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man gzip(1)
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gzip(1)                                                                gzip(1)




NAME

       gzip, gunzip, zcat - compress or expand files


SYNOPSIS

       gzip [ -acdfhklLnNrtvV19 ] [-S suffix] [ name ...  ]
       gunzip [ -acfhklLnNrtvV ] [-S suffix] [ name ...  ]
       zcat [ -fhLV ] [ name ...  ]


DESCRIPTION

       The  gzip  command reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv
       coding (LZ77).  Whenever possible, each file is replaced  by  one  with
       the  extension  .gz, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and
       modification times.  (The default extension is z for MSDOS,  OS/2  FAT,
       Windows  NT  FAT  and  Atari.)  If no files are specified, or if a file
       name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the  standard  output.
       The  gzip command will only attempt to compress regular files.  In par-
       ticular, it will ignore symbolic links.

       If the compressed file name is too long for its file system, gzip trun-
       cates  it.  The gzip command attempts to truncate only the parts of the
       file name longer than 3 characters.  (A part is delimited by dots.)  If
       the name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated.
       For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe
       is  compressed  to  gzi.msd.exe.gz.  Names are not truncated on systems
       which do not have a limit on file name length.

       By default, gzip keeps the original file name and timestamp in the com-
       pressed  file.  These  are used when decompressing the file with the -N
       option. This is useful when the compressed file name was  truncated  or
       when the timestamp was not preserved after a file transfer.

       Compressed  files  can be restored to their original form using gzip -d
       or gunzip or zcat.  If the original name saved in the  compressed  file
       is not suitable for its file system, a new name is constructed from the
       original one to make it legal.

       gunzip takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each file
       whose  name ends with .gz, -gz, .z, -z, or _z (ignoring case) and which
       begins with the correct magic number with an uncompressed file  without
       the  original extension.  gunzip also recognizes the special extensions
       .tgz and .taz as shorthands for .tar.gz and .tar.Z respectively.   When
       compressing, gzip uses the .tgz extension if necessary instead of trun-
       cating a file with a .tar extension.

       gunzip can currently decompress files created by gzip,  zip,  compress,
       compress  -H  or pack.  The detection of the input format is automatic.
       When using the first two formats, gunzip checks a 32 bit CRC. For  pack
       and gunzip checks the uncompressed length. The standard compress format
       was not designed to allow consistency checks. However gunzip  is  some-
       times  able  to  detect  a bad .Z file. If you get an error when uncom-
       pressing a .Z file, do not assume that the .Z file  is  correct  simply
       because the standard uncompress does not complain. This generally means
       that the standard uncompress does not check its input, and happily gen-
       erates  garbage  output.   The  SCO compress -H format (lzh compression
       method) does not include a CRC but also allows some consistency checks.

       Files  created  by  zip can be uncompressed by gzip only if they have a
       single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This  feature  is
       only intended to help conversion of tar.zip files to the tar.gz format.
       To extract a zip file with a single member, use a command like  'gunzip
       <foo.zip'  or 'gunzip -S .zip foo.zip'.  To extract zip files with sev-
       eral members, use unzip instead of gunzip.

       The zcat command is identical to gunzip -c.  (On some systems, zcat may
       be installed as gzcat to preserve the original link to compress.)  zcat
       uncompresses either a list of files on the command line or its standard
       input  and  writes the uncompressed data on standard output.  zcat will
       uncompress files that have the correct magic number whether they have a
       .gz suffix or not.

       The  gzip  command uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in zip and PKZIP.
       The amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and
       the  distribution of common substrings.  Typically, text such as source
       code or English is reduced by 60-70%.  Compression  is  generally  much
       better  than that achieved by LZW (as used in compress), Huffman coding
       (as used in pack), or adaptive Huffman coding (compact).

       Compression is  always  performed,  even  if  the  compressed  file  is
       slightly  larger  than  the original. The worst case expansion is a few
       bytes for the gzip file header, plus 5 bytes per 32 KiB  block,  or  an
       expansion  ratio  of  0.015% for large files. The actual number of used
       disk blocks almost never increases.

       gzip normally preserves the mode and modification timestamp of  a  file
       when  compressing or decompressing. If you have appropriate privileges,
       it also preserves the file's owner and group.


OPTIONS

       -a --ascii
              Ascii text mode: convert end-of-lines using  local  conventions.
              This  option  is  supported  only  on some non-Unix systems. For
              MSDOS, CR LF is converted to LF when compressing, and LF is con-
              verted to CR LF when decompressing.

