rsync(1) rsync(1)
NAME
rsync -- a fast, versatile, remote (and local) file-copying tool
SYNOPSIS
Local: rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [DEST]
Access via remote shell:
Pull: rsync [OPTION...] [USER@]HOST:SRC... [DEST]
Push: rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [USER@]HOST:DEST
Access via rsync daemon:
Pull: rsync [OPTION...] [USER@]HOST::SRC... [DEST]
rsync [OPTION...] rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/SRC... [DEST]
Push: rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [USER@]HOST::DEST
rsync [OPTION...] SRC... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/DEST
Usages with just one SRC arg and no DEST arg will list the source files
instead of copying.
DESCRIPTION
Rsync is a fast and extraordinarily versatile file copying tool. It
can copy locally, to/from another host over any remote shell, or
to/from a remote rsync daemon. It offers a large number of options
that control every aspect of its behavior and permit very flexible
specification of the set of files to be copied. It is famous for its
delta-transfer algorithm, which reduces the amount of data sent over
the network by sending only the differences between the source files
and the existing files in the destination. Rsync is widely used for
backups and mirroring and as an improved copy command for everyday use.
Rsync finds files that need to be transferred using a "quick check"
algorithm (by default) that looks for files that have changed in size
or in last-modified time. Any changes in the other preserved
attributes (as requested by options) are made on the destination file
directly when the quick check indicates that the file's data does not
need to be updated.
Some of the additional features of rsync are:
o support for copying links, devices, owners, groups, and permis-
sions
o exclude and exclude-from options similar to GNU tar
o a CVS exclude mode for ignoring the same files that CVS would
ignore
o can use any transparent remote shell, including ssh or rsh
o does not require super-user privileges
o pipelining of file transfers to minimize latency costs
o support for anonymous or authenticated rsync daemons (ideal for
mirroring)
GENERAL
Rsync copies files either to or from a remote host, or locally on the
current host (it does not support copying files between two remote
hosts).
There are two different ways for rsync to contact a remote system:
using a remote-shell program as the transport (such as ssh or rsh) or
contacting an rsync daemon directly via TCP. The remote-shell trans-
port is used whenever the source or destination path contains a single
colon (:) separator after a host specification. Contacting an rsync
daemon directly happens when the source or destination path contains a
double colon (::) separator after a host specification, OR when an
rsync:// URL is specified (see also the "USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES
VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION" section for an exception to this latter
rule).
As a special case, if a single source arg is specified without a desti-
nation, the files are listed in an output format similar to "ls -l".
As expected, if neither the source or destination path specify a remote
host, the copy occurs locally (see also the --list-only option).
SETUP
See the file README for installation instructions.
Once installed, you can use rsync to any machine that you can access
via a remote shell (as well as some that you can access using the rsync
daemon-mode protocol). For remote transfers, a modern rsync uses ssh
for its communications, but it may have been configured to use a dif-
ferent remote shell by default, such as rsh or remsh.
You can also specify any remote shell you like, either by using the -e
command line option, or by setting the RSYNC_RSH environment variable.
Note that rsync must be installed on both the source and destination
machines.
USAGE
You use rsync in the same way you use rcp. You must specify a source
and a destination, one of which may be remote.
Perhaps the best way to explain the syntax is with some examples:
rsync -t *.c foo:src/
This would transfer all files matching the pattern *.c from the current
directory to the directory src on the machine foo. If any of the files
already exist on the remote system then the rsync remote-update proto-
col is used to update the file by sending only the differences. See the
tech report for details.
rsync -avz foo:src/bar /data/tmp
This would recursively transfer all files from the directory src/bar on
the machine foo into the /data/tmp/bar directory on the local machine.
The files are transferred in "archive" mode, which ensures that sym-
bolic links, devices, attributes, permissions, ownerships, etc. are
preserved in the transfer. Additionally, compression will be used to
reduce the size of data portions of the transfer.
rsync -avz foo:src/bar/ /data/tmp
A trailing slash on the source changes this behavior to avoid creating
an additional directory level at the destination. You can think of a
trailing / on a source as meaning "copy the contents of this directory"
as opposed to "copy the directory by name", but in both cases the
attributes of the containing directory are transferred to the contain-
ing directory on the destination. In other words, each of the follow-
ing commands copies the files in the same way, including their setting
of the attributes of /dest/foo:
rsync -av /src/foo /dest
rsync -av /src/foo/ /dest/foo
Note also that host and module references don't require a trailing
slash to copy the contents of the default directory. For example, both
of these copy the remote directory's contents into "/dest":
rsync -av host: /dest
rsync -av host::module /dest
You can also use rsync in local-only mode, where both the source and
destination don't have a `:' in the name. In this case it behaves like
an improved copy command.
