IO::Socket::SSL(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation IO::Socket::SSL(3)
NAME
IO::Socket::SSL - SSL sockets with IO::Socket interface
SYNOPSIS
use strict;
use IO::Socket::SSL;
# simple client
my $cl = IO::Socket::SSL->new('www.google.com:443');
print $cl "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n";
print <$cl>;
# simple server
my $srv = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
LocalAddr => '0.0.0.0:1234',
Listen => 10,
SSL_cert_file => 'server-cert.pem',
SSL_key_file => 'server-key.pem',
);
$srv->accept;
DESCRIPTION
IO::Socket::SSL makes using SSL/TLS much easier by wrapping the
necessary functionality into the familiar IO::Socket interface and
providing secure defaults whenever possible. This way existing
applications can be made SSL-aware without much effort, at least if you
do blocking I/O and don't use select or poll.
But, under the hood SSL is a complex beast. So there are lots of
methods to make it do what you need if the default behavior is not
adequate. Because it is easy to inadvertently introduce critical
security bugs or just getting hard to debug problems, I would recommend
to study the following documentation carefully.
The documentation consists of the following parts:
o "Essential Information About SSL/TLS"
o "Basic SSL Client"
o "Basic SSL Server"
o "Common Usage Errors"
o "Common Problems with SSL"
o "Using Non-Blocking Sockets"
o "Advanced Usage"
o "Integration Into Own Modules"
o "Description Of Methods"
Additional documentation can be found in
o IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept - Doing Man-In-The-Middle with SSL
o IO::Socket::SSL::Utils - Useful functions for certificates etc
Essential Information About SSL/TLS
SSL (Secure Socket Layer) or its successor TLS (Transport Layer
Security) are protocols to facilitate end-to-end security. These
protocols are used when accessing web sites (https), delivering or
retrieving email and in lots of other use cases. In the following we
will only talk use the name SSL, but means SSL and TLS.
SSL enables end-to-end security by providing two essential functions:
Encryption
This part encrypts the data for transit between the communicating
parties, so that nobody in between can read them. It also provides
tamper resistance so that nobody in between can manipulate the
data.
Identification
This part makes sure that you talk to the right peer. If the
identification is done wrong it is easy to mount man-in-the-middle
attacks, e.g. if Alice wants to talk to Bob it would be possible
for Mallory to put itself in the middle, so that Alice talks to
Mallory and Mallory to Bob. All the data would still be encrypted,
but not end-to-end between Alice and Bob, but only between Alice
and Mallory and then between Mallory and Bob. Thus Mallory would
be able to read and modify all traffic between Alice and Bob.
Identification is the part which is the hardest to understand and the
easiest to get wrong.
With SSL the Identification is usually done with certificates inside a
PKI (Public Key Infrastructure). These Certificates are comparable to
an identity card, which contains information about the owner of the
card. The card then is somehow signed by the issuer of the card, the CA
(Certificate Agency).
To verify the identity of the peer the following must be done inside
SSL:
o Get the certificate from the peer. If the peer does not present a
certificate we cannot verify it.
o Check if we trust the certificate, e.g. make sure its not a
forgery.
We believe that a certificate is not a fake, if we either know the
certificate already or if we trust the issuer (the CA) and can
verify the issuers signature on the certificate. In reality there
is often a hierarchy of certificate agencies and we only directly
trust the root of this hierarchy. In this case the peer not only
sends his own certificate, but also all intermediate certificates.
Verification will be done by building a trust path from the trusted
root up to the peers certificate and checking in each step if the
we can verify the issuers signature.
This step often causes problems, because the client does not know
the necessary trusted root certificates. These are usually stored
in a system dependent CA store, but often the browsers have their
own CA store.
o Check if the certificate is still valid. Each certificate has a
lifetime and should not be used after that time because it might be
compromised or the underlying cryptography got broken in the mean
time.
o Check if the subject of the certificate matches the peer. This is
like comparing the picture on the identity card against the person
representing the identity card.
When connecting to a server this is usually done by comparing the
hostname used for connecting against the names represented in the
certificate. A certificate might contain multiple names or
wildcards, so that it can be used for multiple hosts (e.g.
*.example.com and *.example.org).
Although nobody sane would accept an identity card where the
picture does not match the person we see, it is a common
implementation error with SSL to omit this check or get it wrong.
o Check if the certificate was revoked by the issuer. This might be
the case if the certificate was compromised somehow and now
somebody else might use it to claim the wrong identity. Such
revocations happened a lot after the heartbleed attack.
For SSL there are two ways to verify a revocation, CRL and OCSP.
With CRLs (Certificate Revocation List) the CA provides a list of
serial numbers for revoked certificates. The client somehow has to
download the list (which can be huge) and keep it up to date. With
OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol) the client can check a
single certificate directly by asking the issuer.
Revocation is the hardest part of the verification and none of
todays browsers gets it fully correct. But they are still better
than most other implementations which don't implement revocation
checks or leave the hard parts to the developer.
When accessing a web site with SSL or delivering mail a secure way the
identity is usually only checked one way, e.g. the client wants to make
sure it talks to the right server, but the server usually does not care
which client it is. But, sometimes the server wants to identify the
client too and will request a certificate from the client which the
server must verify in a similar way.
Basic SSL Client
A basic SSL client is simple:
my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new('www.example.com:443')
or die "error=$!, ssl_error=$SSL_ERROR";
This will take the OpenSSL default CA store as the store for the
trusted CA. This usually works on UNIX systems. If their are no
certificates in the store it will try use Mozilla::CA which provides
the default CAs of Firefox.
In the default settings IO::Socket::SSL will use a safer cipher set and
SSL version, do a proper hostname check against the certificate and
uses SNI (server name indication) to send the hostname inside the SSL
handshake. This is necessary to work with servers, which have different
certificates behind the same IP address. It will also check the
revocation of the certificate with OCSP, but currently only if the
server provides OCSP stapling (for deeper checks see "ocsp_resolver"
method).
Lots of options can be used to change ciphers, SSL version, location of
CA and much more. See documentation of methods for details.
With protocols like SMTP it is necessary to upgrade an existing socket
to SSL. This can be done like this:
my $client = IO::Socket::INET->new('mx.example.com:25') or die $!;
# .. SMTP dialogs ... send STARTTLS and read reply ...
# SSL upgrade
IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($client,
# explicitly set hostname we should use for SNI
SSL_hostname => 'mx.example.com'
) or die $SSL_ERROR;
A more complete example for a simple HTTP client:
my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
# where to connect
PeerHost => "www.example.com",
PeerPort => "https",
# certificate verification - VERIFY_PEER is default
SSL_verify_mode => SSL_VERIFY_PEER,
# location of CA store
# need only be given if default store should not be used
SSL_ca_path => '/etc/ssl/certs', # typical CA path on Linux
SSL_ca_file => '/etc/ssl/cert.pem', # typical CA file on BSD
# or just use default path on system:
IO::Socket::SSL::default_ca(), # either explicitly
# or implicitly by not giving SSL_ca_*
# easy hostname verification
# It will use PeerHost as default name a verification
# scheme as default, which is safe enough for most purposes.
SSL_verifycn_name => 'foo.bar',
SSL_verifycn_scheme => 'http',
# SNI support - defaults to PeerHost
SSL_hostname => 'foo.bar',
) or die "failed connect or ssl handshake: $!,$SSL_ERROR";
# send and receive over SSL connection
print $client "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n";
print <$client>;
And to do revocation checks with OCSP (only available with OpenSSL
1.0.0 or higher and Net::SSLeay at least 1.59):
# default will try OCSP stapling and check only leaf certificate
my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new($dst);
# better yet: require checking of full chain
my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
PeerAddr => $dst,
SSL_ocsp_mode => SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN,
);
# even better: make OCSP errors fatal
# (this will probably fail with lots of sites because of bad OCSP setups)
# also use common OCSP response cache
my $ocsp_cache = IO::Socket::SSL::OCSP_Cache->new;
my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
PeerAddr => $dst,
SSL_ocsp_mode => SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN|SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD,
SSL_ocsp_cache => $ocsp_cache,
);
# disable OCSP stapling in case server has problems with it
my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
PeerAddr => $dst,
SSL_ocsp_mode => SSL_OCSP_NO_STAPLE,
);
# check any certificates which are not yet checked by OCSP stapling or
# where we have already cached results. For your own resolving combine
# $ocsp->requests with $ocsp->add_response(uri,response).
my $ocsp = $client->ocsp_resolver();
my $errors = $ocsp->resolve_blocking();
if ($errors) {
warn "OCSP verification failed: $errors";
close($client);
}
Basic SSL Server
A basic SSL server looks similar to other IO::Socket servers, only that
it also contains settings for certificate and key:
# simple server
my $server = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
# where to listen
LocalAddr => '127.0.0.1',
LocalPort => 8080,
Listen => 10,
# which certificate to offer
# with SNI support there can be different certificates per hostname
SSL_cert_file => 'cert.pem',
SSL_key_file => 'key.pem',
) or die "failed to listen: $!";
# accept client
my $client = $server->accept or die
"failed to accept or ssl handshake: $!,$SSL_ERROR";
This will automatically use a secure set of ciphers and SSL version and
also supports Forward Secrecy with (Elliptic-Curve) Diffie-Hellmann Key
Exchange.
If you do a forking a threading server it is recommended to do the SSL
handshake inside the new process/thread, so that the master is free for
new connections. Because a client with improper or slow SSL handshake
could make the server block in the handshake which would be bad to do
on the listening socket:
# inet server
my $server = IO::Socket::INET->new(
# where to listen
LocalAddr => '127.0.0.1',
LocalPort => 8080,
Listen => 10,
);
# accept client
my $client = $server->accept or die;
# SSL upgrade client (in new process/thread)
IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($client,
SSL_server => 1,
SSL_cert_file => 'cert.pem',
SSL_key_file => 'key.pem',
) or die "failed to ssl handshake: $SSL_ERROR";
Like with normal sockets neither forking nor threading servers scale
well. It is recommended to use non-blocking sockets instead, see
"Using Non-Blocking Sockets"
Common Usage Errors
This is a list of typical errors seen with the use of IO::Socket::SSL:
o Disabling verification with "SSL_verify_mode".
As described in "Essential Information About SSL/TLS" a proper
identification of the peer is essential and failing to verify makes
Man-In-The-Middle attacks possible.
Nevertheless, lots of scripts and even public modules or
applications disable verification, because it is probably the
easiest way to make the thing working and usually nobody notices
any security problems anyway.
If the verification does not succeed with the default settings one
can do the following:
o Make sure the needed CAs are in the store, maybe use
"SSL_ca_file" or "SSL_ca_path" to specify a different CA
store.
o If the validation fails because the certificate is self-
signed and that's what you expect, you can use the
"SSL_fingerprint" option to accept specific certificates by
their certificate fingerprint.
o If the validation failed because the hostname does not
match and you cannot access the host with the name given in
the certificate, you can use "SSL_verifycn_name" to specify
they hostname you expect in the certificate.
A common error pattern is also to disable verification if they
found no CA store (different modules look at different "default"
places). Because IO::Socket::SSL is now able to provide a usable
CA store on most platforms (UNIX, Mac OSX and Windows) it is better
to use the defaults provided by IO::Socket::SSL. If necessary
these can be checked with the "default_ca" method.
o Polling of SSL sockets (e.g. select, poll and other event loops).
If you sysread one byte on a normal socket it will result in a
syscall to read one byte. Thus, if more than one byte is available
on the socket it will be kept in the network stack of your OS and
the next select or poll call will return the socket as readable.
But, with SSL you don't deliver single bytes. Multiple data bytes
are packet and encrypted together in an SSL frame. Decryption can
only be done on the whole frame, so a sysread for one byte actually
reads the complete SSL frame from the socket, decrypts it and
returns the first decrypted byte. Further sysreads will return more
bytes from the same frame until all bytes are returned and the next
SSL frame will be read from the socket.
Thus, in order to decide if you can read more data (e.g. if sysread
will block) you must check if there are still data in the current
SSL frame by calling "pending" and if there are no data pending you
might check the underlying socket with select or poll. Another way
might be if you try to sysread at least 16kByte all the time.
16kByte is the maximum size of an SSL frame and because sysread
returns data from only a single SSL frame you guarantee this way,
that there are no pending data.
See also "Using Non-Blocking Sockets".
o Set 'SSL_version' or 'SSL_cipher_list' to a "better" value.
IO::Socket::SSL tries to set these values to reasonable secure
values, which are compatible with the rest of the world. But,
there are some scripts or modules out there, which tried to be
smart and get more secure or compatible settings. Unfortunatly,
they did this years ago and never updated these values, so they are
still forced to do only 'TLSv1' (instead of also using TLSv12 or
TLSv11). Or they set 'HIGH' as the cipher list and thought they
are secure, but did not notice that 'HIGH' includes anonymous
ciphers, e.g. without identification of the peer.
So it is recommended to leave the settings at the secure defaults
which IO::Socket::SSL sets and which get updated from time to time
to better fit the real world.
o Make SSL settings inacessible by the user, together with bad
builtin settings.
Some modules use IO::Socket::SSL, but don't make the SSL settings
available to the user. This is often combined with bad builtin
settings or defaults (like switching verification off).
Thus the user needs to hack around these restrictions by using
"set_args_filter_hack" or similar.
o Use of constants as strings.
Constants like "SSL_VERIFY_PEER" or "SSL_WANT_READ" should be used
as constants and not be put inside quotes, because they represent
numerical values.
Common Problems with SSL
SSL is a complex protocol with multiple implementations and each of
these has their own quirks. While most of these implementations work
together it often gets problems with older versions, minimal versions
in load balancers or plain wrong setups.
Unfortunatly these problems are hard to debug. Helpful for debugging
are a knowledge of SSL internals, wireshark and the use of the debug
settings of IO::Socket::SSL and Net::SSLeay, which can both be set with
$IO::Socket::SSL::DEBUG. The following debugs levels are defined, but
used not in a consistent way:
o 0 - No debugging (default).
o 1 - Print out errors from IO::Socket::SSL and ciphers from
Net::SSLeay.
o 2 - Print also information about call flow from IO::Socket::SSL and
progress information from Net::SSLeay.
o 3 - Print also some data dumps from IO::Socket::SSL and from
Net::SSLeay.
Also, "util/analyze-ssl.pl" in the distribution might be a helpful tool
when debugging SSL problems, as do the "openssl" command line tool and
a check with a different SSL implementation (e.g. a web browser).
The following problems are not uncommon:
o Bad server setup: missing imtermediate certificates.
It is a regular problem that administrators fail to include all
necessary certificates into their server setup, e.g. everything
needed to build the trust chain from the trusted root. If they
check the setup with the browser everything looks ok, because
browsers work around these problems by caching any intermediate
certificates and apply them to new connections if there are
certificates missing.
But, fresh browser profiles which never have seen these
intermediates cannot fill in the missing certificates and fail to
verify, and the same is with IO::Socket::SSL.
o Old version of server or load balancer, which do not understand
specific TLS versions or croak on specific data.
From time to time one encounters an SSL peer, which just closes the
connection inside the SSL handshake. This can usually be
workarounded by downgrading the SSL version, e.g. by setting
"SSL_version". Modern Browsers usually deal with such servers by
automatically downgrading the SSL version and repeat the connection
attempt until they succeed.
Worse servers do not close the underlying TCP connection but
instead just drop the relevant packet. This is harder to detect
because it looks like a stalled connection. But downgrading the SSL
version often works here too.
A cause of such problems are often load balancers or security
devices, which have hardware acceleration and only a minimal (and
less robust) SSL stack. They can often be detected because they
support much fewer ciphers than other implementations.
o Bad or old OpenSSL versions.
IO::Socket::SSL uses OpenSSL with the help of the Net::SSLeay
library. It is recommend to have a recent version of this library,
because it has more features and usually fewer known bugs.