       -c --stdout --to-stdout
              Write  output on standard output; keep original files unchanged.
              If there are several input  files,  the  output  consists  of  a
              sequence  of  independently compressed members. To obtain better
              compression, concatenate  all  input  files  before  compressing
              them.

       -d --decompress --uncompress
              Decompress.

       -f --force
              Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple
              links or the corresponding file already exists, or if  the  com-
              pressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the input
              data is not in a format recognized by gzip, and  if  the  option
              --stdout  is  also  given, copy the input data without change to
              the standard output: let zcat behave  as  cat.   If  -f  is  not
              given,  and  when not running in the background, gzip prompts to
              verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.

       -h --help
              Display a help screen and quit.

       -k --keep
              Keep (don't delete) input files during compression or decompres-
              sion.

       -l --list
              For each compressed file, list the following fields:

                  compressed size: size of the compressed file
                  uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file
                  ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
                  uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file

              The  uncompressed size is given as -1 for files not in gzip for-
              mat, such as compressed .Z files. To get the  uncompressed  size
              for such a file, you can use:

                  zcat file.Z | wc -c

              In  combination  with the --verbose option, the following fields
              are also displayed:

                  method: compression method
                  crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data
                  date & time: timestamp for the uncompressed file

              The compression methods currently supported  are  deflate,  com-
              press,  lzh  (SCO  compress  -H)  and pack.  The crc is given as
              ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.

              With --name, the uncompressed name,  date and  time   are  those
              stored within the compress file if present.

              With  --verbose,  the  size totals and compression ratio for all
              files is also displayed, unless some  sizes  are  unknown.  With
              --quiet, the title and totals lines are not displayed.

       -L --license
              Display the gzip license and quit.

       -n --no-name
              When  compressing,  do not save the original file name and time-
              stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name
              had  to  be  truncated.)  When decompressing, do not restore the
              original file name if present (remove only the gzip suffix  from
              the  compressed file name) and do not restore the original time-
              stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option
              is the default when decompressing.

       -N --name
              When  compressing,  always save the original file name, and save
              the seconds part of the original modification timestamp  if  the
              original  is  a  regular  file  and  its timestamp is at least 1
              (1970-01-01 00:00:01 UTC) and is  less  than  2**32  (2106-02-07
              06:28:16  UTC,  assuming  leap seconds are not counted); this is
              the default. When decompressing, restore  from  the  saved  file
              name  and timestamp if present. This option is useful on systems
              which have a limit on file name length or when the timestamp has
              been lost after a file transfer.

       -q --quiet
              Suppress all warnings.

       -r --recursive
              Travel  the  directory structure recursively. If any of the file
              names specified on the command line are directories,  gzip  will
              descend  into  the directory and compress all the files it finds
              there (or decompress them in the case of gunzip ).

       -S .suf --suffix .suf
              When compressing, use suffix .suf instead of .gz.  Any non-empty
              suffix  can  be given, but suffixes other than .z and .gz should
              be avoided to avoid confusion  when  files  are  transferred  to
              other systems.

              When  decompressing,  add  .suf  to the beginning of the list of
              suffixes to try, when deriving an output file name from an input
              file name.

       --synchronous
              Use  synchronous  output.  With this option, gzip is less likely
              to lose data during a system crash, but it can  be  considerably
              slower.

       -t --test
              Test. Check the compressed file integrity then quit.

       -v --verbose
              Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file
              compressed or decompressed.

       -V --version
              Version. Display the version number and compilation options then
              quit.

       -# --fast --best
              Regulate  the  speed of compression using the specified digit #,
              where -1 or --fast  indicates  the  fastest  compression  method
              (less  compression)  and -9 or --best indicates the slowest com-
              pression method (best  compression).   The  default  compression
              level is -6 (that is, biased towards high compression at expense
              of speed).

       --rsyncable
              When you synchronize a compressed file  between  two  computers,
              this  option  allows  rsync  to  transfer  only  files that were
              changed in the archive instead of the entire archive.  Normally,
              after  a change is made to any file in the archive, the compres-
              sion algorithm can generate a new version of  the  archive  that
              does  not  match  the  previous  version of the archive. In this
              case, rsync transfers the entire new version of the  archive  to
              the  remote computer.  With this option, rsync can transfer only
              the changed files as well as a small amount of metadata that  is
              required  to  update  the archive structure in the area that was
              changed.