Finally, you can list all the (listable) modules available from a par-
ticular rsync daemon by leaving off the module name:
rsync somehost.mydomain.com::
See the following section for more details.
ADVANCED USAGE
The syntax for requesting multiple files from a remote host is done by
specifying additional remote-host args in the same style as the first,
or with the hostname omitted. For instance, all these work:
rsync -av host:file1 :file2 host:file{3,4} /dest/
rsync -av host::modname/file{1,2} host::modname/file3 /dest/
rsync -av host::modname/file1 ::modname/file{3,4}
Older versions of rsync required using quoted spaces in the SRC, like
these examples:
rsync -av host:'dir1/file1 dir2/file2' /dest
rsync host::'modname/dir1/file1 modname/dir2/file2' /dest
This word-splitting still works (by default) in the latest rsync, but
is not as easy to use as the first method.
If you need to transfer a filename that contains whitespace, you can
either specify the --protect-args (-s) option, or you'll need to escape
the whitespace in a way that the remote shell will understand. For
instance:
rsync -av host:'file\ name\ with\ spaces' /dest
CONNECTING TO AN RSYNC DAEMON
It is also possible to use rsync without a remote shell as the trans-
port. In this case you will directly connect to a remote rsync daemon,
typically using TCP port 873. (This obviously requires the daemon to
be running on the remote system, so refer to the STARTING AN RSYNC DAE-
MON TO ACCEPT CONNECTIONS section below for information on that.)
Using rsync in this way is the same as using it with a remote shell
except that:
o you either use a double colon :: instead of a single colon to
separate the hostname from the path, or you use an rsync:// URL.
o the first word of the "path" is actually a module name.
o the remote daemon may print a message of the day when you con-
nect.
o if you specify no path name on the remote daemon then the list
of accessible paths on the daemon will be shown.
o if you specify no local destination then a listing of the speci-
fied files on the remote daemon is provided.
o you must not specify the --rsh (-e) option.
An example that copies all the files in a remote module named "src":
rsync -av host::src /dest
Some modules on the remote daemon may require authentication. If so,
you will receive a password prompt when you connect. You can avoid the
password prompt by setting the environment variable RSYNC_PASSWORD to
the password you want to use or using the --password-file option. This
may be useful when scripting rsync.
WARNING: On some systems environment variables are visible to all
users. On those systems using --password-file is recommended.
You may establish the connection via a web proxy by setting the envi-
ronment variable RSYNC_PROXY to a hostname:port pair pointing to your
web proxy. Note that your web proxy's configuration must support proxy
connections to port 873.
You may also establish a daemon connection using a program as a proxy
by setting the environment variable RSYNC_CONNECT_PROG to the commands
you wish to run in place of making a direct socket connection. The
string may contain the escape "%H" to represent the hostname specified
in the rsync command (so use "%%" if you need a single "%" in your
string). For example:
export RSYNC_CONNECT_PROG='ssh proxyhost nc %H 873'
rsync -av targethost1::module/src/ /dest/
rsync -av rsync:://targethost2/module/src/ /dest/
The command specified above uses ssh to run nc (netcat) on a proxyhost,
which forwards all data to port 873 (the rsync daemon) on the targeth-
ost (%H).
USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION
It is sometimes useful to use various features of an rsync daemon (such
as named modules) without actually allowing any new socket connections
into a system (other than what is already required to allow remote-
shell access). Rsync supports connecting to a host using a remote
shell and then spawning a single-use "daemon" server that expects to
read its config file in the home dir of the remote user. This can be
useful if you want to encrypt a daemon-style transfer's data, but since
the daemon is started up fresh by the remote user, you may not be able
to use features such as chroot or change the uid used by the daemon.
(For another way to encrypt a daemon transfer, consider using ssh to
tunnel a local port to a remote machine and configure a normal rsync
daemon on that remote host to only allow connections from "localhost".)
From the user's perspective, a daemon transfer via a remote-shell con-
nection uses nearly the same command-line syntax as a normal rsync-dae-
mon transfer, with the only exception being that you must explicitly
set the remote shell program on the command-line with the --rsh=COMMAND
option. (Setting the RSYNC_RSH in the environment will not turn on
this functionality.) For example:
rsync -av --rsh=ssh host::module /dest
If you need to specify a different remote-shell user, keep in mind that
the user@ prefix in front of the host is specifying the rsync-user
value (for a module that requires user-based authentication). This
means that you must give the '-l user' option to ssh when specifying
the remote-shell, as in this example that uses the short version of the
--rsh option:
rsync -av -e "ssh -l ssh-user" rsync-user@host::module /dest
The "ssh-user" will be used at the ssh level; the "rsync-user" will be
used to log-in to the "module".
