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autodie::hints(3pm)    Perl Programmers Reference Guide    autodie::hints(3pm)




NAME

       autodie::hints - Provide hints about user subroutines to autodie


SYNOPSIS

           package Your::Module;

           our %DOES = ( 'autodie::hints::provider' => 1 );

           sub AUTODIE_HINTS {
               return {
                   foo => { scalar => HINTS, list => SOME_HINTS },
                   bar => { scalar => HINTS, list => MORE_HINTS },
               }
           }

           # Later, in your main program...

           use Your::Module qw(foo bar);
           use autodie      qw(:default foo bar);

           foo();         # succeeds or dies based on scalar hints

           # Alternatively, hints can be set on subroutines we've
           # imported.

           use autodie::hints;
           use Some::Module qw(think_positive);

           BEGIN {
               autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
                   \&think_positive,
                   {
                       fail => sub { $_[0] <= 0 }
                   }
               )
           }
           use autodie qw(think_positive);

           think_positive(...);    # Returns positive or dies.


DESCRIPTION

   Introduction
       The autodie pragma is very smart when it comes to working with Perl's
       built-in functions.  The behaviour for these functions are fixed, and
       "autodie" knows exactly how they try to signal failure.

       But what about user-defined subroutines from modules?  If you use
       "autodie" on a user-defined subroutine then it assumes the following
       behaviour to demonstrate failure:

       o   A false value, in scalar context

       o   An empty list, in list context

       o   A list containing a single undef, in list context

       All other return values (including the list of the single zero, and the
       list containing a single empty string) are considered successful.
       However, real-world code isn't always that easy.  Perhaps the code
       you're working with returns a string containing the word "FAIL" upon
       failure, or a two element list containing "(undef, "human error
       message")".  To make autodie work with these sorts of subroutines, we
       have the hinting interface.

       The hinting interface allows hints to be provided to "autodie" on how
       it should detect failure from user-defined subroutines.  While these
       can be provided by the end-user of "autodie", they are ideally written
       into the module itself, or into a helper module or sub-class of
       "autodie" itself.

   What are hints?
       A hint is a subroutine or value that is checked against the return
       value of an autodying subroutine.  If the match returns true, "autodie"
       considers the subroutine to have failed.

       If the hint provided is a subroutine, then "autodie" will pass the
       complete return value to that subroutine.  If the hint is any other
       value, then "autodie" will smart-match against the value provided.  In
       Perl 5.8.x there is no smart-match operator, and as such only
       subroutine hints are supported in these versions.

       Hints can be provided for both scalar and list contexts.  Note that an
       autodying subroutine will never see a void context, as "autodie" always
       needs to capture the return value for examination.  Autodying
       subroutines called in void context act as if they're called in a scalar
       context, but their return value is discarded after it has been checked.

   Example hints
       Hints may consist of subroutine references, objects overloading smart-
       match, regular expressions, and depending on Perl version possibly
       other things.  You can specify different hints for how failure should
       be identified in scalar and list contexts.

       These examples apply for use in the "AUTODIE_HINTS" subroutine and when
       calling "autodie::hints->set_hints_for()".

       The most common context-specific hints are:

               # Scalar failures always return undef:
                   {  scalar => sub { !defined($_[0]) }  }

               # Scalar failures return any false value [default expectation]:
                   {  scalar => sub { ! $_[0] }  }

               # Scalar failures always return zero explicitly:
                   {  scalar => sub { defined($_[0]) && $_[0] eq '0' }  }

               # List failures always return an empty list:
                   {  list => sub { !@_ }  }

               # List failures return () or (undef) [default expectation]:
                   {  list => sub { ! @_ || @_ == 1 && !defined $_[0] }  }

               # List failures return () or a single false value:
                   {  list => sub { ! @_ || @_ == 1 && !$_[0] }  }

               # List failures return (undef, "some string")
                   {  list => sub { @_ == 2 && !defined $_[0] }  }

               # Unsuccessful foo() returns 'FAIL' or '_FAIL' in scalar context,
               #                    returns (-1) in list context...
               autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
                   \&foo,
                   {
                       scalar => qr/^ _? FAIL $/xms,
                       list   => sub { @_ == 1 && $_[0] eq -1 },
                   }
               );

               # Unsuccessful foo() returns 0 in all contexts...
               autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
                   \&foo,
                   {
                       scalar => sub { defined($_[0]) && $_[0] == 0 },
                       list   => sub { @_ == 1 && defined($_[0]) && $_[0] == 0 },
                   }
               );

       This "in all contexts" construction is very common, and can be
       abbreviated, using the 'fail' key.  This sets both the "scalar" and
       "list" hints to the same value:

               # Unsuccessful foo() returns 0 in all contexts...
               autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
                   \&foo,
                   {
                       fail => sub { @_ == 1 and defined $_[0] and $_[0] == 0 }
                   }
               );

               # Unsuccessful think_positive() returns negative number on failure...
               autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
                   \&think_positive,
                   {
                       fail => sub { $_[0] < 0 }
                   }
               );

               # Unsuccessful my_system() returns non-zero on failure...
               autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
                   \&my_system,
                   {
                       fail => sub { $_[0] != 0 }
                   }
               );