Using Non-Blocking Sockets
If you have a non-blocking socket, the expected behavior on read,
write, accept or connect is to set $! to EWOULDBLOCK if the operation
can not be completed immediately. Note that EWOULDBLOCK is the same as
EAGAIN on UNIX systems, but is different on Windows.
With SSL handshakes might occure at any time, even within an
established connections. In this cases it is necessary to finish the
handshake before you can read or write data. This might result in
situations where you want to read but must first finish the write of a
handshake or where you want to write but must first finish a read. In
these cases $! is set to EGAIN like expected, and additionally
$SSL_ERROR is set to either SSL_WANT_READ or SSL_WANT_WRITE. Thus if
you get EWOULDBLOCK on a SSL socket you must check $SSL_ERROR for
SSL_WANT_* and adapt your event mask accordingly.
Using readline on non-blocking sockets does not make much sense and I
would advise against using it. And, while the behavior is not
documented for other IO::Socket classes, it will try to emulate the
behavior seen there, e.g. to return the received data instead of
blocking, even if the line is not complete. If an unrecoverable error
occurs it will return nothing, even if it already received some data.
Also, I would advise against using "accept" with a non-blocking SSL
object, because it might block and this is not what most would expect.
The reason for this is that accept on a non-blocking TCP socket (e.g.
IO::Socket::IP, IO::Socket::INET..) results in a new TCP socket, which
does not inherit the non-blocking behavior of the master socket. And
thus the initial SSL handshake on the new socket inside
"IO::Socket::SSL::accept" will be done in a blocking way. To work
around this you are safer in doing a TCP accept and later upgrade the
TCP socket in a non-blocking way with "start_SSL" and "accept_SSL".
my $cl = IO::Socket::SSL->new($dst);
$cl->blocking(0);
my $sel = IO::Select->new($cl);
while (1) {
# with SSL a call for reading n bytes does not result in reading of n
# bytes from the socket, but instead it must read at least one full SSL
# frame. If the socket has no new bytes, but there are unprocessed data
# from the SSL frame can_read will block!
# wait for data on socket
$sel->can_read();
# new data on socket or eof
READ:
# this does not read only 1 byte from socket, but reads the complete SSL
# frame and then just returns one byte. On subsequent calls it than
# returns more byte of the same SSL frame until it needs to read the
# next frame.
my $n = sysread( $cl,my $buf,1);
if ( ! defined $n ) {
die $! if not ${EWOULDBLOCK};
next if $SSL_ERROR == SSL_WANT_READ;
if ( $SSL_ERROR == SSL_WANT_WRITE ) {
# need to write data on renegotiation
$sel->can_write;
next;
}
die "something went wrong: $SSL_ERROR";
} elsif ( ! $n ) {
last; # eof
} else {
# read next bytes
# we might have still data within the current SSL frame
# thus first process these data instead of waiting on the underlying
# socket object
goto READ if $self->pending; # goto sysread
next; # goto $sel->can_read
}
}
Advanced Usage
SNI Support
Newer extensions to SSL can distinguish between multiple hostnames on
the same IP address using Server Name Indication (SNI).
Support for SNI on the client side was added somewhere in the OpenSSL
0.9.8 series, but only with 1.0 a bug was fixed when the server could
not decide about its hostname. Therefore client side SNI is only
supported with OpenSSL 1.0 or higher in IO::Socket::SSL. With a
supported version, SNI is used automatically on the client side, if it
can determine the hostname from "PeerAddr" or "PeerHost" (which are
synonyms in the underlying IO::Socket:: classes and thus should never
be set both or at least not to different values). On unsupported
OpenSSL versions it will silently not use SNI. The hostname can also
be given explicitly given with "SSL_hostname", but in this case it will
throw in error, if SNI is not supported. To check for support you
might call "IO::Socket::SSL-"can_client_sni()>.
On the server side earlier versions of OpenSSL are supported, but only
together with Net::SSLeay version >= 1.50. To check for support you
might call "IO::Socket::SSL-"can_server_sni()>. If server side SNI is
supported, you might specify different certificates per host with
"SSL_cert*" and "SSL_key*", and check the requested name using
"get_servername".
Talk Plain and SSL With The Same Socket
It is often required to first exchange some plain data and then upgrade
the socket to SSL after some kind of STARTTLS command. Protocols like
FTPS even need a way to downgrade the socket again back to plain.
The common way to do this would be to create a normal socket and use
start_SSL to upgrade and stop_SSL to downgrade:
my $sock = IO::Socket::INET->new(...) or die $!;
... exchange plain data on $sock until starttls command ...
IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($sock,%sslargs) or die $SSL_ERROR;
... now $sock is a IO::Socket::SSL object ...
... exchange data with SSL on $sock until stoptls command ...
$sock->stop_SSL or die $SSL_ERROR;
... now $sock is again a IO::Socket::INET object ...
But, lots of modules just derive directly from IO::Socket::INET. While
this base class can be replaced with IO::Socket::SSL these modules
cannot easily support different base classes for SSL and plain data and
switch between these classes on a starttls command.
To help in this case, IO::Socket::SSL can be reduced to a plain socket
on startup, and connect_SSL/accept_SSL/start_SSL can be used to enable
SSL and stop_SSL to talk plain again:
my $sock = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
PeerAddr => ...
SSL_startHandshake => 0,
%sslargs
) or die $!;
... exchange plain data on $sock until starttls command ...
$sock->connect_SSL or die $SSL_ERROR;
... now $sock is a IO::Socket::SSL object ...
... exchange data with SSL on $sock until stoptls command ...
$sock->stop_SSL or die $SSL_ERROR;
... $sock is still a IO::Socket::SSL object ...
... but data exchanged again in plain ...
Integration Into Own Modules
IO::Socket::SSL behaves similar to other IO::Socket modules and thus
could be integrated in the same way, but you have to take special care
when using non-blocking I/O (like for handling timeouts) or using
select or poll. Please study the documentation on how to deal with
these differences.
Also, it is recommended to not set or touch most of the "SSL_*"
options, so that they keep there secure defaults. It is also
recommended to let the user override this SSL specific settings without
the need of global settings or hacks like "set_args_filter_hack".
The notable exception is "SSL_verifycn_scheme". This should be set to
the hostname verification scheme required by the module or protocol.
Description Of Methods
IO::Socket::SSL inherits from another IO::Socket module. The choice of
the super class depends on the installed modules:
o If IO::Socket::IP with at least version 0.20 is installed it will
use this module as super class, transparently providing IPv6 and
IPv4 support.
o If IO::Socket::INET6 is installed it will use this module as super
class, transparently providing IPv6 and IPv4 support.
o Otherwise it will fall back to IO::Socket::INET, which is a perl
core module. With IO::Socket::INET you only get IPv4 support.
Please be aware, that with the IPv6 capable super classes, it will
lookup first for the IPv6 address of a given hostname. If the resolver
provides an IPv6 address, but the host cannot be reached by IPv6, there
will be no automatic fallback to IPv4. To avoid these problems you can
either force IPv4 by specifying and AF_INET as "Domain" of the socket
or globally enforce IPv4 by loading IO::Socket::SSL with the option
'inet4'.
IO::Socket::SSL will provide all of the methods of its super class, but
sometimes it will override them to match the behavior expected from SSL
or to provide additional arguments.
The new or changed methods are described below, but please read also
the section about SSL specific error handling.
Error Handling
If an SSL specific error occurs the global variable $SSL_ERROR will
be set. If the error occurred on an existing SSL socket the method
"errstr" will give access to the latest socket specific error.
Both $SSL_ERROR and "errstr" method give a dualvar similar to $!,
e.g. providing an error number in numeric context or an error
description in string context.
new(...)
Creates a new IO::Socket::SSL object. You may use all the friendly
options that came bundled with the super class (e.g.
IO::Socket::IP, IO::Socket::INET, ...) plus (optionally) the ones
described below. If you don't specify any SSL related options it
will do it's best in using secure defaults, e.g. chosing good
ciphers, enabling proper verification etc.
SSL_server
Set this option to a true value, if the socket should be used as
a server. If this is not explicitly set it is assumed, if the
Listen parameter is given when creating the socket.