STARTING AN RSYNC DAEMON TO ACCEPT CONNECTIONS
In order to connect to an rsync daemon, the remote system needs to have
a daemon already running (or it needs to have configured something like
inetd to spawn an rsync daemon for incoming connections on a particular
port). For full information on how to start a daemon that will han-
dling incoming socket connections, see the rsyncd.conf(5) man page --
that is the config file for the daemon, and it contains the full
details for how to run the daemon (including stand-alone and inetd con-
figurations).
If you're using one of the remote-shell transports for the transfer,
there is no need to manually start an rsync daemon.
EXAMPLES
Here are some examples of how I use rsync.
To backup my wife's home directory, which consists of large MS Word
files and mail folders, I use a cron job that runs
rsync -Cavz . arvidsjaur:backup
each night over a PPP connection to a duplicate directory on my machine
"arvidsjaur".
To synchronize my samba source trees I use the following Makefile tar-
gets:
get:
rsync -avuzb --exclude '*~' samba:samba/ .
put:
rsync -Cavuzb . samba:samba/
sync: get put
this allows me to sync with a CVS directory at the other end of the
connection. I then do CVS operations on the remote machine, which saves
a lot of time as the remote CVS protocol isn't very efficient.
I mirror a directory between my "old" and "new" ftp sites with the com-
mand:
rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~ftp/pub/samba nimbus:"~ftp/pub/tridge"
This is launched from cron every few hours.
OPTIONS SUMMARY
Here is a short summary of the options available in rsync. Please refer
to the detailed description below for a complete description.
-v, --verbose increase verbosity
-q, --quiet suppress non-error messages
--no-motd suppress daemon-mode MOTD (see caveat)
-c, --checksum skip based on checksum, not mod-time & size
-a, --archive archive mode; equals -rlptgoD (no -H,-A,-X)
--no-OPTION turn off an implied OPTION (e.g. --no-D)
-r, --recursive recurse into directories
-R, --relative use relative path names
--no-implied-dirs don't send implied dirs with --relative
-b, --backup make backups (see --suffix & --backup-dir)
--backup-dir=DIR make backups into hierarchy based in DIR
--suffix=SUFFIX backup suffix (default ~ w/o --backup-dir)
-u, --update skip files that are newer on the receiver
--inplace update destination files in-place
--append append data onto shorter files
--append-verify --append w/old data in file checksum
-d, --dirs transfer directories without recursing
-l, --links copy symlinks as symlinks
-L, --copy-links transform symlink into referent file/dir
--copy-unsafe-links only "unsafe" symlinks are transformed
--safe-links ignore symlinks that point outside the tree
-k, --copy-dirlinks transform symlink to dir into referent dir
-K, --keep-dirlinks treat symlinked dir on receiver as dir
-H, --hard-links preserve hard links
-p, --perms preserve permissions
-E, --executability preserve executability
--chmod=CHMOD affect file and/or directory permissions
-A, --acls preserve ACLs (implies -p)
-X, --xattrs preserve extended attributes
-o, --owner preserve owner (super-user only)
-g, --group preserve group
--devices preserve device files (super-user only)
--specials preserve special files
-D same as --devices --specials
-t, --times preserve modification times
-O, --omit-dir-times omit directories from --times
--super receiver attempts super-user activities
--fake-super store/recover privileged attrs using xattrs
-S, --sparse handle sparse files efficiently
-n, --dry-run perform a trial run with no changes made
-W, --whole-file copy files whole (w/o delta-xfer algorithm)
-x, --one-file-system don't cross filesystem boundaries
-B, --block-size=SIZE force a fixed checksum block-size
-e, --rsh=COMMAND specify the remote shell to use
--rsync-path=PROGRAM specify the rsync to run on remote machine
--existing skip creating new files on receiver
--ignore-existing skip updating files that exist on receiver
--remove-source-files sender removes synchronized files (non-dir)
--del an alias for --delete-during
--delete delete extraneous files from dest dirs
--delete-before receiver deletes before transfer (default)
--delete-during receiver deletes during xfer, not before
--delete-delay find deletions during, delete after
--delete-after receiver deletes after transfer, not before
--delete-excluded also delete excluded files from dest dirs
--ignore-errors delete even if there are I/O errors
--force force deletion of dirs even if not empty
--max-delete=NUM don't delete more than NUM files
--max-size=SIZE don't transfer any file larger than SIZE
--min-size=SIZE don't transfer any file smaller than SIZE
--partial keep partially transferred files
--partial-dir=DIR put a partially transferred file into DIR
--delay-updates put all updated files into place at end
-m, --prune-empty-dirs prune empty directory chains from file-list