Manually setting hints from within your program

       If you are using a module which returns something special on failure,
       then you can manually create hints for each of the desired subroutines.
       Once the hints are specified, they are available for all files and
       modules loaded thereafter, thus you can move this work into a module
       and it will still work.

               use Some::Module qw(foo bar);
               use autodie::hints;

               autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
                       \&foo,
                       {
                               scalar => SCALAR_HINT,
                               list   => LIST_HINT,
                       }
               );
               autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
                       \&bar,
                       { fail => SOME_HINT, }
               );

       It is possible to pass either a subroutine reference (recommended) or a
       fully qualified subroutine name as the first argument.  This means you
       can set hints on modules that might get loaded:

               use autodie::hints;
               autodie::hints->set_hints_for(
                       'Some::Module:bar', { fail => SCALAR_HINT, }
               );

       This technique is most useful when you have a project that uses a lot
       of third-party modules.  You can define all your possible hints in one-
       place.  This can even be in a sub-class of autodie.  For example:

               package my::autodie;

               use parent qw(autodie);
               use autodie::hints;

               autodie::hints->set_hints_for(...);

               1;

       You can now "use my::autodie", which will work just like the standard
       "autodie", but is now aware of any hints that you've set.


Adding hints to your module

       "autodie" provides a passive interface to allow you to declare hints
       for your module.  These hints will be found and used by "autodie" if it
       is loaded, but otherwise have no effect (or dependencies) without
       autodie.  To set these, your module needs to declare that it does the
       "autodie::hints::provider" role.  This can be done by writing your own
       "DOES" method, using a system such as "Class::DOES" to handle the
       heavy-lifting for you, or declaring a %DOES package variable with a
       "autodie::hints::provider" key and a corresponding true value.

       Note that checking for a %DOES hash is an "autodie"-only short-cut.
       Other modules do not use this mechanism for checking roles, although
       you can use the "Class::DOES" module from the CPAN to allow it.

       In addition, you must define a "AUTODIE_HINTS" subroutine that returns
       a hash-reference containing the hints for your subroutines:

               package Your::Module;

               # We can use the Class::DOES from the CPAN to declare adherence
               # to a role.

               use Class::DOES 'autodie::hints::provider' => 1;

               # Alternatively, we can declare the role in %DOES.  Note that
               # this is an autodie specific optimisation, although Class::DOES
               # can be used to promote this to a true role declaration.

               our %DOES = ( 'autodie::hints::provider' => 1 );

               # Finally, we must define the hints themselves.

               sub AUTODIE_HINTS {
                   return {
                       foo => { scalar => HINTS, list => SOME_HINTS },
                       bar => { scalar => HINTS, list => MORE_HINTS },
                       baz => { fail => HINTS },
                   }
               }

       This allows your code to set hints without relying on "autodie" and
       "autodie::hints" being loaded, or even installed.  In this way your
       code can do the right thing when "autodie" is installed, but does not
       need to depend upon it to function.


Insisting on hints

       When a user-defined subroutine is wrapped by "autodie", it will use
       hints if they are available, and otherwise reverts to the default
       behaviour described in the introduction of this document.  This can be
       problematic if we expect a hint to exist, but (for whatever reason) it
       has not been loaded.

       We can ask autodie to insist that a hint be used by prefixing an
       exclamation mark to the start of the subroutine name.  A lone
       exclamation mark indicates that all subroutines after it must have
       hints declared.

               # foo() and bar() must have their hints defined
               use autodie qw( !foo !bar baz );

               # Everything must have hints (recommended).
               use autodie qw( ! foo bar baz );

               # bar() and baz() must have their hints defined
               use autodie qw( foo ! bar baz );

               # Enable autodie for all of Perl's supported built-ins,
               # as well as for foo(), bar() and baz().  Everything must
               # have hints.
               use autodie qw( ! :all foo bar baz );

       If hints are not available for the specified subroutines, this will
       cause a compile-time error.  Insisting on hints for Perl's built-in
       functions (eg, "open" and "close") is always successful.

       Insisting on hints is strongly recommended.


Diagnostics

       Attempts to set_hints_for unidentifiable subroutine
           You've called "autodie::hints->set_hints_for()" using a subroutine
           reference, but that reference could not be resolved back to a
           subroutine name.  It may be an anonymous subroutine (which can't be
           made autodying), or may lack a name for other reasons.

           If you receive this error with a subroutine that has a real name,
           then you may have found a bug in autodie.  See "BUGS" in autodie
           for how to report this.

       fail hints cannot be provided with either scalar or list hints for %s
           When defining hints, you can either supply both "list" and "scalar"
           keywords, or you can provide a single "fail" keyword.  You can't
           mix and match them.

       %s hint missing for %s
           You've provided either a "scalar" hint without supplying a "list"
           hint, or vice-versa.  You must supply both "scalar" and "list"
           hints, or a single "fail" hint.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

       o   Dr Damian Conway for suggesting the hinting interface and providing
           the example usage.

       o   Jacinta Richardson for translating much of my ideas into this
           documentation.


AUTHOR

       Copyright 2009, Paul Fenwick <pjf@perltraining.com.au>


LICENSE

       This module is free software.  You may distribute it under the same
       terms as Perl itself.


SEE ALSO

       autodie(3), Class::DOES(3)



perl v5.34.0                      2021-02-21               autodie::hints(3pm)

perl 5.34.0 - Generated Fri Mar 4 15:41:07 CST 2022
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