Alternatively, the argument
array itself may be a set of space- or comma-separated values in
parentheses, in which any delimiter may be escaped with a back-
slash; in this case the argument should be quoted. For example,
compctl -k "(cputime filesize datasize stacksize
coredumpsize resident descriptors)" limit
-g globstring
The globstring is expanded using filename globbing; it should be
quoted to protect it from immediate expansion. The resulting
filenames are taken as the possible completions. Use `*(/)'
instead of `*/' for directories. The fignore special parameter
is not applied to the resulting files. More than one pattern
may be given separated by blanks. (Note that brace expansion is
not part of globbing. Use the syntax `(either|or)' to match
alternatives.)
-s subststring
The subststring is split into words and these words are than
expanded using all shell expansion mechanisms (see zshexpn(1)).
The resulting words are taken as possible completions. The fig-
nore special parameter is not applied to the resulting files.
Note that -g is faster for filenames.
-K function
Call the given function to get the completions. Unless the name
starts with an underscore, the function is passed two arguments:
the prefix and the suffix of the word on which completion is to
be attempted, in other words those characters before the cursor
position, and those from the cursor position onwards. The whole
command line can be accessed with the -c and -l flags of the
read builtin. The function should set the variable reply to an
array containing the completions (one completion per element);
note that reply should not be made local to the function. From
such a function the command line can be accessed with the -c and
-l flags to the read builtin. For example,
function whoson { reply=(`users`); }
compctl -K whoson talk
completes only logged-on users after `talk'. Note that `whoson'
must return an array, so `reply=`users`' would be incorrect.
-H num pattern
The possible completions are taken from the last num history
lines. Only words matching pattern are taken. If num is zero
or negative the whole history is searched and if pattern is the
empty string all words are taken (as with `*'). A typical use
is
compctl -D -f + -H 0 ''
which forces completion to look back in the history list for a
word if no filename matches.
Control Flags
These do not directly specify types of name to be completed, but manip-
ulate the options that do:
-Q This instructs the shell not to quote any metacharacters in the
possible completions. Normally the results of a completion are
inserted into the command line with any metacharacters quoted so
that they are interpreted as normal characters. This is appro-
priate for filenames and ordinary strings. However, for special
effects, such as inserting a backquoted expression from a com-
pletion array (-k) so that the expression will not be evaluated
until the complete line is executed, this option must be used.
-P prefix
The prefix is inserted just before the completed string; any
initial part already typed will be completed and the whole pre-
fix ignored for completion purposes. For example,
compctl -j -P "%" kill
inserts a `%' after the kill command and then completes job
names.
-S suffix
When a completion is found the suffix is inserted after the com-
pleted string. In the case of menu completion the suffix is
inserted immediately, but it is still possible to cycle through
the list of completions by repeatedly hitting the same key.
-W file-prefix
With directory file-prefix: for command, file, directory and
globbing completion (options -c, -f, -/, -g), the file prefix is
implicitly added in front of the completion. For example,
compctl -/ -W ~/Mail maildirs
completes any subdirectories to any depth beneath the directory
~/Mail, although that prefix does not appear on the command
line. The file-prefix may also be of the form accepted by the
-k flag, i.e. the name of an array or a literal list in paren-
thesis. In this case all the directories in the list will be
searched for possible completions.
-q If used with a suffix as specified by the -S option, this causes
the suffix to be removed if the next character typed is a blank
or does not insert anything or if the suffix consists of only
one character and the next character typed is the same charac-
ter; this the same rule used for the AUTO_REMOVE_SLASH option.
The option is most useful for list separators (comma, colon,
etc.).
-l cmd This option restricts the range of command line words that are
considered to be arguments. If combined with one of the
extended completion patterns `p[...]', `r[...]', or `R[...]'
(see the section `Extended Completion' below) the range is
restricted to the range of arguments specified in the brackets.
Completion is then performed as if these had been given as argu-
ments to the cmd supplied with the option. If the cmd string is
empty the first word in the range is instead taken as the com-
mand name, and command name completion performed on the first
word in the range. For example,
compctl -x 'r[-exec,;]' -l '' -- find
completes arguments between `-exec' and the following `;' (or
the end of the command line if there is no such string) as if
they were a separate command line.
-h cmd Normally zsh completes quoted strings as a whole. With this
option, completion can be done separately on different parts of
such strings. It works like the -l option but makes the comple-
tion code work on the parts of the current word that are sepa-
rated by spaces. These parts are completed as if they were argu-
ments to the given cmd. If cmd is the empty string, the first
part is completed as a command name, as with -l.
-U Use the whole list of possible completions, whether or not they
actually match the word on the command line. The word typed so
far will be deleted. This is most useful with a function (given
by the -K option) which can examine the word components passed
to it (or via the read builtin's -c and -l flags) and use its
own criteria to decide what matches. If there is no completion,
the original word is retained. Since the produced possible com-
pletions seldom have interesting common prefixes and suffixes,
menu completion is started immediately if AUTO_MENU is set and
this flag is used.
-y func-or-var
The list provided by func-or-var is displayed instead of the
list of completions whenever a listing is required; the actual
completions to be inserted are not affected. It can be provided
in two ways. Firstly, if func-or-var begins with a $ it defines
a variable, or if it begins with a left parenthesis a literal
array, which contains the list. A variable may have been set by
a call to a function using the -K option. Otherwise it contains
the name of a function which will be executed to create the
list. The function will be passed as an argument list all
matching completions, including prefixes and suffixes expanded
in full, and should set the array reply to the result. In both
cases, the display list will only be retrieved after a complete
list of matches has been created.
Note that the returned list does not have to correspond, even in
length, to the original set of matches, and may be passed as a
scalar instead of an array. No special formatting of characters
is performed on the output in this case; in particular, newlines
are printed literally and if they appear output in columns is
suppressed.
-X explanation
Print explanation when trying completion on the current set of
options. A `%n' in this string is replaced by the number of
matches that were added for this explanation string. The expla-
nation only appears if completion was tried and there was no
unique match, or when listing completions. Explanation strings
will be listed together with the matches of the group specified
together with the -X option (using the -J or -V option). If the
same explanation string is given to multiple -X options, the
string appears only once (for each group) and the number of
matches shown for the `%n' is the total number of all matches
for each of these uses. In any case, the explanation string will
only be shown if there was at least one match added for the
explanation string.