--numeric-ids don't map uid/gid values by user/group name
--timeout=SECONDS set I/O timeout in seconds
--contimeout=SECONDS set daemon connection timeout in seconds
-I, --ignore-times don't skip files that match size and time
--size-only skip files that match in size
--modify-window=NUM compare mod-times with reduced accuracy
-T, --temp-dir=DIR create temporary files in directory DIR
-y, --fuzzy find similar file for basis if no dest file
--compare-dest=DIR also compare received files relative to DIR
--copy-dest=DIR ... and include copies of unchanged files
--link-dest=DIR hardlink to files in DIR when unchanged
-z, --compress compress file data during the transfer
--compress-level=NUM explicitly set compression level
--skip-compress=LIST skip compressing files with suffix in LIST
-C, --cvs-exclude auto-ignore files in the same way CVS does
-f, --filter=RULE add a file-filtering RULE
-F same as --filter='dir-merge /.rsync-filter'
repeated: --filter='- .rsync-filter'
--exclude=PATTERN exclude files matching PATTERN
--exclude-from=FILE read exclude patterns from FILE
--include=PATTERN don't exclude files matching PATTERN
--include-from=FILE read include patterns from FILE
--files-from=FILE read list of source-file names from FILE
-0, --from0 all *from/filter files are delimited by 0s
-s, --protect-args no space-splitting; wildcard chars only
--address=ADDRESS bind address for outgoing socket to daemon
--port=PORT specify double-colon alternate port number
--sockopts=OPTIONS specify custom TCP options
--blocking-io use blocking I/O for the remote shell
--stats give some file-transfer stats
-8, --8-bit-output leave high-bit chars unescaped in output
-h, --human-readable output numbers in a human-readable format
--progress show progress during transfer
-P same as --partial --progress
-i, --itemize-changes output a change-summary for all updates
--out-format=FORMAT output updates using the specified FORMAT
--log-file=FILE log what we're doing to the specified FILE
--log-file-format=FMT log updates using the specified FMT
--password-file=FILE read daemon-access password from FILE
--list-only list the files instead of copying them
--bwlimit=KBPS limit I/O bandwidth; KBytes per second
--write-batch=FILE write a batched update to FILE
--only-write-batch=FILE like --write-batch but w/o updating dest
--read-batch=FILE read a batched update from FILE
--protocol=NUM force an older protocol version to be used
--iconv=CONVERT_SPEC request charset conversion of filenames
--checksum-seed=NUM set block/file checksum seed (advanced)
-4, --ipv4 prefer IPv4
-6, --ipv6 prefer IPv6
--version print version number
(-h) --help show this help (see below for -h comment)
Rsync can also be run as a daemon, in which case the following options
are accepted:
--daemon run as an rsync daemon
--address=ADDRESS bind to the specified address
--bwlimit=KBPS limit I/O bandwidth; KBytes per second
--config=FILE specify alternate rsyncd.conf file
--no-detach do not detach from the parent
--port=PORT listen on alternate port number
--log-file=FILE override the "log file" setting
--log-file-format=FMT override the "log format" setting
--sockopts=OPTIONS specify custom TCP options
-v, --verbose increase verbosity
-4, --ipv4 prefer IPv4
-6, --ipv6 prefer IPv6
-h, --help show this help (if used after --daemon)
OPTIONS
rsync uses the GNU long options package. Many of the command line
options have two variants, one short and one long. These are shown
below, separated by commas. Some options only have a long variant. The
`=' for options that take a parameter is optional; whitespace can be
used instead.
--help Print a short help page describing the options available in
rsync and exit. For backward-compatibility with older versions
of rsync, the help will also be output if you use the -h option
without any other args.
--version
print the rsync version number and exit.
-v, --verbose
This option increases the amount of information you are given
during the transfer. By default, rsync works silently. A single
-v will give you information about what files are being trans-
ferred and a brief summary at the end. Two -v flags will give
you information on what files are being skipped and slightly
more information at the end. More than two -v flags should only
be used if you are debugging rsync.
Note that the names of the transferred files that are output are
done using a default --out-format of "%n%L", which tells you
just the name of the file and, if the item is a link, where it
points. At the single -v level of verbosity, this does not men-
tion when a file gets its attributes changed. If you ask for an
itemized list of changed attributes (either --itemize-changes or
adding "%i" to the --out-format setting), the output (on the
client) increases to mention all items that are changed in any
way. See the --out-format option for more details.