SSL_hostname
This can be given to specify the hostname used for SNI, which is
needed if you have multiple SSL hostnames on the same IP address.
If not given it will try to determine hostname from PeerAddr,
which will fail if only IP was given or if this argument is used
within start_SSL.
If you want to disable SNI set this argument to ''.
Currently only supported for the client side and will be ignored
for the server side.
See section "SNI Support" for details of SNI the support.
SSL_startHandshake
If this option is set to false (defaults to true) it will no
start the SSL handshake yet. This has to be done later with
"accept_SSL" or "connect_SSL". Before the handshake is started
read/write etc can be used to exchange plain data.
SSL_ca | SSL_ca_file | SSL_ca_path
Usually you want to verify that the peer certificate has been
signed by a trusted certificate authority. In this case you
should use this option to specify the file ("SSL_ca_file") or
directory ("SSL_ca_path") containing the certificate(s) of the
trusted certificate authorities. Also you can give X509*
certificate handles (from Net::SSLeay or IO::Socket::SSL::Utils)
as a list with "SSL_ca". These will be added to the CA store
before path and file and thus take precedence. If neither
SSL_ca, nor SSL_ca_file or SSL_ca_path are set it will use
"default_ca()" to determine the user-set or system defaults. If
you really don't want to set a CA set SSL_ca_file or SSL_ca_path
to "\undef" or SSL_ca to an empty list. (unfortunatly '' is used
by some modules using IO::Socket::SSL when CA is not exlicitly
given).
SSL_fingerprint
Sometimes you have a self-signed certificate or a certificate
issued by an unknown CA and you really want to accept it, but
don't want to disable verification at all. In this case you can
specify the fingerprint of the certificate as
'algo$hex_fingerprint'. "algo" is a fingerprint algorithm
supported by OpenSSL, e.g. 'sha1','sha256'... and
"hex_fingerprint" is the hexadecimal representation of the binary
fingerprint. To get the fingerprint of an established connection
you can use "get_fingerprint".
You can specify a list of fingerprints in case you have several
acceptable certificates. If a fingerprint matches the topmost
certificate no additional validations can make the verification
fail.
SSL_cert_file | SSL_cert | SSL_key_file | SSL_key
If you create a server you usually need to specify a server
certificate which should be verified by the client. Same is true
for client certificates, which should be verified by the server.
The certificate can be given as a file with SSL_cert_file or as
an internal representation of a X509* object with SSL_cert. If
given as a file it will automatically detect the format.
Supported file formats are PEM, DER and PKCS#12, where PEM and
PKCS#12 can contain the certicate and the chain to use, while DER
can only contain a single certificate.
If given as a list of X509* please note, that the all the chain
certificates (e.g. all except the first) will be "consumed" by
openssl and will be freed if the SSL context gets destroyed - so
you should never free them yourself. But the servers certificate
(e.g. the first) will not be consumed by openssl and thus must be
freed by the application.
For each certificate a key is need, which can either be given as
a file with SSL_key_file or as an internal representation of a
EVP_PKEY* object with SSL_key. If a key was already given within
the PKCS#12 file specified by SSL_cert_file it will ignore any
SSL_key or SSL_key_file. If no SSL_key or SSL_key_file was given
it will try to use the PEM file given with SSL_cert_file again,
maybe it contains the key too.
If your SSL server should be able to use different certificates
on the same IP address, depending on the name given by SNI, you
can use a hash reference instead of a file with "<hostname ="
cert_file>>.
In case certs and keys are needed but not given it might fall
back to builtin defaults, see "Defaults for Cert, Key and CA".
Examples:
SSL_cert_file => 'mycert.pem',
SSL_key_file => 'mykey.pem',
SSL_cert_file => {
"foo.example.org" => 'foo-cert.pem',
"bar.example.org" => 'bar-cert.pem',
# used when nothing matches or client does not support SNI
'' => 'default-cert.pem',
}
SSL_key_file => {
"foo.example.org" => 'foo-key.pem',
"bar.example.org" => 'bar-key.pem',
# used when nothing matches or client does not support SNI
'' => 'default-key.pem',
}
SSL_passwd_cb
If your private key is encrypted, you might not want the default
password prompt from Net::SSLeay. This option takes a reference
to a subroutine that should return the password required to
decrypt your private key.
SSL_use_cert
If this is true, it forces IO::Socket::SSL to use a certificate
and key, even if you are setting up an SSL client. If this is
set to 0 (the default), then you will only need a certificate and
key if you are setting up a server.
SSL_use_cert will implicitly be set if SSL_server is set. For
convenience it is also set if it was not given but a cert was
given for use (SSL_cert_file or similar).
SSL_version
Sets the version of the SSL protocol used to transmit data.
'SSLv23' uses a handshake compatible with SSL2.0, SSL3.0 and
TLS1.x, while 'SSLv2', 'SSLv3', 'TLSv1', 'TLSv1_1' or 'TLSv1_2'
restrict handshake and protocol to the specified version. All
values are case-insensitive. Instead of 'TLSv1_1' and 'TLSv1_2'
one can also use 'TLSv11' and 'TLSv12'. Support for 'TLSv1_1'
and 'TLSv1_2' requires recent versions of Net::SSLeay and
openssl.
Independent from the handshake format you can limit to set of
accepted SSL versions by adding !version separated by ':'.
The default SSL_version is 'SSLv23:!SSLv3:!SSLv2' which means,
that the handshake format is compatible to SSL2.0 and higher, but
that the successful handshake is limited to TLS1.0 and higher,
that is no SSL2.0 or SSL3.0 because both of these versions have
serious security issues and should not be used anymore. You can
also use !TLSv1_1 and !TLSv1_2 to disable TLS versions 1.1 and
1.2 while still allowing TLS version 1.0.
Setting the version instead to 'TLSv1' might break interaction
with older clients, which need and SSL2.0 compatible handshake.
On the other side some clients just close the connection when
they receive a TLS version 1.1 request. In this case setting the
version to 'SSLv23:!SSLv2:!SSLv3:!TLSv1_1:!TLSv1_2' might help.
SSL_cipher_list
If this option is set the cipher list for the connection will be
set to the given value, e.g. something like
'ALL:!LOW:!EXP:!aNULL'. Look into the OpenSSL documentation
(<http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER_STRINGS>)
for more details.
Unless you fail to contact your peer because of no shared ciphers
it is recommended to leave this option at the default setting.
The default setting prefers ciphers with forward secrecy,
disables anonymous authentication and disables known insecure
ciphers like MD5, DES etc. This gives a grade A result at the
tests of SSL Labs. To use the less secure OpenSSL builtin
default (whatever this is) set SSL_cipher_list to ''.
SSL_honor_cipher_order
If this option is true the cipher order the server specified is
used instead of the order proposed by the client. This option
defaults to true to make use of our secure cipher list setting.
SSL_dh_file
If you want Diffie-Hellman key exchange you need to supply a
suitable file here or use the SSL_dh parameter. See dhparam
command in openssl for more information. To create a server
which provides forward secrecy you need to either give the DH
parameters or (better, because faster) the ECDH curve.
If neither "SSL_dh_file" not "SSL_dh" is set a builtin DH
parameter with a length of 2048 bit is used to offer DH key
exchange by default. If you don't want this (e.g. disable DH key
exchange) explicitly set this or the "SSL_dh" parameter to undef.
SSL_dh
Like SSL_dh_file, but instead of giving a file you use a
preloaded or generated DH*.
SSL_ecdh_curve
If you want Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellmann key exchange you need
to supply the OID or NID of a suitable curve (like 'prime256v1')
here. To create a server which provides forward secrecy you need
to either give the DH parameters or (better, because faster) the
ECDH curve.
This parameter defaults to 'prime256v1' (builtin of OpenSSL) to
offer ECDH key exchange by default. If you don't want this
explicitly set it to undef.
You can check if ECDH support is available by calling
"IO::Socket::SSL-"can_ecdh>.
SSL_verify_mode
This option sets the verification mode for the peer certificate.