The sequences %B, %b, %S, %s, %U, and %u specify output
attributes (bold, standout, and underline), %F, %f, %K, %k spec-
ify foreground and background colours, and %{...%} can be used
to include literal escape sequences as in prompts.
-Y explanation
Identical to -X, except that the explanation first undergoes
expansion following the usual rules for strings in double
quotes. The expansion will be carried out after any functions
are called for the -K or -y options, allowing them to set vari-
ables.
-t continue
The continue-string contains a character that specifies which
set of completion flags should be used next. It is useful:
(i) With -T, or when trying a list of pattern completions, when
compctl would usually continue with ordinary processing after
finding matches; this can be suppressed with `-tn'.
(ii) With a list of alternatives separated by +, when compctl
would normally stop when one of the alternatives generates
matches. It can be forced to consider the next set of comple-
tions by adding `-t+' to the flags of the alternative before the
`+'.
(iii) In an extended completion list (see below), when compctl
would normally continue until a set of conditions succeeded,
then use only the immediately following flags. With `-t-', com-
pctl will continue trying extended completions after the next
`-'; with `-tx' it will attempt completion with the default
flags, in other words those before the `-x'.
-J name
This gives the name of the group the matches should be placed
in. Groups are listed and sorted separately; likewise, menu com-
pletion will offer the matches in the groups in the order in
which the groups were defined. If no group name is explicitly
given, the matches are stored in a group named default. The
first time a group name is encountered, a group with that name
is created. After that all matches with the same group name are
stored in that group.
This can be useful with non-exclusive alternative completions.
For example, in
compctl -f -J files -t+ + -v -J variables foo
both files and variables are possible completions, as the -t+
forces both sets of alternatives before and after the + to be
considered at once. Because of the -J options, however, all
files are listed before all variables.
-V name
Like -J, but matches within the group will not be sorted in
listings nor in menu completion. These unsorted groups are in a
different name space from the sorted ones, so groups defined as
-J files and -V files are distinct.
-1 If given together with the -V option, makes only consecutive
duplicates in the group be removed. Note that groups with and
without this flag are in different name spaces.
-2 If given together with the -J or -V option, makes all duplicates
be kept. Again, groups with and without this flag are in differ-
ent name spaces.
-M match-spec
This defines additional matching control specifications that
should be used only when testing words for the list of flags
this flag appears in. The format of the match-spec string is
described in zshcompwid.
ALTERNATIVE COMPLETION
compctl [ -CDT ] options + options [ + ... ] [ + ] command ...
The form with `+' specifies alternative options. Completion is tried
with the options before the first `+'. If this produces no matches com-
pletion is tried with the flags after the `+' and so on. If there are
no flags after the last `+' and a match has not been found up to that
point, default completion is tried. If the list of flags contains a -t
with a + character, the next list of flags is used even if the current
list produced matches.
Additional options are available that restrict completion to some part
of the command line; this is referred to as `extended completion'.
EXTENDED COMPLETION
compctl [ -CDT ] options -x pattern options - ... --
[ command ... ]
compctl [ -CDT ] options [ -x pattern options - ... -- ]
[ + options [ -x ... -- ] ... [+] ] [ command ... ]
The form with `-x' specifies extended completion for the commands
given; as shown, it may be combined with alternative completion using
`+'. Each pattern is examined in turn; when a match is found, the cor-
responding options, as described in the section `Option Flags' above,
are used to generate possible completions. If no pattern matches, the
options given before the -x are used.
Note that each pattern should be supplied as a single argument and
should be quoted to prevent expansion of metacharacters by the shell.
A pattern is built of sub-patterns separated by commas; it matches if
at least one of these sub-patterns matches (they are `or'ed). These
sub-patterns are in turn composed of other sub-patterns separated by
white spaces which match if all of the sub-patterns match (they are
`and'ed). An element of the sub-patterns is of the form `c[...][...]',
where the pairs of brackets may be repeated as often as necessary, and
matches if any of the sets of brackets match (an `or'). The example
below makes this clearer.
The elements may be any of the following:
s[string]...
Matches if the current word on the command line starts with one
of the strings given in brackets. The string is not removed and
is not part of the completion.
S[string]...
Like s[string] except that the string is part of the completion.
p[from,to]...
Matches if the number of the current word is between one of the
from and to pairs inclusive. The comma and to are optional; to
defaults to the same value as from. The numbers may be nega-
tive: -n refers to the n'th last word on the line.
c[offset,string]...
Matches if the string matches the word offset by offset from the
current word position. Usually offset will be negative.
C[offset,pattern]...
Like c but using pattern matching instead.
w[index,string]...
Matches if the word in position index is equal to the corre-
sponding string. Note that the word count is made after any
alias expansion.
W[index,pattern]...
Like w but using pattern matching instead.
n[index,string]...
Matches if the current word contains string. Anything up to and
including the indexth occurrence of this string will not be con-
sidered part of the completion, but the rest will. index may be
negative to count from the end: in most cases, index will be 1
or -1. For example,
compctl -s '`users`' -x 'n[1,@]' -k hosts -- talk
will usually complete usernames, but if you insert an @ after
the name, names from the array hosts (assumed to contain host-
names, though you must make the array yourself) will be com-
pleted. Other commands such as rcp can be handled similarly.
N[index,string]...
Like n except that the string will be taken as a character
class. Anything up to and including the indexth occurrence of
any of the characters in string will not be considered part of
the completion.
m[min,max]...
Matches if the total number of words lies between min and max
inclusive.
r[str1,str2]...
Matches if the cursor is after a word with prefix str1. If
there is also a word with prefix str2 on the command line after
the one matched by str1 it matches only if the cursor is before
this word. If the comma and str2 are omitted, it matches if the
cursor is after a word with prefix str1.
R[str1,str2]...
Like r but using pattern matching instead.
q[str]...
Matches the word currently being completed is in single quotes
and the str begins with the letter `s', or if completion is done
in double quotes and str starts with the letter `d', or if com-
pletion is done in backticks and str starts with a `b'.
EXAMPLE
compctl -u -x 's[+] c[-1,-f],s[-f+]' \
-g '~/Mail/*(:t)' - 's[-f],c[-1,-f]' -f -- mail
This is to be interpreted as follows:
If the current command is mail, then
if ((the current word begins with + and the previous word is -f)
or (the current word begins with -f+)), then complete the
non-directory part (the `:t' glob modifier) of files in the directory
~/Mail; else
if the current word begins with -f or the previous word was -f, then
complete any file; else
complete user names.
