chmod(1) User Commands chmod(1)
NAME
chmod - change file mode bits
SYNOPSIS
chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...
chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
DESCRIPTION
This manual page documents the GNU version of chmod. chmod changes the
file mode bits of each given file according to mode, which can be
either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal number
representing the bit pattern for the new mode bits.
The format of a symbolic mode is [ugoa...][[-+=][perms...]...], where
perms is either zero or more letters from the set rwxXst, or a single
letter from the set ugo. Multiple symbolic modes can be given,
separated by commas.
A combination of the letters ugoa controls which users' access to the
file will be changed: the user who owns it (u), other users in the
file's group (g), other users not in the file's group (o), or all users
(a). If none of these are given, the effect is as if (a) were given,
but bits that are set in the umask are not affected.
The operator + causes the selected file mode bits to be added to the
existing file mode bits of each file; - causes them to be removed; and
= causes them to be added and causes unmentioned bits to be removed
except that a directory's unmentioned set user and group ID bits are
not affected.
The letters rwxXst select file mode bits for the affected users: read
(r), write (w), execute (or search for directories) (x), execute/search
only if the file is a directory or already has execute permission for
some user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s), restricted
deletion flag or sticky bit (t). Instead of one or more of these
letters, you can specify exactly one of the letters ugo: the
permissions granted to the user who owns the file (u), the permissions
granted to other users who are members of the file's group (g), and the
permissions granted to users that are in neither of the two preceding
categories (o).
A numeric mode is from one to four octal digits (0-7), derived by
adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1. Omitted digits are assumed
to be leading zeros. The first digit selects the set user ID (4) and
set group ID (2) and restricted deletion or sticky (1) attributes. The
second digit selects permissions for the user who owns the file: read
(4), write (2), and execute (1); the third selects permissions for
other users in the file's group, with the same values; and the fourth
for other users not in the file's group, with the same values.
chmod doesn't change the permissions of symbolic links; the chmod
system call cannot change their permissions on most systems, and most
systems ignore permissions of symbolic links. However, for each
symbolic link listed on the command line, chmod changes the permissions
of the pointed-to file. In contrast, chmod ignores symbolic links
encountered during recursive directory traversals. Options that modify
this behavior are described in the OPTIONS section.
SETUID AND SETGID BITS
chmod clears the set-group-ID bit of a regular file if the file's group
ID does not match the user's effective group ID or one of the user's
supplementary group IDs, unless the user has appropriate privileges.
Additional restrictions may cause the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits
of MODE or RFILE to be ignored. This behavior depends on the policy
and functionality of the underlying chmod system call. When in doubt,
check the underlying system behavior.
For directories chmod preserves set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits
unless you explicitly specify otherwise. You can set or clear the bits
with symbolic modes like u+s and g-s. To clear these bits for
directories with a numeric mode requires an additional leading zero
like 00755, leading minus like -6000, or leading equals like =755.
RESTRICTED DELETION FLAG OR STICKY BIT
The restricted deletion flag or sticky bit is a single bit, whose
interpretation depends on the file type. For directories, it prevents
unprivileged users from removing or renaming a file in the directory
unless they own the file or the directory; this is called the
restricted deletion flag for the directory, and is commonly found on
world-writable directories like /tmp. For regular files on some older
systems, the bit saves the program's text image on the swap device so
it will load more quickly when run; this is called the sticky bit.
OPTIONS
Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. With --reference, change the
mode of each FILE to that of RFILE.
-c, --changes
like verbose but report only when a change is made
-f, --silent, --quiet
suppress most error messages
-v, --verbose
output a diagnostic for every file processed
--dereference
affect the referent of each symbolic link, rather than the
symbolic link itself
-h, --no-dereference
affect each symbolic link, rather than the referent
--no-preserve-root
do not treat '/' specially (the default)
--preserve-root
fail to operate recursively on '/'
--reference=RFILE
use RFILE's mode instead of specifying MODE values. RFILE is
always dereferenced if a symbolic link.
-R, --recursive
change files and directories recursively
The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when the -R
option is also specified. If more than one is specified, only the
final one takes effect. '-H' is the default.
-H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a directory,
traverse it
-L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered
-P do not traverse any symbolic links
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
Each MODE is of the form
'[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+|[-+=][0-7]+'.
AUTHOR
Written by David MacKenzie and Jim Meyering.
REPORTING BUGS
GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
Report any translation bugs to <https://translationproject.org/team/>
COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU
GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
SEE ALSO
chmod(1)
Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/chmod>
or available locally via: info '(coreutils) chmod invocation'
GNU coreutils 9.5 March 2024 chmod(1)
coreutils 9.5 - Generated Thu Apr 18 14:16:11 CDT 2024