ADVANCED USAGE

       Multiple compressed files can be concatenated.  In  this  case,  gunzip
       will extract all members at once. For example:

             gzip -c file1  > foo.gz
             gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz

       Then

             gunzip -c foo

       is equivalent to

             cat file1 file2

       In  case of damage to one member of a .gz file, other members can still
       be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you  can  get
       better compression by compressing all members at once:

             cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz

       compresses better than

             gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz

       If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better compression,
       do:

             gzip -cd old.gz | gzip > new.gz

       If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed size
       and  CRC reported by the --list option applies to the last member only.
       If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:

             gzip -cd file.gz | wc -c

       If you wish to create a single archive file with  multiple  members  so
       that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such
       as tar or zip. GNU tar supports the -z option to invoke gzip  transpar-
       ently. gzip is designed as a complement to tar, not as a replacement.


ENVIRONMENT

       The  obsolescent  environment  variable  GZIP can hold a set of default
       options for gzip.  These options are interpreted first and can be over-
       written  by  explicit command line parameters.  As this can cause prob-
       lems when using scripts, this feature is  supported  only  for  options
       that  are  reasonably likely to not cause too much harm, and gzip warns
       if it is used.  This feature will be removed in  a  future  release  of
       gzip.

       You can use an alias or script instead.  For example, if gzip is in the
       directory /usr/bin you can prepend $HOME/bin to your PATH and create an
       executable script $HOME/bin/gzip containing the following:

             #! /bin/sh
             export PATH=/usr/bin
             exec gzip -9 "$@"


SEE ALSO

       znew(1), zcmp(1), zmore(1), zforce(1), gzexe(1), zip(1), unzip(1), com-
       press(1)

       The gzip file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format spec-
       ification version 4.3, <https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1952.txt>, Internet
       RFC 1952 (May 1996).  The zip  deflation  format  is  specified  in  P.
       Deutsch,  DEFLATE  Compressed  Data  Format  Specification version 1.3,
       <https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1951.txt>, Internet RFC 1951 (May 1996).


DIAGNOSTICS

       Exit status is normally 0; if an error occurs, exit status is 1.  If  a
       warning occurs, exit status is 2.

       Usage: gzip [-cdfhklLnNrtvV19] [-S suffix] [file ...]
              Invalid options were specified on the command line.

       file: not in gzip format
              The file specified to gunzip has not been compressed.

       file: Corrupt input. Use zcat to recover some data.
              The  compressed  file has been damaged. The data up to the point
              of failure can be recovered using

                    zcat file > recover

       file: compressed with xx bits, can only handle yy bits
              File was compressed (using LZW) by a  program  that  could  deal
              with more bits than the decompress code on this machine.  Recom-
              press the file with gzip, which compresses better and uses  less
              memory.

       file: already has .gz suffix -- unchanged
              The  file  is assumed to be already compressed.  Rename the file
              and try again.

       file already exists; do you wish to overwrite (y or n)?
              Respond "y" if you want the output file to be replaced;  "n"  if
              not.

       gunzip: corrupt input
              A  SIGSEGV  violation  was detected which usually means that the
              input file has been corrupted.

       xx.x% Percentage of the input saved by compression.
              (Relevant only for -v and -l.)

       -- not a regular file or directory: ignored
              When the input file is not a regular file or directory, (e.g.  a
              symbolic link, socket, FIFO, device file), it is left unaltered.

       -- has xx other links: unchanged
              The input file has links; it is left unchanged.  See  ln(1)  for
              more information. Use the -f flag to force compression of multi-
              ply-linked files.


CAVEATS

       When writing compressed data to a tape, it is  generally  necessary  to
       pad  the  output  with  zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is
       read and the whole block is passed to gunzip for decompression,  gunzip
       detects  that there is extra trailing garbage after the compressed data
       and emits a warning by default.  You can use the --quiet option to sup-
       press the warning.


BUGS

       In  some rare cases, the --best option gives worse compression than the
       default compression level (-6). On some highly  redundant  files,  com-
       press compresses better than gzip.


REPORTING BUGS

       Report bugs to: bug-gzip@gnu.org
       GNU gzip home page: <https://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/>
       General help using GNU software: <https://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>


COPYRIGHT NOTICE

       Copyright (C) 1998-1999, 2001-2002, 2012, 2015-2022 Free Software Foun-
       dation, Inc.
       Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly

       Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim  copies  of  this
       manual  provided  the  copyright  notice and this permission notice are
       preserved on all copies.

       Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of  this
       manual  under  the  conditions  for verbatim copying, provided that the
       entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a  per-
       mission notice identical to this one.

       Permission  is granted to copy and distribute translations of this man-
       ual into another language, under the above conditions for modified ver-
       sions,  except  that this permission notice may be stated in a transla-
       tion approved by the Foundation.



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