You may combine SSL_VERIFY_PEER (verify_peer),
SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT (fail verification if no peer
certificate exists; ignored for clients), SSL_VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE
(verify client once; ignored for clients). See OpenSSL man page
for SSL_CTX_set_verify for more information.
The default is SSL_VERIFY_NONE for server (e.g. no check for
client certificate) and SSL_VERIFY_PEER for client (check server
certificate).
SSL_verify_callback
If you want to verify certificates yourself, you can pass a sub
reference along with this parameter to do so. When the callback
is called, it will be passed:
1. a true/false value that indicates what OpenSSL thinks of the
certificate,
2. a C-style memory address of the certificate store,
3. a string containing the certificate's issuer attributes and
owner attributes, and
4. a string containing any errors encountered (0 if no errors).
5. a C-style memory address of the peer's own certificate
(convertible to PEM form with
Net::SSLeay::PEM_get_string_X509()).
6. The depth of the certificate in the chain. Depth 0 is the leaf
certificate.
The function should return 1 or 0, depending on whether it thinks
the certificate is valid or invalid. The default is to let
OpenSSL do all of the busy work.
The callback will be called for each element in the certificate
chain.
See the OpenSSL documentation for SSL_CTX_set_verify for more
information.
SSL_verifycn_scheme
The scheme is used to correctly verify the identity inside the
certificate by using the hostname of the peer. See the
information about the verification schemes in verify_hostname.
If you don't specify a scheme it will use 'default', but only
complain loudly if the name verification fails instead of letting
the whole certificate verification fail. THIS WILL CHANGE, e.g.
it will let the certificate verification fail in the future if
the hostname does not match the certificate !!!! To override the
name used in verification use SSL_verifycn_name.
The scheme 'default' is a superset of the usual schemes, which
will accept the hostname in common name and subjectAltName and
allow wildcards everywhere. While using this scheme is way more
secure than no name verification at all you better should use the
scheme specific to your application protocol, e.g. 'http',
'ftp'...
If you are really sure, that you don't want to verify the
identity using the hostname you can use 'none' as a scheme. In
this case you'd better have alternative forms of verification,
like a certificate fingerprint or do a manual verification later
by calling verify_hostname yourself.
SSL_verifycn_publicsuffix
This option is used to specify the behavior when checking
wildcards certificates for public suffixes, e.g. no wildcard
certificates for *.com or *.co.uk should be accepted, while
*.example.com or *.example.co.uk is ok.
If not specified it will simply use the builtin default of
IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix, you can create another object with
from_string or from_file of this module.
To disable verification of public suffix set this option to ''.
SSL_verifycn_name
Set the name which is used in verification of hostname. If
SSL_verifycn_scheme is set and no SSL_verifycn_name is given it
will try to use SSL_hostname or PeerHost and PeerAddr settings
and fail if no name can be determined. If SSL_verifycn_scheme is
not set it will use a default scheme and warn if it cannot
determine a hostname, but it will not fail.
Using PeerHost or PeerAddr works only if you create the
connection directly with "IO::Socket::SSL->new", if an
IO::Socket::INET object is upgraded with start_SSL the name has
to be given in SSL_verifycn_name or SSL_hostname.
SSL_check_crl
If you want to verify that the peer certificate has not been
revoked by the signing authority, set this value to true. OpenSSL
will search for the CRL in your SSL_ca_path, or use the file
specified by SSL_crl_file. See the Net::SSLeay documentation for
more details. Note that this functionality appears to be broken
with OpenSSL < v0.9.7b, so its use with lower versions will
result in an error.
SSL_crl_file
If you want to specify the CRL file to be used, set this value to
the pathname to be used. This must be used in addition to
setting SSL_check_crl.
SSL_ocsp_mode
Defines how certificate revocation is done using OCSP (Online
Status Revocation Protocol). The default is to send a request for
OCSP stapling to the server and if the server sends an OCSP
response back the result will be used.
Any other OCSP checking needs to be done manually with
"ocsp_resolver".
The following flags can be combined with "|":
SSL_OCSP_NO_STAPLE
Don't ask for OCSP stapling. This is the default if
SSL_verify_mode is VERIFY_NONE.
SSL_OCSP_TRY_STAPLE
Try OCSP stapling, but don't complain if it gets no
stapled response back. This is the default if
SSL_verify_mode is VERIFY_PEER (the default).
SSL_OCSP_MUST_STAPLE
Consider it a hard error, if the server does not send a
stapled OCSP response back. Most servers currently send
no stapled OCSP response back.
SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD
Fail hard on response errors, default is to fail soft
like the browsers do. Soft errors mean, that the OCSP
response is not usable, e.g. no response, error response,
no valid signature etc. Certificate revocations inside a
verified response are considered hard errors in any case.
Soft errors inside a stapled response are never
considered hard, e.g. it is expected that in this case an
OCSP request will be send to the responsible OCSP
responder.
SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN
This will set up the "ocsp_resolver" so that all
certificates from the peer chain will be checked,
otherwise only the leaf certificate will be checked
against revocation.
SSL_ocsp_staple_callback
If this callback is defined, it will be called with the SSL
object and the OCSP response handle obtained from the peer, e.g.
"<$cb-"($ssl,$resp)>>. If the peer did not provide a stapled
OCSP response the function will be called with "$resp=undef".
Because the OCSP response handle is no longer valid after leaving
this function it should not by copied or freed. If access to the
response is necessary after leaving this function it can be
serialized with "Net::SSLeay::i2d_OCSP_RESPONSE".
If no such callback is provided, it will use the default one,
which verifies the response and uses it to check if the
certificate(s) of the connection got revoked.
SSL_ocsp_cache
With this option a cache can be given for caching OCSP responses,
which could be shared between different SSL contextes. If not
given a cache specific to the SSL context only will be used.
You can either create a new cache with
"<IO::Socket::SSL::OCSP_Cache-"new([size]) >> or implement your
own cache, which needs to have methods "put($key,\%entry)" and
"get($key)-"\%entry> where entry is the hash representation of
the OCSP response with fields like "nextUpdate". The default
implementation of the cache will consider responses valid as long
as "nextUpdate" is less then the current time.
SSL_reuse_ctx
If you have already set the above options for a previous instance
of IO::Socket::SSL, then you can reuse the SSL context of that
instance by passing it as the value for the SSL_reuse_ctx
parameter. You may also create a new instance of the
IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_Context class, using any context options
that you desire without specifying connection options, and pass
that here instead.
If you use this option, all other context-related options that
you pass in the same call to new() will be ignored unless the
context supplied was invalid. Note that, contrary to versions of
IO::Socket::SSL below v0.90, a global SSL context will not be
implicitly used unless you use the set_default_context()
function.
SSL_create_ctx_callback
With this callback you can make individual settings to the
context after it got created and the default setup was done. The
callback will be called with the CTX object from Net::SSLeay as
the single argument.
Example for limiting the server session cache size:
SSL_create_ctx_callback => sub {
my $ctx = shift;
Net::SSLeay::CTX_sess_set_cache_size($ctx,128);
}
SSL_session_cache_size
If you make repeated connections to the same host/port and the
SSL renegotiation time is an issue, you can turn on client-side
session caching with this option by specifying a positive cache
size. For successive connections, pass the SSL_reuse_ctx option
to the new() calls (or use set_default_context()) to make use of
the cached sessions. The session cache size refers to the number
of unique host/port pairs that can be stored at one time; the
oldest sessions in the cache will be removed if new ones are
added.
This option does not effect the session cache a server has for
it's clients, e.g. it does not affect SSL objects with SSL_server
set.
SSL_session_cache
Specifies session cache object which should be used instead of
creating a new. Overrules SSL_session_cache_size. This option
is useful if you want to reuse the cache, but not the rest of the
context.
A session cache object can be created using
"IO::Socket::SSL::Session_Cache->new( cachesize )".
Use set_default_session_cache() to set a global cache object.
SSL_session_key
Specifies a key to use for lookups and inserts into client-side
session cache. Per default ip:port of destination will be used,
but sometimes you want to share the same session over multiple
ports on the same server (like with FTPS).