ZSHMODULES(1) ZSHMODULES(1)
NAME
zshmodules - zsh loadable modules
DESCRIPTION
Some optional parts of zsh are in modules, separate from the core of
the shell. Each of these modules may be linked in to the shell at
build time, or can be dynamically linked while the shell is running if
the installation supports this feature. The modules that are bundled
with the zsh distribution are:
zsh/cap
Builtins for manipulating POSIX.1e (POSIX.6) capability (privi-
lege) sets.
zsh/clone
A builtin that can clone a running shell onto another terminal.
zsh/compctl
The compctl builtin for controlling completion.
zsh/complete
The basic completion code.
zsh/complist
Completion listing extensions.
zsh/computil
A module with utility builtins needed for the shell function
based completion system.
zsh/curses
curses windowing commands
zsh/datetime
Some date/time commands and parameters.
zsh/deltochar
A ZLE function duplicating EMACS' zap-to-char.
zsh/example
An example of how to write a module.
zsh/files
Some basic file manipulation commands as builtins.
zsh/mapfile
Access to external files via a special associative array.
zsh/mathfunc
Standard scientific functions for use in mathematical evalua-
tions.
zsh/newuser
Arrange for files for new users to be installed.
zsh/parameter
Access to internal hash tables via special associative arrays.
zsh/pcre
Interface to the PCRE library.
zsh/regex
Interface to the POSIX regex library.
zsh/sched
A builtin that provides a timed execution facility within the
shell.
zsh/net/socket
Manipulation of Unix domain sockets
zsh/stat
A builtin command interface to the stat system call.
zsh/system
A builtin interface to various low-level system features.
zsh/net/tcp
Manipulation of TCP sockets
zsh/termcap
Interface to the termcap database.
zsh/terminfo
Interface to the terminfo database.
zsh/zftp
A builtin FTP client.
zsh/zle
The Zsh Line Editor, including the bindkey and vared builtins.
zsh/zleparameter
Access to internals of the Zsh Line Editor via parameters.
zsh/zprof
A module allowing profiling for shell functions.
zsh/zpty
A builtin for starting a command in a pseudo-terminal.
zsh/zselect
Block and return when file descriptors are ready.
zsh/zutil
Some utility builtins, e.g. the one for supporting configuration
via styles.
THE ZSH/CAP MODULE
The zsh/cap module is used for manipulating POSIX.1e (POSIX.6) capabil-
ity sets. If the operating system does not support this interface, the
builtins defined by this module will do nothing. The builtins in this
module are:
cap [ capabilities ]
Change the shell's process capability sets to the specified
capabilities, otherwise display the shell's current capabili-
ties.
getcap filename ...
This is a built-in implementation of the POSIX standard utility.
It displays the capability sets on each specified filename.
setcap capabilities filename ...
This is a built-in implementation of the POSIX standard utility.
It sets the capability sets on each specified filename to the
specified capabilities.
THE ZSH/CLONE MODULE
The zsh/clone module makes available one builtin command:
clone tty
Creates a forked instance of the current shell, attached to the
specified tty. In the new shell, the PID, PPID and TTY special
parameters are changed appropriately. $! is set to zero in the
new shell, and to the new shell's PID in the original shell.
The return status of the builtin is zero in both shells if suc-
cessful, and non-zero on error.
The target of clone should be an unused terminal, such as an
unused virtual console or a virtual terminal created by
xterm -e sh -c 'trap : INT QUIT TSTP; tty; while :; do sleep
100000000; done'
Some words of explanation are warranted about this long xterm
command line: when doing clone on a pseudo-terminal, some other
session ("session" meant as a unix session group, or SID) is
already owning the terminal. Hence the cloned zsh cannot acquire
the pseudo-terminal as a controlling tty. That means two things:
the job control signals will go to the sh-started-by-xterm
process
group (that's why we disable INT QUIT and TSTP with trap;
otherwise
the while loop could get suspended or killed)
the cloned shell will have job control disabled, and the job
control keys (control-C, control-\ and control-Z) will not
work.
This does not apply when cloning to an unused vc.
Cloning to an used (and unprepared) terminal will result in two
processes reading simultaneously from the same terminal, with
input bytes going randomly to either process.
clone is mostly useful as a shell built-in replacement for
openvt.
THE ZSH/COMPCTL MODULE
The zsh/compctl module makes available two builtin commands. compctl,
is the old, deprecated way to control completions for ZLE. See zshcom-
pctl(1). The other builtin command, compcall can be used in
user-defined completion widgets, see zshcompwid(1).
THE ZSH/COMPLETE MODULE
The zsh/complete module makes available several builtin commands which
can be used in user-defined completion widgets, see zshcompwid(1).
THE ZSH/COMPLIST MODULE
The zsh/complist module offers three extensions to completion listings:
the ability to highlight matches in such a list, the ability to scroll
through long lists and a different style of menu completion.
Colored completion listings
Whenever one of the parameters ZLS_COLORS or ZLS_COLOURS is set and the
zsh/complist module is loaded or linked into the shell, completion
lists will be colored. Note, however, that complist will not automati-
cally be loaded if it is not linked in: on systems with dynamic load-
ing, `zmodload zsh/complist' is required.
The parameters ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS describe how matches are
highlighted. To turn on highlighting an empty value suffices, in which
case all the default values given below will be used. The format of
the value of these parameters is the same as used by the GNU version of
the ls command: a colon-separated list of specifications of the form
`name=value'. The name may be one of the following strings, most of
which specify file types for which the value will be used. The strings
and their default values are:
no 0 for normal text (i.e. when displaying something other than a
matched file)
fi 0 for regular files
di 32 for directories
ln 36 for symbolic links. If this has the special value target, sym-
bolic links are dereferenced and the target file used to deter-
mine the display format.
pi 31 for named pipes (FIFOs)
so 33 for sockets
bd 44;37
for block devices
cd 44;37
for character devices
or none
for a symlink to nonexistent file (default is the value defined
for ln)
mi none
for a non-existent file (default is the value defined for fi);
this code is currently not used
su 37;41
for files with setuid bit set
sg 30;43
for files with setgid bit set
tw 30;42
for world writable directories with sticky bit set
ow 34;43
for world writable directories without sticky bit set
st 37;44
for directories with sticky bit set but not world writable
ex 35 for executable files
lc \e[ for the left code (see below)
rc m for the right code
tc 0 for the character indicating the file type printed after file-
names if the LIST_TYPES option is set
sp 0 for the spaces printed after matches to align the next column
ec none
for the end code
Apart from these strings, the name may also be an asterisk (`*') fol-
lowed by any string. The value given for such a string will be used for
all files whose name ends with the string. The name may also be an
equals sign (`=') followed by a pattern; the EXTENDED_GLOB option will
be turned on for evaluation of the pattern. The value given for this
pattern will be used for all matches (not just filenames) whose display
string are matched by the pattern. Definitions for the form with the
leading equal sign take precedence over the values defined for file
types, which in turn take precedence over the form with the leading
asterisk (file extensions).
