8.2 Program Variables

The most common kind of expression to use is the name of a variable in your program.

Variables in expressions are understood in the selected stack frame (see section Selecting a Frame); they must be either:

• global (or file-static)

or

• visible according to the scope rules of the programming language from the point of execution in that frame

This means that in the function

foo (a)
     int a;
{
  bar (a);
  {
    int b = test ();
    bar (b);
  }
}

you can examine and use the variable a whenever your program is executing within the function foo, but you can only use or examine the variable b while your program is executing inside the block where b is declared.

There is an exception: you can refer to a variable or function whose scope is a single source file even if the current execution point is not in this file. But it is possible to have more than one such variable or function with the same name (in different source files). If that happens, referring to that name has unpredictable effects. If you wish, you can specify a static variable in a particular function or file, using the colon-colon (::) notation:

file::variable
function::variable

Here file or function is the name of the context for the static variable. In the case of file names, you can use quotes to make sure No value for GDBN parses the file name as a single word—for example, to print a global value of x defined in ‘f2.c’:

(No value for GDBP) p 'f2.c'::x

This use of ‘::’ is very rarely in conflict with the very similar use of the same notation in C++. No value for GDBN also supports use of the C++ scope resolution operator in No value for GDBN expressions.

Warning: Occasionally, a local variable may appear to have the wrong value at certain points in a function—just after entry to a new scope, and just before exit.

You may see this problem when you are stepping by machine instructions. This is because, on most machines, it takes more than one instruction to set up a stack frame (including local variable definitions); if you are stepping by machine instructions, variables may appear to have the wrong values until the stack frame is completely built. On exit, it usually also takes more than one machine instruction to destroy a stack frame; after you begin stepping through that group of instructions, local variable definitions may be gone.

This may also happen when the compiler does significant optimizations. To be sure of always seeing accurate values, turn off all optimization when compiling.

Another possible effect of compiler optimizations is to optimize unused variables out of existence, or assign variables to registers (as opposed to memory addresses). Depending on the support for such cases offered by the debug info format used by the compiler, No value for GDBN might not be able to display values for such local variables. If that happens, No value for GDBN will print a message like this:

No symbol "foo" in current context.

To solve such problems, either recompile without optimizations, or use a different debug info format, if the compiler supports several such formats. For example, No value for NGCC, the GNU C/C++ compiler, usually supports the ‘-gstabs+’ option. ‘-gstabs+’ produces debug info in a format that is superior to formats such as COFF. You may be able to use DWARF 2 (‘-gdwarf-2’), which is also an effective form for debug info. See (gcc.info)Debugging Options section `Options for Debugging Your Program or GCC' in Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). See section C and C++, for more information about debug info formats that are best suited to C++ programs.

If you ask to print an object whose contents are unknown to No value for GDBN, e.g., because its data type is not completely specified by the debug information, No value for GDBN will say ‘<incomplete type>’. See section incomplete type, for more about this.

Strings are identified as arrays of char values without specified signedness. Arrays of either signed char or unsigned char get printed as arrays of 1 byte sized integers. -fsigned-char or -funsigned-char No value for NGCC options have no effect as No value for GDBN defines literal string type "char" as char without a sign. For program code

char var0[] = "A";
signed char var1[] = "A";

You get during debugging

(gdb) print var0
$1 = "A"
(gdb) print var1
$2 = {65 'A', 0 '\0'}