SSL_session_id_context
This gives an id for the servers session cache. It's necessary if
you want clients to connect with a client certificate. If not
given but SSL_verify_mode specifies the need for client
certificate a context unique id will be picked.
SSL_error_trap
When using the accept() or connect() methods, it may be the case
that the actual socket connection works but the SSL negotiation
fails, as in the case of an HTTP client connecting to an HTTPS
server. Passing a subroutine ref attached to this parameter
allows you to gain control of the orphaned socket instead of
having it be closed forcibly. The subroutine, if called, will be
passed two parameters: a reference to the socket on which the SSL
negotiation failed and the full text of the error message.
SSL_npn_protocols
If used on the server side it specifies list of protocols
advertised by SSL server as an array ref, e.g.
['spdy/2','http1.1']. On the client side it specifies the
protocols offered by the client for NPN as an array ref. See
also method "next_proto_negotiated".
Next Protocol Negotiation (NPN) is available with Net::SSLeay
1.46+ and openssl-1.0.1+. To check support you might call
"IO::Socket::SSL-"can_npn()>. If you use this option with an
unsupported Net::SSLeay/OpenSSL it will throw an error.
SSL_alpn_protocols
If used on the server side it specifies list of protocols
supported by the SSL server as an array ref, e.g. ['http/2.0',
'spdy/3.1','http/1.1']. On the client side it specifies the
protocols advertised by the client for ALPN as an array ref. See
also method "alpn_selected".
Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) is available with
Net::SSLeay 1.56+ and openssl-1.0.2+. More details about the
extension are in RFC7301. To check support you might call "
IO::Socket::SSL-"can_alpn() >. If you use this option with an
unsupported Net::SSLeay/OpenSSL it will throw an error.
Note that some client implementations may encounter problems if
both NPN and ALPN are specified. Since ALPN is intended as a
replacement for NPN, try providing ALPN protocols then fall back
to NPN if that fails.
accept
This behaves similar to the accept function of the underlying
socket class, but additionally does the initial SSL handshake. But
because the underlying socket class does return a blocking file
handle even when accept is called on a non-blocking socket, the SSL
handshake on the new file object will be done in a blocking way.
Please see the section about non-blocking I/O for details. If you
don't like this behavior you should do accept on the TCP socket and
then upgrade it with "start_SSL" later.
connect(...)
This behaves similar to the connnect function but also does an SSL
handshake. Because you cannot give SSL specific arguments to this
function, you should better either use "new" to create a connect
SSL socket or "start_SSL" to upgrade an established TCP socket to
SSL.
close(...)
There are a number of nasty traps that lie in wait if you are not
careful about using close(). The first of these will bite you if
you have been using shutdown() on your sockets. Since the SSL
protocol mandates that a SSL "close notify" message be sent before
the socket is closed, a shutdown() that closes the socket's write
channel will cause the close() call to hang. For a similar reason,
if you try to close a copy of a socket (as in a forking server) you
will affect the original socket as well. To get around these
problems, call close with an object-oriented syntax (e.g.
$socket->close(SSL_no_shutdown => 1)) and one or more of the
following parameters:
SSL_no_shutdown
If set to a true value, this option will make close() not use the
SSL_shutdown() call on the socket in question so that the close
operation can complete without problems if you have used
shutdown() or are working on a copy of a socket.
Not using a real ssl shutdown on a socket will make session
caching unusable.
SSL_fast_shutdown
If set to true only a unidirectional shutdown will be done, e.g.
only the close_notify (see SSL_shutdown(3)) will be sent.
Otherwise a bidirectional shutdown will be done where it waits
for the close_notify of the peer too.
Because a unidirectional shutdown is enough to keep session cache
working it defaults to fast shutdown inside close.
SSL_ctx_free
If you want to make sure that the SSL context of the socket is
destroyed when you close it, set this option to a true value.
sysread( BUF, LEN, [ OFFSET ] )
This function behaves from the outside the same as sysread in other
IO::Socket objects, e.g. it returns at most LEN bytes of data. But
in reality it reads not only LEN bytes from the underlying socket,
but at a single SSL frame. It then returns up to LEN bytes it
decrypted from this SSL frame. If the frame contained more data
than requested it will return only LEN data, buffer the rest and
return it on further read calls. This means, that it might be
possible to read data, even if the underlying socket is not
readable, so using poll or select might not be sufficient.
sysread will only return data from a single SSL frame, e.g. either
the pending data from the already buffered frame or it will read a
frame from the underlying socket and return the decrypted data. It
will not return data spanning several SSL frames in a single call.
Also, calls to sysread might fail, because it must first finish an
SSL handshake.
To understand these behaviors is essential, if you write
applications which use event loops and/or non-blocking sockets.
Please read the specific sections in this documentation.
syswrite( BUF, [ LEN, [ OFFSET ]] )
This functions behaves from the outside the same as syswrite in
other IO::Socket objects, e.g. it will write at most LEN bytes to
the socket, but there is no guarantee, that all LEN bytes are
written. It will return the number of bytes written. syswrite will
write all the data within a single SSL frame, which means, that no
more than 16.384 bytes, which is the maximum size of an SSL frame,
can be written at once.
For non-blocking sockets SSL specific behavior applies. Pease read
the specific section in this documentation.
peek( BUF, LEN, [ OFFSET ])
This function has exactly the same syntax as sysread, and performs
nearly the same task but will not advance the read position so that
successive calls to peek() with the same arguments will return the
same results. This function requires OpenSSL 0.9.6a or later to
work.
pending()
This function gives you the number of bytes available without
reading from the underlying socket object. This function is
essential if you work with event loops, please see the section
about polling SSL sockets.
get_fingerprint([algo])
This methods returns the fingerprint of the peer certificate in the
form "algo$digest_hex", where "algo" is the used algorithm, default
'sha256'.
get_fingerprint_bin([algo])
This methods returns the binary fingerprint of the peer certificate
by using the algorithm "algo", default 'sha256'.
get_cipher()
Returns the string form of the cipher that the IO::Socket::SSL
object is using.
get_sslversion()
Returns the string representation of the SSL version of an
established connection.
get_sslversion_int()
Returns the integer representation of the SSL version of an
established connection.
dump_peer_certificate()
Returns a parsable string with select fields from the peer SSL
certificate. This method directly returns the result of the
dump_peer_certificate() method of Net::SSLeay.
peer_certificate($field;[$refresh])
If a peer certificate exists, this function can retrieve values
from it. If no field is given the internal representation of
certificate from Net::SSLeay is returned. If refresh is true it
will not used a cached version, but check again in case the
certificate of the connection has changed due to renegotiation.
The following fields can be queried:
authority (alias issuer)
The certificate authority which signed the certificate.
owner (alias subject)
The owner of the certificate.
commonName (alias cn) - only for Net::SSLeay version >=1.30
The common name, usually the server name for SSL
certificates.
subjectAltNames - only for Net::SSLeay version >=1.33
Alternative names for the subject, usually different names
for the same server, like example.org, example.com,
*.example.com.
It returns a list of (typ,value) with typ GEN_DNS,
GEN_IPADD etc (these constants are exported from
IO::Socket::SSL). See
Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subjectAltNames.
peer_certificates
This returns all the certificates send by the peer, e.g. first the
peers own certificate and then the rest of the chain. You might use
CERT_asHash from IO::Socket::SSL::Utils to inspect each of the
certificates.
This function depends on a version of Net::SSLeay >= 1.58 .
get_servername
This gives the name requested by the client if Server Name
Indication (SNI) was used.
verify_hostname($hostname,$scheme,$publicsuffix)
This verifies the given hostname against the peer certificate using
the given scheme. Hostname is usually what you specify within the
PeerAddr. See the "SSL_verifycn_publicsuffix" parameter for an
explanation of suffix checking and for the possible values.
Verification of hostname against a certificate is different between
various applications and RFCs. Some scheme allow wildcards for
hostnames, some only in subjectAltNames, and even their different
wildcard schemes are possible. RFC 6125 provides a good overview.