The leading-equals form also allows different parts of the displayed
strings to be colored differently. For this, the pattern has to use
the `(#b)' globbing flag and pairs of parentheses surrounding the parts
of the strings that are to be colored differently. In this case the
value may consist of more than one color code separated by equal signs.
The first code will be used for all parts for which no explicit code is
specified and the following codes will be used for the parts matched by
the sub-patterns in parentheses. For example, the specification
`=(#b)(?)*(?)=0=3=7' will be used for all matches which are at least
two characters long and will use the code `3' for the first character,
`7' for the last character and `0' for the rest.
All three forms of name may be preceded by a pattern in parentheses.
If this is given, the value will be used only for matches in groups
whose names are matched by the pattern given in the parentheses. For
example, `(g*)m*=43' highlights all matches beginning with `m' in
groups whose names begin with `g' using the color code `43'. In case
of the `lc', `rc', and `ec' codes, the group pattern is ignored.
Note also that all patterns are tried in the order in which they appear
in the parameter value until the first one matches which is then used.
When printing a match, the code prints the value of lc, the value for
the file-type or the last matching specification with a `*', the value
of rc, the string to display for the match itself, and then the value
of ec if that is defined or the values of lc, no, and rc if ec is not
defined.
The default values are ISO 6429 (ANSI) compliant and can be used on
vt100 compatible terminals such as xterms. On monochrome terminals the
default values will have no visible effect. The colors function from
the contribution can be used to get associative arrays containing the
codes for ANSI terminals (see the section `Other Functions' in zshcon-
trib(1)). For example, after loading colors, one could use `$col-
ors[red]' to get the code for foreground color red and `$col-
ors[bg-green]' for the code for background color green.
If the completion system invoked by compinit is used, these parameters
should not be set directly because the system controls them itself.
Instead, the list-colors style should be used (see the section `Comple-
tion System Configuration' in zshcompsys(1)).
Scrolling in completion listings
To enable scrolling through a completion list, the LISTPROMPT parameter
must be set. Its value will be used as the prompt; if it is the empty
string, a default prompt will be used. The value may contain escapes
of the form `%x'. It supports the escapes `%B', `%b', `%S', `%s',
`%U', `%u', `%F', `%f', `%K', `%k' and `%{...%}' used also in shell
prompts as well as three pairs of additional sequences: a `%l' or `%L'
is replaced by the number of the last line shown and the total number
of lines in the form `number/total'; a `%m' or `%M' is replaced with
the number of the last match shown and the total number of matches; and
`%p' or `%P' is replaced with `Top', `Bottom' or the position of the
first line shown in percent of the total number of lines, respectively.
In each of these cases the form with the uppercase letter will be
replaced with a string of fixed width, padded to the right with spaces,
while the lowercase form will not be padded.
If the parameter LISTPROMPT is set, the completion code will not ask if
the list should be shown. Instead it immediately starts displaying the
list, stopping after the first screenful, showing the prompt at the
bottom, waiting for a keypress after temporarily switching to the
listscroll keymap. Some of the zle functions have a special meaning
while scrolling lists:
send-break
stops listing discarding the key pressed
accept-line, down-history, down-line-or-history
down-line-or-search, vi-down-line-or-history
scrolls forward one line
complete-word, menu-complete, expand-or-complete
expand-or-complete-prefix, menu-complete-or-expand
scrolls forward one screenful
Every other character stops listing and immediately processes the key
as usual. Any key that is not bound in the listscroll keymap or that
is bound to undefined-key is looked up in the keymap currently
selected.
As for the ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS parameters, LISTPROMPT should not
be set directly when using the shell function based completion system.
Instead, the list-prompt style should be used.
Menu selection
The zsh/complist module also offers an alternative style of selecting
matches from a list, called menu selection, which can be used if the
shell is set up to return to the last prompt after showing a completion
list (see the ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT option in zshoptions(1)).
Menu selection can be invoked directly by the widget menu-select
defined by this module. This is a standard ZLE widget that can be
bound to a key in the usual way as described in zshzle(1).
Alternatively, the parameter MENUSELECT can be set to an integer, which
gives the minimum number of matches that must be present before menu
selection is automatically turned on. This second method requires that
menu completion be started, either directly from a widget such as
menu-complete, or due to one of the options MENU_COMPLETE or AUTO_MENU
being set. If MENUSELECT is set, but is 0, 1 or empty, menu selection
will always be started during an ambiguous menu completion.
When using the completion system based on shell functions, the MENUSE-
LECT parameter should not be used (like the ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS
parameters described above). Instead, the menu style should be used
with the select=... keyword.
After menu selection is started, the matches will be listed. If there
are more matches than fit on the screen, only the first screenful is
shown. The matches to insert into the command line can be selected
from this list. In the list one match is highlighted using the value
for ma from the ZLS_COLORS or ZLS_COLOURS parameter. The default value
for this is `7' which forces the selected match to be highlighted using
standout mode on a vt100-compatible terminal. If neither ZLS_COLORS
nor ZLS_COLOURS is set, the same terminal control sequence as for the
`%S' escape in prompts is used.
If there are more matches than fit on the screen and the parameter
MENUPROMPT is set, its value will be shown below the matches. It sup-
ports the same escape sequences as LISTPROMPT, but the number of the
match or line shown will be that of the one where the mark is placed.
If its value is the empty string, a default prompt will be used.
The MENUSCROLL parameter can be used to specify how the list is
scrolled. If the parameter is unset, this is done line by line, if it
is set to `0' (zero), the list will scroll half the number of lines of
the screen. If the value is positive, it gives the number of lines to
scroll and if it is negative, the list will be scrolled the number of
lines of the screen minus the (absolute) value.
