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curs_add_wch(3)                                                curs_add_wch(3)




NAME

       add_wch, wadd_wch, mvadd_wch, mvwadd_wch, echo_wchar, wecho_wchar - add a
       complex character and rendition to a curses window, then advance the
       cursor


SYNOPSIS

       #include <curses.h>

       int add_wch( const cchar_t *wch );
       int wadd_wch( WINDOW *win, const cchar_t *wch );
       int mvadd_wch( int y, int x, const cchar_t *wch );
       int mvwadd_wch( WINDOW *win, int y, int x, const cchar_t *wch );

       int echo_wchar( const cchar_t *wch );
       int wecho_wchar( WINDOW *win, const cchar_t *wch );


DESCRIPTION

   add_wch
       The add_wch, wadd_wch, mvadd_wch, and mvwadd_wch functions put the
       complex character wch into the given window at its current position,
       which is then advanced.  These functions perform wrapping and special-
       character processing as follows:

       o   If wch refers to a spacing character, then any previous character at
           that location is removed.  A new character specified by wch is placed
           at that location with rendition specified by wch.  The cursor then
           advances to the next spacing character on the screen.

       o   If wch refers to a non-spacing character, all previous characters at
           that location are preserved.  The non-spacing characters of wch are
           added to the spacing complex character, and the rendition specified
           by wch is ignored.

       o   If the character part of wch is a tab, newline, backspace or other
           control character, the window is updated and the cursor moves as if
           addch were called.

   echo_wchar
       The echo_wchar function is functionally equivalent to a call to add_wch
       followed by a call to refresh(3X).  Similarly, the wecho_wchar is
       functionally equivalent to a call to wadd_wch followed by a call to
       wrefresh.  The knowledge that only a single character is being output is
       taken into consideration and, for non-control characters, a considerable
       performance gain might be seen by using the *echo* functions instead of
       their equivalents.

   Line Graphics
       Like addch(3X), addch_wch accepts symbols which make it simple to draw
       lines and other frequently used special characters.  These symbols
       correspond to the same VT100 line-drawing set as addch(3X).

       ACS               Unicode    ASCII     acsc    Glyph
       Name              Default    Default   char    Name
       ------------------------------------------------------------------------
       WACS_BLOCK        0x25ae     #         0       solid square block
       WACS_BOARD        0x2592     #         h       board of squares
       WACS_BTEE         0x2534     +         v       bottom tee
       WACS_BULLET       0x00b7     o         ~       bullet
       WACS_CKBOARD      0x2592     :         a       checker board (stipple)
       WACS_DARROW       0x2193     v         .       arrow pointing down
       WACS_DEGREE       0x00b0     '         f       degree symbol
       WACS_DIAMOND      0x25c6     +         `       diamond
       WACS_GEQUAL       0x2265     >         >       greater-than-or-equal-to
       WACS_HLINE        0x2500     -         q       horizontal line
       WACS_LANTERN      0x2603     #         i       lantern symbol
       WACS_LARROW       0x2190     <         ,       arrow pointing left
       WACS_LEQUAL       0x2264     <         y       less-than-or-equal-to
       WACS_LLCORNER     0x2514     +         m       lower left-hand corner
       WACS_LRCORNER     0x2518     +         j       lower right-hand corner
       WACS_LTEE         0x2524     +         t       left tee
       WACS_NEQUAL       0x2260     !         |       not-equal
       WACS_PI           0x03c0     *         {       greek pi
       WACS_PLMINUS      0x00b1     #         g       plus/minus
       WACS_PLUS         0x253c     +         n       plus
       WACS_RARROW       0x2192     >         +       arrow pointing right
       WACS_RTEE         0x251c     +         u       right tee
       WACS_S1           0x23ba     -         o       scan line 1
       WACS_S3           0x23bb     -         p       scan line 3
       WACS_S7           0x23bc     -         r       scan line 7
       WACS_S9           0x23bd     _         s       scan line 9
       WACS_STERLING     0x00a3     f         }       pound-sterling symbol
       WACS_TTEE         0x252c     +         w       top tee
       WACS_UARROW       0x2191     ^         -       arrow pointing up
       WACS_ULCORNER     0x250c     +         l       upper left-hand corner
       WACS_URCORNER     0x2510     +         k       upper right-hand corner
       WACS_VLINE        0x2502     |         x       vertical line

       The wide-character configuration of ncurses also defines symbols for
       thick lines (acsc "J" to "V"):

       ACS               Unicode   ASCII     acsc    Glyph
       Name              Default   Default   char    Name
       -----------------------------------------------------------------------
       WACS_T_BTEE       0x253b    +         V       thick tee pointing up
       WACS_T_HLINE      0x2501    -         Q       thick horizontal line
       WACS_T_LLCORNER   0x2517    +         M       thick lower left corner
       WACS_T_LRCORNER   0x251b    +         J       thick lower right corner
       WACS_T_LTEE       0x252b    +         T       thick tee pointing right
       WACS_T_PLUS       0x254b    +         N       thick large plus
       WACS_T_RTEE       0x2523    +         U       thick tee pointing left
       WACS_T_TTEE       0x2533    +         W       thick tee pointing down
       WACS_T_ULCORNER   0x250f    +         L       thick upper left corner
       WACS_T_URCORNER   0x2513    +         K       thick upper right corner
       WACS_T_VLINE      0x2503    |         X       thick vertical line

       and for double-lines (acsc "A" to "I"):