-q, --quiet
This option decreases the amount of information you are given
during the transfer, notably suppressing information messages
from the remote server. This flag is useful when invoking rsync
from cron.
--no-motd
This option affects the information that is output by the client
at the start of a daemon transfer. This suppresses the message-
of-the-day (MOTD) text, but it also affects the list of modules
that the daemon sends in response to the "rsync host::" request
(due to a limitation in the rsync protocol), so omit this option
if you want to request the list of modules from the daemon.
-I, --ignore-times
Normally rsync will skip any files that are already the same
size and have the same modification timestamp. This option
turns off this "quick check" behavior, causing all files to be
updated.
--size-only
This modifies rsync's "quick check" algorithm for finding files
that need to be transferred, changing it from the default of
transferring files with either a changed size or a changed last-
modified time to just looking for files that have changed in
size. This is useful when starting to use rsync after using
another mirroring system which may not preserve timestamps
exactly.
--modify-window
When comparing two timestamps, rsync treats the timestamps as
being equal if they differ by no more than the modify-window
value. This is normally 0 (for an exact match), but you may
find it useful to set this to a larger value in some situations.
In particular, when transferring to or from an MS Windows FAT
filesystem (which represents times with a 2-second resolution),
--modify-window=1 is useful (allowing times to differ by up to 1
second).
-c, --checksum
This changes the way rsync checks if the files have been changed
and are in need of a transfer. Without this option, rsync uses
a "quick check" that (by default) checks if each file's size and
time of last modification match between the sender and receiver.
This option changes this to compare a 128-bit MD4 checksum for
each file that has a matching size. Generating the checksums
means that both sides will expend a lot of disk I/O reading all
the data in the files in the transfer (and this is prior to any
reading that will be done to transfer changed files), so this
can slow things down significantly.
The sending side generates its checksums while it is doing the
file-system scan that builds the list of the available files.
The receiver generates its checksums when it is scanning for
changed files, and will checksum any file that has the same size
as the corresponding sender's file: files with either a changed
size or a changed checksum are selected for transfer.
Note that rsync always verifies that each transferred file was
correctly reconstructed on the receiving side by checking a
whole-file checksum that is generated as the file is trans-
ferred, but that automatic after-the-transfer verification has
nothing to do with this option's before-the-transfer "Does this
file need to be updated?" check.
-a, --archive
This is equivalent to -rlptgoD. It is a quick way of saying you
want recursion and want to preserve almost everything (with -H
being a notable omission). The only exception to the above
equivalence is when --files-from is specified, in which case -r
is not implied.
Note that -a does not preserve hardlinks, because finding multi-
ply-linked files is expensive. You must separately specify -H.
--no-OPTION
You may turn off one or more implied options by prefixing the
option name with "no-". Not all options may be prefixed with a
"no-": only options that are implied by other options (e.g.
--no-D, --no-perms) or have different defaults in various cir-
cumstances (e.g. --no-whole-file, --no-blocking-io, --no-dirs).
You may specify either the short or the long option name after
the "no-" prefix (e.g. --no-R is the same as --no-relative).
For example: if you want to use -a (--archive) but don't want -o
(--owner), instead of converting -a into -rlptgD, you could
specify -a --no-o (or -a --no-owner).
The order of the options is important: if you specify --no-r
-a, the -r option would end up being turned on, the opposite of
-a --no-r. Note also that the side-effects of the --files-from
option are NOT positional, as it affects the default state of
several options and slightly changes the meaning of -a (see the
--files-from option for more details).
-r, --recursive
This tells rsync to copy directories recursively. See also
--dirs (-d).
Beginning with rsync 3.0.0, the recursive algorithm used is now
an incremental scan that uses much less memory than before and
begins the transfer after the scanning of the first few directo-
ries have been completed. This incremental scan only affects
our recursion algorithm, and does not change a non-recursive
transfer. It is also only possible when both ends of the trans-
fer are at least version 3.0.0.
Some options require rsync to know the full file list, so these
options disable the incremental recursion mode. These include:
--delete-before, --delete-after, --prune-empty-dirs, and
--delay-updates. Because of this, the default delete mode when
you specify --delete is now --delete-during when both ends of
the connection are at least 3.0.0 (use --del or --delete-during
to request this improved deletion mode explicitly). See also
the --delete-delay option that is a better choice than using
--delete-after.
Incremental recursion can be disabled using the --no-inc-recur-
sive option or its shorter --no-i-r alias.