As for the ZLS_COLORS, ZLS_COLOURS and LISTPROMPT parameters, neither
MENUPROMPT nor MENUSCROLL should be set directly when using the shell
function based completion system. Instead, the select-prompt and
select-scroll styles should be used.
The completion code sometimes decides not to show all of the matches in
the list. These hidden matches are either matches for which the com-
pletion function which added them explicitly requested that they not
appear in the list (using the -n option of the compadd builtin command)
or they are matches which duplicate a string already in the list
(because they differ only in things like prefixes or suffixes that are
not displayed). In the list used for menu selection, however, even
these matches are shown so that it is possible to select them. To
highlight such matches the hi and du capabilities in the ZLS_COLORS and
ZLS_COLOURS parameters are supported for hidden matches of the first
and second kind, respectively.
Selecting matches is done by moving the mark around using the zle move-
ment functions. When not all matches can be shown on the screen at the
same time, the list will scroll up and down when crossing the top or
bottom line. The following zle functions have special meaning during
menu selection:
accept-line
accepts the current match and leaves menu selection
send-break
leaves menu selection and restores the previous contents of the
command line
redisplay, clear-screen
execute their normal function without leaving menu selection
accept-and-hold, accept-and-menu-complete
accept the currently inserted match and continue selection
allowing to select the next match to insert into the line
accept-and-infer-next-history
accepts the current match and then tries completion with menu
selection again; in the case of files this allows one to select
a directory and immediately attempt to complete files in it; if
there are no matches, a message is shown and one can use undo to
go back to completion on the previous level, every other key
leaves menu selection (including the other zle functions which
are otherwise special during menu selection)
undo removes matches inserted during the menu selection by one of the
three functions before
down-history, down-line-or-history
vi-down-line-or-history, down-line-or-search
moves the mark one line down
up-history, up-line-or-history
vi-up-line-or-history, up-line-or-search
moves the mark one line up
forward-char, vi-forward-char
moves the mark one column right
backward-char, vi-backward-char
moves the mark one column left
forward-word, vi-forward-word
vi-forward-word-end, emacs-forward-word
moves the mark one screenful down
backward-word, vi-backward-word, emacs-backward-word
moves the mark one screenful up
vi-forward-blank-word, vi-forward-blank-word-end
moves the mark to the first line of the next group of matches
vi-backward-blank-word
moves the mark to the last line of the previous group of matches
beginning-of-history
moves the mark to the first line
end-of-history
moves the mark to the last line
beginning-of-buffer-or-history, beginning-of-line
beginning-of-line-hist, vi-beginning-of-line
moves the mark to the leftmost column
end-of-buffer-or-history, end-of-line
end-of-line-hist, vi-end-of-line
moves the mark to the rightmost column
complete-word, menu-complete, expand-or-complete
expand-or-complete-prefix, menu-expand-or-complete
moves the mark to the next match
reverse-menu-complete
moves the mark to the previous match
vi-insert
this toggles between normal and interactive mode; in interactive
mode the keys bound to self-insert and self-insert-unmeta insert
into the command line as in normal editing mode but without
leaving menu selection; after each character completion is tried
again and the list changes to contain only the new matches; the
completion widgets make the longest unambiguous string be
inserted in the command line and undo and backward-delete-char
go back to the previous set of matches
history-incremental-search-forward,
history-incremental-search-backward this starts incremental
searches in the list of completions displayed; in this mode,
accept-line only leaves incremental search, going back to the
normal menu selection mode
All movement functions wrap around at the edges; any other zle function
not listed leaves menu selection and executes that function. It is
possible to make widgets in the above list do the same by using the
form of the widget with a `.' in front. For example, the widget
`.accept-line' has the effect of leaving menu selection and accepting
the entire command line.
During this selection the widget uses the keymap menuselect. Any key
that is not defined in this keymap or that is bound to undefined-key is
looked up in the keymap currently selected. This is used to ensure
that the most important keys used during selection (namely the cursor
keys, return, and TAB) have sensible defaults. However, keys in the
menuselect keymap can be modified directly using the bindkey builtin
command (see zshmodules(1)). For example, to make the return key leave
menu selection without accepting the match currently selected one could
call
bindkey -M menuselect '^M' send-break
after loading the zsh/complist module.
THE ZSH/COMPUTIL MODULE
The zsh/computil module adds several builtin commands that are used by
some of the completion functions in the completion system based on
shell functions (see zshcompsys(1) ). Except for compquote these
builtin commands are very specialised and thus not very interesting
when writing your own completion functions. In summary, these builtin
commands are:
comparguments
This is used by the _arguments function to do the argument and
command line parsing. Like compdescribe it has an option -i to
do the parsing and initialize some internal state and various
options to access the state information to decide what should be
completed.
compdescribe
This is used by the _describe function to build the displays for
the matches and to get the strings to add as matches with their
options. On the first call one of the options -i or -I should
be supplied as the first argument. In the first case, display
strings without the descriptions will be generated, in the sec-
ond case, the string used to separate the matches from their
descriptions must be given as the second argument and the
descriptions (if any) will be shown. All other arguments are
like the definition arguments to _describe itself.
Once compdescribe has been called with either the -i or the -I
option, it can be repeatedly called with the -g option and the
names of five arrays as its arguments. This will step through
the different sets of matches and store the options in the first
array, the strings with descriptions in the second, the matches
for these in the third, the strings without descriptions in the
fourth, and the matches for them in the fifth array. These are
then directly given to compadd to register the matches with the
completion code.
compfiles
Used by the _path_files function to optimize complex recursive
filename generation (globbing). It does three things. With the
-p and -P options it builds the glob patterns to use, including
the paths already handled and trying to optimize the patterns
with respect to the prefix and suffix from the line and the
match specification currently used. The -i option does the
directory tests for the ignore-parents style and the -r option
tests if a component for some of the matches are equal to the
string on the line and removes all other matches if that is
true.
compgroups
Used by the _tags function to implement the internals of the
group-order style. This only takes its arguments as names of
completion groups and creates the groups for it (all six types:
sorted and unsorted, both without removing duplicates, with
removing all duplicates and with removing consecutive dupli-
cates).
compquote [ -p ] names ...