To ease the verification the following schemes are predefined (both
protocol name and rfcXXXX name can be used):
rfc2818, xmpp (rfc3920), ftp (rfc4217)
Extended wildcards in subjectAltNames and common name are
possible, e.g. *.example.org or even www*.example.org. The
common name will be only checked if no DNS names are given
in subjectAltNames.
http (alias www)
While name checking is defined in rfc2818 the current
browsers usually accept also an IP address (w/o wildcards)
within the common name as long as no subjectAltNames are
defined. Thus this is rfc2818 extended with this feature.
smtp (rfc2595), imap, pop3, acap (rfc4642), netconf (rfc5538),
syslog (rfc5425), snmp (rfc5953)
Simple wildcards in subjectAltNames are possible, e.g.
*.example.org matches www.example.org but not
lala.www.example.org. If nothing from subjectAltNames match
it checks against the common name, where wildcards are also
allowed to match the full leftmost label.
ldap (rfc4513)
Simple wildcards are allowed in subjectAltNames, but not in
common name. Common name will be checked even if
subjectAltNames exist.
sip (rfc5922)
No wildcards are allowed and common name is checked even if
subjectAltNames exist.
gist (rfc5971)
Simple wildcards are allowed in subjectAltNames and common
name, but common name will only be checked if their are no
DNS names in subjectAltNames.
default This is a superset of all the rules and is automatically
used if no scheme is given but a hostname (instead of IP)
is known. Extended wildcards are allowed in
subjectAltNames and common name and common name is checked
always.
none No verification will be done. Actually is does not make
any sense to call verify_hostname in this case.
The scheme can be given either by specifying the name for one of
the above predefined schemes, or by using a hash which can have the
following keys and values:
check_cn: 0|'always'|'when_only'
Determines if the common name gets checked. If 'always' it
will always be checked (like in ldap), if 'when_only' it
will only be checked if no names are given in
subjectAltNames (like in http), for any other values the
common name will not be checked.
wildcards_in_alt: 0|'full_label'|'anywhere'
Determines if and where wildcards in subjectAltNames are
possible. If 'full_label' only cases like *.example.org
will be possible (like in ldap), for 'anywhere'
www*.example.org is possible too (like http), dangerous
things like but www.*.org or even '*' will not be allowed.
For compatibility with older versions 'leftmost' can be
given instead of 'full_label'.
wildcards_in_cn: 0|'full_label'|'anywhere'
Similar to wildcards_in_alt, but checks the common name.
There is no predefined scheme which allows wildcards in
common names.
ip_in_cn: 0|1|4|6
Determines if an IP address is allowed in the common name
(no wildcards are allowed). If set to 4 or 6 it only allows
IPv4 or IPv6 addresses, any other true value allows both.
callback: \&coderef
If you give a subroutine for verification it will be called
with the arguments
($hostname,$commonName,@subjectAltNames), where hostname is
the name given for verification, commonName is the result
from peer_certificate('cn') and subjectAltNames is the
result from peer_certificate('subjectAltNames').
All other arguments for the verification scheme will be
ignored in this case.
next_proto_negotiated()
This method returns the name of negotiated protocol - e.g.
'http/1.1'. It works for both client and server side of SSL
connection.
NPN support is available with Net::SSLeay 1.46+ and openssl-1.0.1+.
To check support you might call "IO::Socket::SSL-"can_npn()>.
alpn_selected()
Returns the protocol negotiated via ALPN as a string, e.g.
'http/1.1', 'http/2.0' or 'spdy/3.1'.
ALPN support is available with Net::SSLeay 1.56+ and
openssl-1.0.2+. To check support, use
"IO::Socket::SSL-"can_alpn()>.
errstr()
Returns the last error (in string form) that occurred. If you do
not have a real object to perform this method on, call
IO::Socket::SSL::errstr() instead.
For read and write errors on non-blocking sockets, this method may
include the string "SSL wants a read first!" or "SSL wants a write
first!" meaning that the other side is expecting to read from or
write to the socket and wants to be satisfied before you get to do
anything. But with version 0.98 you are better comparing the global
exported variable $SSL_ERROR against the exported symbols
SSL_WANT_READ and SSL_WANT_WRITE.
opened()
This returns false if the socket could not be opened, 1 if the
socket could be opened and the SSL handshake was successful done
and -1 if the underlying IO::Handle is open, but the SSL handshake
failed.
IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($socket, ... )
This will convert a glob reference or a socket that you provide to
an IO::Socket::SSL object. You may also pass parameters to
specify context or connection options as with a call to new(). If
you are using this function on an accept()ed socket, you must set
the parameter "SSL_server" to 1, i.e.
IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($socket, SSL_server => 1). If you have
a class that inherits from IO::Socket::SSL and you want the $socket
to be blessed into your own class instead, use
MyClass->start_SSL($socket) to achieve the desired effect.
Note that if start_SSL() fails in SSL negotiation, $socket will
remain blessed in its original class. For non-blocking sockets
you better just upgrade the socket to IO::Socket::SSL and call
accept_SSL or connect_SSL and the upgraded object. To just upgrade
the socket set SSL_startHandshake explicitly to 0. If you call
start_SSL w/o this parameter it will revert to blocking behavior
for accept_SSL and connect_SSL.
If given the parameter "Timeout" it will stop if after the timeout
no SSL connection was established. This parameter is only used for
blocking sockets, if it is not given the default Timeout from the
underlying IO::Socket will be used.
stop_SSL(...)
This is the opposite of start_SSL(), connect_SSL() and
accept_SSL(), e.g. it will shutdown the SSL connection and return
to the class before start_SSL(). It gets the same arguments as
close(), in fact close() calls stop_SSL() (but without downgrading
the class).
Will return true if it succeeded and undef if failed. This might be
the case for non-blocking sockets. In this case $! is set to
EWOULDBLOCK and the ssl error to SSL_WANT_READ or SSL_WANT_WRITE.
In this case the call should be retried again with the same
arguments once the socket is ready.
For calling from "stop_SSL" "SSL_fast_shutdown" default to false,
e.g. it waits for the close_notify of the peer. This is necesarry
in case you want to downgrade the socket and continue to use it as
a plain socket.
After stop_SSL the socket can again be used to exchange plain data.
connect_SSL, accept_SSL
These functions should be used to do the relevant handshake, if the
socket got created with "new" or upgraded with "start_SSL" and
"SSL_startHandshake" was set to false. They will return undef
until the handshake succeeded or an error got thrown. As long as
the function returns undef and $! is set to EWOULDBLOCK one could
retry the call after the socket got readable (SSL_WANT_READ) or
writeable (SSL_WANT_WRITE).
ocsp_resolver
This will create an OCSP resolver object, which can be used to
create OCSP requests for the certificates of the SSL connection.
Which certificates are verified depends on the setting of
"SSL_ocsp_mode": by default only the leaf certificate will be
checked, but with SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN all chain certificates will
be checked.
Because to create an OCSP request the certificate and its issuer
certificate need to be known it is not possible to check
certificates when the trust chain is incomplete or if the
certificate is self-signed.
The OCSP resolver gets created by calling "$ssl-"ocsp_resolver> and
provides the following methods:
hard_error
This returns the hard error when checking the OCSP
response. Hard errors are certificate revocations. With
the "SSL_ocsp_mode" of SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD any soft error
(e.g. failures to get signed information about the
certificates) will be considered a hard error too.
The OCSP resolving will stop on the first hard error.
The method will return undef as long as no hard errors
occured and still requests to be resolved. If all requests
got resolved and no hard errors occured the method will
return ''.
soft_error
This returns the soft error(s) which occured when asking
the OCSP responders.
requests
This will return a hash consisting of
"(url,request)"-tuples, e.g. which contain the OCSP request
string and the URL where it should be sent too. The usual
way to send such a request is as HTTP POST request with an
content-type of "application/ocsp-request" or as a GET
request with the base64 and url-encoded request is added to
the path of the URL.