-R, --relative
Use relative paths. This means that the full path names speci-
fied on the command line are sent to the server rather than just
the last parts of the filenames. This is particularly useful
when you want to send several different directories at the same
time. For example, if you used this command:
rsync -av /foo/bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/
... this would create a file named baz.c in /tmp/ on the remote
machine. If instead you used
rsync -avR /foo/bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/
then a file named /tmp/foo/bar/baz.c would be created on the
remote machine, preserving its full path. These extra path ele-
ments are called "implied directories" (i.e. the "foo" and the
"foo/bar" directories in the above example).
Beginning with rsync 3.0.0, rsync always sends these implied
directories as real directories in the file list, even if a path
element is really a symlink on the sending side. This prevents
some really unexpected behaviors when copying the full path of a
file that you didn't realize had a symlink in its path. If you
want to duplicate a server-side symlink, include both the sym-
link via its path, and referent directory via its real path. If
you're dealing with an older rsync on the sending side, you may
need to use the --no-implied-dirs option.
It is also possible to limit the amount of path information that
is sent as implied directories for each path you specify. With
a modern rsync on the sending side (beginning with 2.6.7), you
can insert a dot and a slash into the source path, like this:
rsync -avR /foo/./bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/
That would create /tmp/bar/baz.c on the remote machine. (Note
that the dot must be followed by a slash, so "/foo/." would not
be abbreviated.) (2) For older rsync versions, you would need
to use a chdir to limit the source path. For example, when
pushing files:
(cd /foo; rsync -avR bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/)
(Note that the parens put the two commands into a sub-shell, so
that the "cd" command doesn't remain in effect for future com-
mands.) If you're pulling files from an older rsync, use this
idiom (but only for a non-daemon transfer):
rsync -avR --rsync-path="cd /foo; rsync" \
remote:bar/baz.c /tmp/
--no-implied-dirs
This option affects the default behavior of the --relative
option. When it is specified, the attributes of the implied
directories from the source names are not included in the trans-
fer. This means that the corresponding path elements on the
destination system are left unchanged if they exist, and any
missing implied directories are created with default attributes.
This even allows these implied path elements to have big differ-
ences, such as being a symlink to a directory on the receiving
side.
For instance, if a command-line arg or a files-from entry told
rsync to transfer the file "path/foo/file", the directories
"path" and "path/foo" are implied when --relative is used. If
"path/foo" is a symlink to "bar" on the destination system, the
receiving rsync would ordinarily delete "path/foo", recreate it
as a directory, and receive the file into the new directory.
With --no-implied-dirs, the receiving rsync updates
"path/foo/file" using the existing path elements, which means
that the file ends up being created in "path/bar". Another way
to accomplish this link preservation is to use the
--keep-dirlinks option (which will also affect symlinks to
directories in the rest of the transfer).
When pulling files from an rsync older than 3.0.0, you may need
to use this option if the sending side has a symlink in the path
you request and you wish the implied directories to be trans-
ferred as normal directories.
-b, --backup
With this option, preexisting destination files are renamed as
each file is transferred or deleted. You can control where the
backup file goes and what (if any) suffix gets appended using
the --backup-dir and --suffix options.
Note that if you don't specify --backup-dir, (1) the
--omit-dir-times option will be implied, and (2) if --delete is
also in effect (without --delete-excluded), rsync will add a
"protect" filter-rule for the backup suffix to the end of all
your existing excludes (e.g. -f "Pp *~"). This will prevent
previously backed-up files from being deleted. Note that if you
are supplying your own filter rules, you may need to manually
insert your own exclude/protect rule somewhere higher up in the
list so that it has a high enough priority to be effective
(e.g., if your rules specify a trailing inclusion/exclusion of
`*', the auto-added rule would never be reached).
--backup-dir=DIR
In combination with the --backup option, this tells rsync to
store all backups in the specified directory on the receiving
side. This can be used for incremental backups. You can addi-
tionally specify a backup suffix using the --suffix option (oth-
erwise the files backed up in the specified directory will keep
their original filenames).
--suffix=SUFFIX
This option allows you to override the default backup suffix
used with the --backup (-b) option. The default suffix is a ~ if
no --backup-dir was specified, otherwise it is an empty string.
-u, --update
This forces rsync to skip any files which exist on the destina-
tion and have a modified time that is newer than the source
file. (If an existing destination file has a modification time
equal to the source file's, it will be updated if the sizes are
different.)
Note that this does not affect the copying of symlinks or other
special files. Also, a difference of file format between the
sender and receiver is always considered to be important enough
for an update, no matter what date is on the objects. In other
words, if the source has a directory where the destination has a
file, the transfer would occur regardless of the timestamps.