       ACS               Unicode   ASCII     acsc    Glyph
       Name              Default   Default   char    Name
       ------------------------------------------------------------------------
       WACS_D_BTEE       0x2569    +         H       double tee pointing up
       WACS_D_HLINE      0x2550    -         R       double horizontal line
       WACS_D_LLCORNER   0x255a    +         D       double lower left corner
       WACS_D_LRCORNER   0x255d    +         A       double lower right corner
       WACS_D_LTEE       0x2560    +         F       double tee pointing right
       WACS_D_PLUS       0x256c    +         E       double large plus
       WACS_D_RTEE       0x2563    +         G       double tee pointing left
       WACS_D_TTEE       0x2566    +         I       double tee pointing down
       WACS_D_ULCORNER   0x2554    +         C       double upper left corner
       WACS_D_URCORNER   0x2557    +         B       double upper right corner
       WACS_D_VLINE      0x2551    |         Y       double vertical line

       Unicode's descriptions for these characters differs slightly from
       ncurses, by introducing the term "light" (along with less important
       details).  Here are its descriptions for the normal, thick, and double
       horizontal lines:

       o   U+2500 BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL

       o   U+2501 BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY HORIZONTAL

       o   U+2550 BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE HORIZONTAL


RETURN VALUE

       All routines return the integer ERR upon failure and OK on success.

       X/Open does not define any error conditions.  This implementation returns
       an error

       o   if the window pointer is null or

       o   if it is not possible to add a complete character in the window.

       The latter may be due to different causes:

       o   If scrollok is not enabled, writing a character at the lower right
           margin succeeds.  However, an error is returned because it is not
           possible to wrap to a new line

       o   If an error is detected when converting a multibyte character to a
           sequence of bytes, or if it is not possible to add all of the
           resulting bytes in the window, an error is returned.

       Functions with a "mv" prefix first perform a cursor movement using wmove,
       and return an error if the position is outside the window, or if the
       window pointer is null.


NOTES

       Note that add_wch, mvadd_wch, mvwadd_wch, and echo_wchar may be macros.


PORTABILITY

       All of these functions are described in the XSI Curses standard, Issue 4.
       The defaults specified for line-drawing characters apply in the POSIX
       locale.

       X/Open Curses makes it clear that the WACS_ symbols should be defined as
       a pointer to cchar_t data, e.g., in the discussion of border_set.  A few
       implementations are problematic:

       o   NetBSD curses defines the symbols as a wchar_t within a cchar_t.

       o   HPUX curses equates some of the ACS_ symbols to the analogous WACS_
           symbols as if the ACS_ symbols were wide characters.  The misdefined
           symbols are the arrows and other symbols which are not used for line-
           drawing.

       X/Open Curses does not define symbols for thick- or double-lines.  SVr4
       curses implementations defined their line-drawing symbols in terms of
       intermediate symbols.  This implementation extends those symbols,
       providing new definitions which are not in the SVr4 implementations.

       Not all Unicode-capable terminals provide support for VT100-style
       alternate character sets (i.e., the acsc capability), with their
       corresponding line-drawing characters.  X/Open Curses did not address the
       aspect of integrating Unicode with line-drawing characters.  Existing
       implementations of Unix curses (AIX, HPUX, Solaris) use only the acsc
       character-mapping to provide this feature.  As a result, those
       implementations can only use single-byte line-drawing characters.
       Ncurses 5.3 (2002) provided a table of Unicode values to solve these
       problems.  NetBSD curses incorporated that table in 2010.

       In this implementation, the Unicode values are used instead of the
       terminal description's acsc mapping as discussed in ncurses(3X) for the
       environment variable NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS.  In contrast, for the same
       cases, the line-drawing characters described in curs_addch(3X) will use
       only the ASCII default values.

       Having Unicode available does not solve all of the problems with line-
       drawing for curses:

       o   The closest Unicode equivalents to the VT100 graphics S1, S3, S7 and
           S9 frequently are not displayed at the regular intervals which the
           terminal used.

       o   The lantern is a special case.  It originated with the AT&T 4410
           terminal in the early 1980s.  There is no accessible documentation
           depicting the lantern symbol on the AT&T terminal.

           Lacking documentation, most readers assume that a storm lantern was
           intended.  But there are several possibilities, all with problems.

           Unicode 6.0 (2010) does provide two lantern symbols: U+1F383 and
           U+1F3EE.  Those were not available in 2002, and are irrelevant since
           they lie outside the BMP and as a result are not generally available
           in terminals.  They are not storm lanterns, in any case.

           Most storm lanterns have a tapering glass chimney (to guard against
           tipping); some have a wire grid protecting the chimney.

           For the tapering appearance, <?> U+2603 was adequate.  In use on a
           terminal, no one can tell what the image represents.  Unicode calls
           it a snowman.

           Others have suggested these alternatives: <section> U+00A7 (section
           mark), <Theta> U+0398 (theta), <Phi> U+03A6 (phi), <delta> U+03B4
           (delta), <?> U+2327 (x in a rectangle), <?> U+256C (forms double
           vertical and horizontal), and <?> U+2612 (ballot box with x).


SEE ALSO

       curses(3X), curs_addch(3X), curs_attr(3X), curs_clear(3X),
       curs_outopts(3X), curs_refresh(3X), putwc(3)



                                                                curs_add_wch(3)

ncurses 6.4 - Generated Thu Jan 5 07:39:50 CST 2023
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