After you've handled all these requests and added the
response with "add_response" you should better call this
method again to make sure, that no more requests are
outstanding. IO::Socket::SSL will combine multiple OCSP
requests for the same server inside a single request, but
some server don't give an response to all these requests,
so that one has to ask again with the remaining requests.
add_response($uri,$response)
This method takes the HTTP body of the response which got
received when sending the OCSP request to $uri. If no
response was received or an error occured one should either
retry or consider $response as empty which will trigger a
soft error.
The method returns the current value of "hard_error", e.g.
a defined value when no more requests need to be done.
resolve_blocking(%args)
This combines "requests" and "add_response" which
HTTP::Tiny to do all necessary requests in a blocking way.
%args will be given to HTTP::Tiny so that you can put proxy
settings etc here. HTTP::Tiny will be called with
"verify_SSL" of false, because the OCSP responses have
their own signatures so no extra SSL verification is
needed.
If you don't want to use blocking requests you need to roll
your own user agent with "requests" and "add_response".
IO::Socket::SSL->new_from_fd($fd, [mode], %sslargs)
This will convert a socket identified via a file descriptor into an
SSL socket. Note that the argument list does not include a "MODE"
argument; if you supply one, it will be thoughtfully ignored (for
compatibility with IO::Socket::INET). Instead, a mode of '+<' is
assumed, and the file descriptor passed must be able to handle such
I/O because the initial SSL handshake requires bidirectional
communication.
Internally the given $fd will be upgraded to a socket object using
the "new_from_fd" method of the super class (IO::Socket::INET or
similar) and then "start_SSL" will be called using the given
%sslargs. If $fd is already an IO::Socket object you should better
call "start_SSL" directly.
IO::Socket::SSL::default_ca([ path|dir| SSL_ca_file = ..., SSL_ca_path
=> ... ])>
Determines or sets the default CA path. If existing path or dir or
a hash is given it will set the default CA path to this value and
never try to detect it automatically. If "undef" is given it will
forget any stored defaults and continue with detection of system
defaults. If no arguments are given it will start detection of
system defaults, unless it has already stored user-set or
previously detected values.
The detection of system defaults works similar to OpenSSL, e.g. it
will check the directory specified in environment variable
SSL_CERT_DIR or the path OPENSSLDIR/certs (SSLCERTS: on VMS) and
the file specified in environment variable SSL_CERT_FILE or the
path OPENSSLDIR/cert.pem (SSLCERTS:cert.pem on VMS). Contrary to
OpenSSL it will check if the SSL_ca_path contains PEM files with
the hash as file name and if the SSL_ca_file looks like PEM. If no
usable system default can be found it will try to load and use
Mozilla::CA and if not available give up detection. The result of
the detection will be saved to speed up future calls.
The function returns the saved default CA as hash with SSL_ca_file
and SSL_ca_path.
IO::Socket::SSL::set_default_context(...)
You may use this to make IO::Socket::SSL automatically re-use a
given context (unless specifically overridden in a call to new()).
It accepts one argument, which should be either an IO::Socket::SSL
object or an IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_Context object. See the
SSL_reuse_ctx option of new() for more details. Note that this
sets the default context globally, so use with caution (esp. in
mod_perl scripts).
IO::Socket::SSL::set_default_session_cache(...)
You may use this to make IO::Socket::SSL automatically re-use a
given session cache (unless specifically overridden in a call to
new()). It accepts one argument, which should be an
IO::Socket::SSL::Session_Cache object or similar (e.g something
which implements get_session and add_session like
IO::Socket::SSL::Session_Cache does). See the SSL_session_cache
option of new() for more details. Note that this sets the default
cache globally, so use with caution.
IO::Socket::SSL::set_defaults(%args)
With this function one can set defaults for all SSL_* parameter
used for creation of the context, like the SSL_verify* parameter.
Any SSL_* parameter can be given or the following short versions:
mode - SSL_verify_mode
callback - SSL_verify_callback
scheme - SSL_verifycn_scheme
name - SSL_verifycn_name
IO::Socket::SSL::set_client_defaults(%args)
Similar to "set_defaults", but only sets the defaults for client
mode.
IO::Socket::SSL::set_server_defaults(%args)
Similar to "set_defaults", but only sets the defaults for server
mode.
IO::Socket::SSL::set_args_filter_hack(\&code|'use_defaults')
Sometimes one has to use code which uses unwanted or invalid
arguments for SSL, typically disabling SSL verification or setting
wrong ciphers or SSL versions. With this hack it is possible to
override these settings and restore sanity. Example:
IO::Socket::SSL::set_args_filter_hack( sub {
my ($is_server,$args) = @_;
if ( ! $is_server ) {
# client settings - enable verification with default CA
# and fallback hostname verification etc
delete @{$args}{qw(
SSL_verify_mode
SSL_ca_file
SSL_ca_path
SSL_verifycn_scheme
SSL_version
)};
# and add some fingerprints for known certs which are signed by
# unknown CAs or are self-signed
$args->{SSL_fingerprint} = ...
}
});
With the short setting "set_args_filter_hack('use_defaults')" it
will prefer the default settings in all cases. These default
settings can be modified with "set_defaults", "set_client_defaults"
and "set_server_defaults".
The following methods are unsupported (not to mention futile!) and
IO::Socket::SSL will emit a large CROAK() if you are silly enough to
use them:
truncate
stat
ungetc
setbuf
setvbuf
fdopen
send/recv
Note that send() and recv() cannot be reliably trapped by a tied
filehandle (such as that used by IO::Socket::SSL) and so may send
unencrypted data over the socket. Object-oriented calls to these
functions will fail, telling you to use the print/printf/syswrite
and read/sysread families instead.
DEPRECATIONS
The following functions are deprecated and are only retained for
compatibility:
context_init()
use the SSL_reuse_ctx option if you want to re-use a context
socketToSSL() and socket_to_SSL()
use IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL() instead
kill_socket()
use close() instead
get_peer_certificate()
use the peer_certificate() function instead. Used to return
X509_Certificate with methods subject_name and issuer_name. Now
simply returns $self which has these methods (although deprecated).
issuer_name()
use peer_certificate( 'issuer' ) instead
subject_name()
use peer_certificate( 'subject' ) instead
EXAMPLES
See the 'example' directory, the tests in 't' and also the tools in
'util'.
BUGS
If you use IO::Socket::SSL together with threads you should load it
(e.g. use or require) inside the main thread before creating any other
threads which use it. This way it is much faster because it will be
initialized only once. Also there are reports that it might crash the
other way.
Creating an IO::Socket::SSL object in one thread and closing it in
another thread will not work.
IO::Socket::SSL does not work together with
Storable::fd_retrieve/fd_store. See BUGS file for more information and
how to work around the problem.
Non-blocking and timeouts (which are based on non-blocking) are not
supported on Win32, because the underlying IO::Socket::INET does not
support non-blocking on this platform.
If you have a server and it looks like you have a memory leak you might
check the size of your session cache. Default for Net::SSLeay seems to
be 20480, see the example for SSL_create_ctx_callback for how to limit
it.
SEE ALSO
IO::Socket::INET(3), IO::Socket::INET6(3), IO::Socket::IP(3),
Net::SSLeay(3).
THANKS
Many thanks to all who added patches or reported bugs or helped
IO::Socket::SSL another way. Please keep reporting bugs and help with
patches, even if they just fix the documentation.
Special thanks to the team of Net::SSLeay for the good cooperation.
AUTHORS
Steffen Ullrich, <sullr at cpan.org> is the current maintainer.
Peter Behroozi, <behrooz at fas.harvard.edu> (Note the lack of an "i"
at the end of "behrooz")
Marko Asplund, <marko.asplund at kronodoc.fi>, was the original author
of IO::Socket::SSL.
Patches incorporated from various people, see file Changes.
COPYRIGHT
The original versions of this module are Copyright (C) 1999-2002 Marko
Asplund.
The rewrite of this module is Copyright (C) 2002-2005 Peter Behroozi.
Versions 0.98 and newer are Copyright (C) 2006-2014 Steffen Ullrich.
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.
perl v5.16.3 2015-01-12 IO::Socket::SSL(3)
io-socket-ssl 2.9.0 - Generated Tue Jan 13 20:12:00 CST 2015