There may be reasons to write completion functions that have to
add the matches using the -Q option to compadd and perform quot-
ing themselves. Instead of interpreting the first character of
the all_quotes key of the compstate special association and
using the q flag for parameter expansions, one can use this
builtin command. The arguments are the names of scalar or array
parameters and the values of these parameters are quoted as
needed for the innermost quoting level. If the -p option is
given, quoting is done as if there is some prefix before the
values of the parameters, so that a leading equal sign will not
be quoted.
The return status is non-zero in case of an error and zero oth-
erwise.
comptags
comptry
These implement the internals of the tags mechanism.
compvalues
Like comparguments, but for the _values function.
THE ZSH/CURSES MODULE
The zsh/curses module makes available one builtin command and various
parameters.
Builtin
zcurses init
zcurses end
zcurses addwin targetwin nlines ncols begin_y begin_x [ parentwin ]
zcurses delwin targetwin
zcurses refresh [ targetwin ... ]
zcurses touch targetwin ...
zcurses move targetwin new_y new_x
zcurses clear targetwin [ redraw | eol | bot ]
zcurses position targetwin array
zcurses char targetwin character
zcurses string targetwin string
zcurses border targetwin border
zcurses attr targetwin [ {+/-}attribute | fg_col/bg_col ] [...]
zcurses bg targetwin [ {+/-}attribute | fg_col/bg_col | @char ] [...]
zcurses scroll targetwin [ on | off | {+/-}lines ]
zcurses input targetwin [ param [ kparam [ mparam ] ] ]
zcurses mouse [ delay num | {+/-}motion ]
zcurses timeout targetwin intval
zcurses querychar targetwin [ param ]
Manipulate curses windows. All uses of this command should be
bracketed by `zcurses init' to initialise use of curses, and
`zcurses end' to end it; omitting `zcurses end' can cause the
terminal to be in an unwanted state.
The subcommand addwin creates a window with nlines lines and
ncols columns. Its upper left corner will be placed at row
begin_y and column begin_x of the screen. targetwin is a string
and refers to the name of a window that is not currently
assigned. Note in particular the curses convention that verti-
cal values appear before horizontal values.
If addwin is given an existing window as the final argument, the
new window is created as a subwindow of parentwin. This differs
from an ordinary new window in that the memory of the window
contents is shared with the parent's memory. Subwindows must be
deleted before their parent. Note that the coordinates of sub-
windows are relative to the screen, not the parent, as with
other windows.
Use the subcommand delwin to delete a window created with
addwin. Note that end does not implicitly delete windows, and
that delwin does not erase the screen image of the window.
The window corresponding to the full visible screen is called
stdscr; it always exists after `zcurses init' and cannot be
delete with delwin.
The subcommand refresh will refresh window targetwin; this is
necessary to make any pending changes (such as characters you
have prepared for output with char) visible on the screen.
refresh without an argument causes the screen to be cleared and
redrawn. If multiple windows are given, the screen is updated
once at the end.
The subcommand touch marks the targetwins listed as changed.
This is necessary before refreshing windows if a window that was
in front of another window (which may be stdscr) is deleted.
The subcommand move moves the cursor position in targetwin to
new coordinates new_y and new_x. Note that the subcommand
string (but not the subcommand char) advances the cursor posi-
tion over the characters added.
The subcommand clear erases the contents of targetwin. One (and
no more than one) of three options may be specified. With the
option redraw, in addition the next refresh of targetwin will
cause the screen to be cleared and repainted. With the option
eol, targetwin is only cleared to the end of the current cursor
line. With the option bot, targetwin is cleared to the end of
the window, i.e everything to the right and below the cursor is
cleared.
The subcommand position writes various positions associated with
targetwin into the array named array. These are, in order:
The y and x coordinates of the cursor relative to the top left
of targetwin
The y and x coordinates of the top left of targetwin on the
screen
The size of targetwin in y and x dimensions.
Outputting characters and strings are achieved by char and
string respectively.
To draw a border around window targetwin, use border. Note that
the border is not subsequently handled specially: in other
words, the border is simply a set of characters output at the
edge of the window. Hence it can be overwritten, can scroll off
the window, etc.
The subcommand attr will set targetwin's attributes or fore-
ground/background color pair for any successive character out-
put. Each attribute given on the line may be prepended by a +
to set or a - to unset that attribute; + is assumed if absent.
The attributes supported are blink, bold, dim, reverse, stand-
out, and underline.
Each fg_col/bg_col attribute (to be read as `fg_col on bg_col')
sets the foreground and background color for character output.
The color default is sometimes available (in particular if the
library is ncurses), specifying the foreground or background
color with which the terminal started. The color pair
default/default is always available.
bg overrides the color and other attributes of all characters in
the window. Its usual use is to set the background initially,
but it will overwrite the attributes of any characters at the
time when it is called. In addition to the arguments allowed
with attr, an argument @char specifies a character to be shown
in otherwise blank areas of the window. Owing to limitations of
curses this cannot be a multibyte character (use of ASCII char-
acters only is recommended). As the specified set of attributes
override the existing background, turning attributes off in the
arguments is not useful, though this does not cause an error.
The subcommand scroll can be used with on or off to enabled or
disable scrolling of a window when the cursor would otherwise
move below the window due to typing or output. It can also be
used with a positive or negative integer to scroll the window up
or down the given number of lines without changing the current
cursor position (which therefore appears to move in the opposite
direction relative to the window). In the second case, if
scrolling is off it is temporarily turned on to allow the window
to be scrolled.
The subcommand input reads a single character from the window
without echoing it back. If param is supplied the character is
assigned to the parameter param, else it is assigned to the
parameter REPLY.
If both param and kparam are supplied, the key is read in `key-
pad' mode. In this mode special keys such as function keys and
arrow keys return the name of the key in the parameter kparam.
The key names are the macros defined in the curses.h or
ncurses.h with the prefix `KEY_' removed; see also the descrip-
tion of the parameter zcurses_keycodes below. Other keys cause
a value to be set in param as before. On a successful return
only one of param or kparam contains a non-empty string; the
other is set to an empty string.
If mparam is also supplied, input attempts to handle mouse
input. This is only available with the ncurses library; mouse
handling can be detected by checking for the exit status of
`zcurses mouse' with no arguments. If a mouse button is clicked
(or double- or triple-clicked, or pressed or released with a
configurable delay from being clicked) then kparam is set to the
string MOUSE, and mparam is set to an array consisting of the
following elements:
- An identifier to discriminate different input devices;
this is only rarely useful.