--inplace
This option changes how rsync transfers a file when the file's
data needs to be updated: instead of the default method of cre-
ating a new copy of the file and moving it into place when it is
complete, rsync instead writes the updated data directly to the
destination file.
This has several effects: (1) in-use binaries cannot be updated
(either the OS will prevent this from happening, or binaries
that attempt to swap-in their data will misbehave or crash), (2)
the file's data will be in an inconsistent state during the
transfer, (3) a file's data may be left in an inconsistent state
after the transfer if the transfer is interrupted or if an
update fails, (4) a file that does not have write permissions
can not be updated, and (5) the efficiency of rsync's delta-
transfer algorithm may be reduced if some data in the destina-
tion file is overwritten before it can be copied to a position
later in the file (one exception to this is if you combine this
option with --backup, since rsync is smart enough to use the
backup file as the basis file for the transfer).
WARNING: you should not use this option to update files that are
being accessed by others, so be careful when choosing to use
this for a copy.
This option is useful for transfer of large files with block-
based changes or appended data, and also on systems that are
disk bound, not network bound.
The option implies --partial (since an interrupted transfer does
not delete the file), but conflicts with --partial-dir and
--delay-updates. Prior to rsync 2.6.4 --inplace was also incom-
patible with --compare-dest and --link-dest.
--append
This causes rsync to update a file by appending data onto the
end of the file, which presumes that the data that already
exists on the receiving side is identical with the start of the
file on the sending side. If a file needs to be transferred and
its size on the receiver is the same or longer than the size on
the sender, the file is skipped. This does not interfere with
the updating of a file's non-content attributes (e.g. permis-
sions, ownership, etc.) when the file does not need to be trans-
ferred, nor does it affect the updating of any non-regular
files. Implies --inplace, but does not conflict with --sparse
(since it is always extending a file's length).
--append-verify
This works just like the --append option, but the existing data
on the receiving side is included in the full-file checksum ver-
ification step, which will cause a file to be resent if the
final verification step fails (rsync uses a normal, non-append-
ing --inplace transfer for the resend).
Note: prior to rsync 3.0.0, the --append option worked like
--append-verify, so if you are interacting with an older rsync
(or the transfer is using a protocol prior to 30), specifying
either append option will initiate an --append-verify transfer.
-d, --dirs
Tell the sending side to include any directories that are
encountered. Unlike --recursive, a directory's contents are not
copied unless the directory name specified is "." or ends with a
trailing slash (e.g. ".", "dir/.", "dir/", etc.). Without this
option or the --recursive option, rsync will skip all directo-
ries it encounters (and output a message to that effect for each
one). If you specify both --dirs and --recursive, --recursive
takes precedence.
The --dirs option is implied by the --files-from option or the
--list-only option (including an implied --list-only usage) if
--recursive wasn't specified (so that directories are seen in
the listing). Specify --no-dirs (or --no-d) if you want to turn
this off.
There is also a backward-compatibility helper option, --old-dirs
(or --old-d) that tells rsync to use a hack of "-r
--exclude='/*/*'" to get an older rsync to list a single direc-
tory without recursing.
-l, --links
When symlinks are encountered, recreate the symlink on the des-
tination.
-L, --copy-links
When symlinks are encountered, the item that they point to (the
referent) is copied, rather than the symlink. In older versions
of rsync, this option also had the side-effect of telling the
receiving side to follow symlinks, such as symlinks to directo-
ries. In a modern rsync such as this one, you'll need to spec-
ify --keep-dirlinks (-K) to get this extra behavior. The only
exception is when sending files to an rsync that is too old to
understand -K -- in that case, the -L option will still have the
side-effect of -K on that older receiving rsync.
--copy-unsafe-links
This tells rsync to copy the referent of symbolic links that
point outside the copied tree. Absolute symlinks are also
treated like ordinary files, and so are any symlinks in the
source path itself when --relative is used. This option has no
additional effect if --copy-links was also specified.
--safe-links
This tells rsync to ignore any symbolic links which point out-
side the copied tree. All absolute symlinks are also ignored.
Using this option in conjunction with --relative may give unex-
pected results.
-k, --copy-dirlinks
This option causes the sending side to treat a symlink to a
directory as though it were a real directory. This is useful if
you don't want symlinks to non-directories to be affected, as
they would be using --copy-links.
Without this option, if the sending side has replaced a direc-
tory with a symlink to a directory, the receiving side will
delete anything that is in the way of the new symlink, including
a directory hierarchy (as long as --force or --delete is in
effect).