- The x, y and z coordinates of the mouse click relative to
the full screen, as three elements in that order (i.e.
the y coordinate is, unusually, after the x coordinate).
The z coordinate is only available for a few unusual
input devices and is otherwise set to zero.
- Any events that occurred as separate items; usually there
will be just one. An event consists of PRESSED,
RELEASED, CLICKED, DOUBLE_CLICKED or TRIPLE_CLICKED fol-
lowed immediately (in the same element) by the number of
the button.
- If the shift key was pressed, the string SHIFT.
- If the control key was pressed, the string CTRL.
- If the alt key was pressed, the string ALT.
Not all mouse events may be passed through to the terminal win-
dow; most terminal emulators handle some mouse events them-
selves. Note that the ncurses manual implies that using input
both with and without mouse handling may cause the mouse cursor
to appear and disappear.
The subcommand mouse can be used to configure the use of the
mouse. There is no window argument; mouse options are global.
`zcurses mouse' with no arguments returns status 0 if mouse han-
dling is possible, else status 1. Otherwise, the possible argu-
ments (which may be combined on the same command line) are as
follows. delay num sets the maximum delay in milliseconds
between press and release events to be considered as a click;
the value 0 disables click resolution, and the default is one
sixth of a second. motion proceeded by an optional `+' (the
default) or - turns on or off reporting of mouse motion in addi-
tion to clicks, presses and releases, which are always reported.
However, it appears reports for mouse motion are not currently
implemented.
The subcommand timeout specifies a timeout value for input from
targetwin. If intval is negative, `zcurses input' waits indefi-
nitely for a character to be typed; this is the default. If
intval is zero, `zcurses input' returns immediately; if there is
typeahead it is returned, else no input is done and status 1 is
returned. If intval is positive, `zcurses input' waits intval
milliseconds for input and if there is none at the end of that
period returns status 1.
The subcommand querychar queries the character at the current
cursor position. The return values are stored in the array
named param if supplied, else in the array reply. The first
value is the character (which may be a multibyte character if
the system supports them); the second is the color pair in the
usual fg_col/bg_col notation, or 0 if color is not supported.
Any attributes other than color that apply to the character, as
set with the subcommand attr, appear as additional elements.
Parameters
ZCURSES_COLORS
Readonly integer. The maximum number of colors the terminal
supports. This value is initialised by the curses library and
is not available until the first time zcurses init is run.
ZCURSES_COLOR_PAIRS
Readonly integer. The maximum number of color pairs
fg_col/bg_col that may be defined in `zcurses attr' commands;
note this limit applies to all color pairs that have been used
whether or not they are currently active. This value is ini-
tialised by the curses library and is not available until the
first time zcurses init is run.
zcurses_attrs
Readonly array. The attributes supported by zsh/curses; avail-
able as soon as the module is loaded.
zcurses_colors
Readonly array. The colors supported by zsh/curses; available
as soon as the module is loaded.
zcurses_keycodes
Readonly array. The values that may be returned in the second
parameter supplied to `zcurses input' in the order in which they
are defined internally by curses. Not all function keys are
listed, only F0; curses reserves space for F0 up to F63.
zcurses_windows
Readonly array. The current list of windows, i.e. all windows
that have been created with `zcurses addwin' and not removed
with `zcurses delwin'.
THE ZSH/DATETIME MODULE
The zsh/datetime module makes available one builtin command:
strftime [ -s scalar ] format epochtime
strftime -r [ -q ] [ -s scalar ] format timestring
Output the date denoted by epochtime in the format specified.
With the option -r (reverse), use the format format to parse the
input string timestring and output the number of seconds since
the epoch at which the time occurred. If no timezone is parsed,
the current timezone is used; other parameters are set to zero
if not present. If timestring does not match format the command
returns status 1; it will additionally print an error message
unless the option -q (quiet) is given. If timestring matches
format but not all characters in timestring were used, the con-
version succeeds; however, a warning is issued unless the option
-q is given. The matching is implemented by the system function
strptime; see strptime(3). This means that zsh format exten-
sions are not available, however for reverse lookup they are not
required. If the function is not implemented, the command
returns status 2 and (unless -q is given) prints a message.
If -s scalar is given, assign the date string (or epoch time in
seconds if -r is given) to scalar instead of printing it.
The zsh/datetime module makes available one parameter:
EPOCHSECONDS
An integer value representing the number of seconds since the
epoch.
THE ZSH/DELTOCHAR MODULE
The zsh/deltochar module makes available two ZLE functions:
delete-to-char
Read a character from the keyboard, and delete from the cursor
position up to and including the next (or, with repeat count n,
the nth) instance of that character. Negative repeat counts
mean delete backwards.
zap-to-char
This behaves like delete-to-char, except that the final occur-
rence of the character itself is not deleted.
THE ZSH/EXAMPLE MODULE
The zsh/example module makes available one builtin command:
example [ -flags ] [ args ... ]
Displays the flags and arguments it is invoked with.
The purpose of the module is to serve as an example of how to write a
module.
THE ZSH/FILES MODULE
The zsh/files module makes available some common commands for file
manipulation as builtins; these commands are probably not needed for
many normal situations but can be useful in emergency recovery situa-
tions with constrained resources. The commands do not implement all
features now required by relevant standards committees.
For all commands, a variant beginning zf_ is also available and loaded
automatically. Using the features capability of zmodload will let you
load only those names you want.
The commands loaded by default are:
chgrp [ -hRs ] group filename ...
Changes group of files specified. This is equivalent to chown
with a user-spec argument of `:group'.
chown [ -hRs ] user-spec filename ...
Changes ownership and group of files specified.
The user-spec can be in four forms:
user change owner to user; do not change group
user:: change owner to user; do not change group
user: change owner to user; change group to user's primary
group
user:group
change owner to user; change group to group
:group do not change owner; change group to group
In each case, the `:' may instead be a `.'. The rule is that if
there is a `:' then the separator is `:', otherwise if there is
a `.' then the separator is `.', otherwise there is no separa-
tor.
Each of user and group may be either a username (or group name,
as appropriate) or a decimal user ID (group ID). Interpretation
as a name takes precedence, if there is an all-numeric username
(or group name).
If the target is a symbolic link, the -h option causes chown to
set the ownership of the link instead of its target.
The -R option causes chown to recursively descend into directo-
ries, changing the ownership of all files in the directory after
changing the ownership of the directory itself.
The -s option is a zsh extension to chown functionality. It
enables paranoid behaviour, intended to avoid security problems
involving a chown being tricked into affecting files other than
the ones intended. It will refuse to follow symbolic links, so
that (for example) ``chown luser /tmp/foo/passwd'' can't acci-
dentally chown /etc/passwd if /tmp/foo happens to be a link to
/etc. It will also check where it is after leaving directories,
so that a recursive chown of a deep directory tree can't end up
recursively chowning /usr as a result of directories being moved
up the tree.
ln [ -dfhins ] filename dest
ln [ -dfhins ] filename ... dir
Creates hard (or, with -s, symbolic) links. In the first form,
the specified destination is created, as a link to the specified
filename. In the second form, each of the filenames is taken in
turn, and linked to a pathname in the specified directory that
has the same last pathname component.
Normally, ln will not attempt to create hard links to directo-
ries. This check can be overridden using the -d option. Typi-
cally only the super-user can actually succeed in creating hard
links to directories. This does not apply to symbolic links in
any case.
By default, existing files cannot be replaced by links. The -i
option causes the user to be queried about replacing existing
files. The -f option causes existing files to be silently
deleted, without querying. -f takes precedence.
The -h and -n options are identical and both exist for compati-
bility; either one indicates that if the target is a symlink
then it should not be dereferenced. Typically this is used in
combination with -sf so that if an existing link points to a
directory then it will be removed, instead of followed. If this
option is used with multiple filenames and the target is a sym-
bolic link pointing to a directory then the result is an error.
mkdir [ -p ] [ -m mode ] dir ...
Creates directories. With the -p option, non-existing parent
directories are first created if necessary, and there will be no
complaint if the directory already exists. The -m option can be
used to specify (in octal) a set of file permissions for the
created directories, otherwise mode 777 modified by the current
umask (see umask(2)) is used.
mv [ -fi ] filename dest
mv [ -fi ] filename ... dir
Moves files. In the first form, the specified filename is moved
to the specified destination. In the second form, each of the
filenames is taken in turn, and moved to a pathname in the spec-
ified directory that has the same last pathname component.
By default, the user will be queried before replacing any file
that the user cannot write to, but writable files will be
silently removed. The -i option causes the user to be queried
about replacing any existing files. The -f option causes any
existing files to be silently deleted, without querying. -f
takes precedence.
Note that this mv will not move files across devices. Histori-
cal versions of mv, when actual renaming is impossible, fall
back on copying and removing files; if this behaviour is
desired, use cp and rm manually. This may change in a future
version.
rm [ -dfirs ] filename ...
Removes files and directories specified.
Normally, rm will not remove directories (except with the -r
option). The -d option causes rm to try removing directories
with unlink (see unlink(2)), the same method used for files.
Typically only the super-user can actually succeed in unlinking
directories in this way. -d takes precedence over -r.
By default, the user will be queried before removing any file
that the user cannot write to, but writable files will be
silently removed. The -i option causes the user to be queried
about removing any files. The -f option causes files to be
silently deleted, without querying, and suppresses all error
indications. -f takes precedence.
The -r option causes rm to recursively descend into directories,
deleting all files in the directory before removing the direc-
tory with the rmdir system call (see rmdir(2)).
The -s option is a zsh extension to rm functionality. It
enables paranoid behaviour, intended to avoid common security
problems involving a root-run rm being tricked into removing
files other than the ones intended. It will refuse to follow
symbolic links, so that (for example) ``rm /tmp/foo/passwd''
can't accidentally remove /etc/passwd if /tmp/foo happens to be
a link to /etc. It will also check where it is after leaving
directories, so that a recursive removal of a deep directory
tree can't end up recursively removing /usr as a result of
directories being moved up the tree.
rmdir dir ...
Removes empty directories specified.
sync Calls the system call of the same name (see sync(2)), which
flushes dirty buffers to disk. It might return before the I/O
has actually been completed.
THE ZSH/MAPFILE MODULE
The zsh/mapfile module provides one special associative array parameter
of the same name.
mapfile
This associative array takes as keys the names of files; the
resulting value is the content of the file. The value is
treated identically to any other text coming from a parameter.
The value may also be assigned to, in which case the file in
question is written (whether or not it originally existed); or
an element may be unset, which will delete the file in question.
For example, `vared mapfile[myfile]' works as expected, editing
the file `myfile'.
When the array is accessed as a whole, the keys are the names of
files in the current directory, and the values are empty (to
save a huge overhead in memory). Thus ${(k)mapfile} has the
same affect as the glob operator *(D), since files beginning
with a dot are not special. Care must be taken with expressions
such as rm ${(k)mapfile}, which will delete every file in the
current directory without the usual `rm *' test.
The parameter mapfile may be made read-only; in that case, files
referenced may not be written or deleted.
A file may conveniently be read into an array as one line per
element with the form `array=("${(f)mapfile[filename]}")'. The
double quotes are necessary to prevent empty lines from being
removed.
Limitations
Although reading and writing of the file in question is efficiently
handled, zsh's internal memory management may be arbitrarily baroque;
however, mapfile is usually very much more efficient than anything
involving a loop. Note in particular that the whole contents of the
file will always reside physically in memory when accessed (possibly
multiple times, due to standard parameter substitution operations). In
particular, this means handling of sufficiently long files (greater
than the machine's swap space, or than the range of the pointer type)
will be incorrect.
No errors are printed or flagged for non-existent, unreadable, or
unwritable files, as the parameter mechanism is too low in the shell
execution hierarchy to make this convenient.
It is unfortunate that the mechanism for loading modules does not yet
allow the user to specify the name of the shell parameter to be given
the special behaviour.
THE ZSH/MATHFUNC MODULE
The zsh/mathfunc module provides standard mathematical functions for
use when evaluating mathematical formulae. The syntax agrees with nor-
mal C and FORTRAN conventions, for example,
(( f = sin(0.3) ))
assigns the sine of 0.3 to the parameter f.
Most functions take floating point arguments and return a floating
point value. However, any necessary conversions from or to integer
type will be performed automatically by the shell. Apart from atan
with a second argument and the abs, int and float functions, all func-