See also --keep-dirlinks for an analogous option for the receiv-
ing side.
-K, --keep-dirlinks
This option causes the receiving side to treat a symlink to a
directory as though it were a real directory, but only if it
matches a real directory from the sender. Without this option,
the receiver's symlink would be deleted and replaced with a real
directory.
For example, suppose you transfer a directory "foo" that con-
tains a file "file", but "foo" is a symlink to directory "bar"
on the receiver. Without --keep-dirlinks, the receiver deletes
symlink "foo", recreates it as a directory, and receives the
file into the new directory. With --keep-dirlinks, the receiver
keeps the symlink and "file" ends up in "bar".
One note of caution: if you use --keep-dirlinks, you must trust
all the symlinks in the copy! If it is possible for an
untrusted user to create their own symlink to any directory, the
user could then (on a subsequent copy) replace the symlink with
a real directory and affect the content of whatever directory
the symlink references. For backup copies, you are better off
using something like a bind mount instead of a symlink to modify
your receiving hierarchy.
See also --copy-dirlinks for an analogous option for the sending
side.
-H, --hard-links
This tells rsync to look for hard-linked files in the transfer
and link together the corresponding files on the receiving side.
Without this option, hard-linked files in the transfer are
treated as though they were separate files.
When you are updating a non-empty destination, this option only
ensures that files that are hard-linked together on the source
are hard-linked together on the destination. It does NOT cur-
rently endeavor to break already existing hard links on the des-
tination that do not exist between the source files. Note, how-
ever, that if one or more extra-linked files have content
changes, they will become unlinked when updated (assuming you
are not using the --inplace option).
Note that rsync can only detect hard links between files that
are inside the transfer set. If rsync updates a file that has
extra hard-link connections to files outside the transfer, that
linkage will be broken. If you are tempted to use the --inplace
option to avoid this breakage, be very careful that you know how
your files are being updated so that you are certain that no
unintended changes happen due to lingering hard links (and see
the --inplace option for more caveats).
If incremental recursion is active (see --recursive), rsync may
transfer a missing hard-linked file before it finds that another
link for that contents exists elsewhere in the hierarchy. This
does not affect the accuracy of the transfer, just its effi-
ciency. One way to avoid this is to disable incremental recur-
sion using the --no-inc-recursive option.
-p, --perms
This option causes the receiving rsync to set the destination
permissions to be the same as the source permissions. (See also
the --chmod option for a way to modify what rsync considers to
be the source permissions.)
When this option is off, permissions are set as follows:
o Existing files (including updated files) retain their
existing permissions, though the --executability option
might change just the execute permission for the file.
o New files get their "normal" permission bits set to the
source file's permissions masked with the receiving
directory's default permissions (either the receiving
process's umask, or the permissions specified via the
destination directory's default ACL), and their special
permission bits disabled except in the case where a new
directory inherits a setgid bit from its parent direc-
tory.
Thus, when --perms and --executability are both disabled,
rsync's behavior is the same as that of other file-copy utili-
ties, such as cp(1) and tar(1).
In summary: to give destination files (both old and new) the
source permissions, use --perms. To give new files the destina-
tion-default permissions (while leaving existing files
unchanged), make sure that the --perms option is off and use
--chmod=ugo=rwX (which ensures that all non-masked bits get
enabled). If you'd care to make this latter behavior easier to
type, you could define a popt alias for it, such as putting this
line in the file ~/.popt (the following defines the -Z option,
and includes --no-g to use the default group of the destination
dir):
rsync alias -Z --no-p --no-g --chmod=ugo=rwX
You could then use this new option in a command such as this
one:
rsync -avZ src/ dest/
(Caveat: make sure that -a does not follow -Z, or it will re-
enable the two "--no-*" options mentioned above.)
The preservation of the destination's setgid bit on newly-cre-
ated directories when --perms is off was added in rsync 2.6.7.
Older rsync versions erroneously preserved the three special
permission bits for newly-created files when --perms was off,
while overriding the destination's setgid bit setting on a
newly-created directory. Default ACL observance was added to
the ACL patch for rsync 2.6.7, so older (or non-ACL-enabled)
rsyncs use the umask even if default ACLs are present. (Keep in
mind that it is the version of the receiving rsync that affects
these behaviors.)
-E, --executability
This option causes rsync to preserve the executability (or non-
executability) of regular files when --perms is not enabled. A
regular file is considered to be executable if at least one `x'
is turned on in its permissions. When an existing destination
file's executability differs from that of the corresponding
source file, rsync modifies the destination file's permissions
as follows:
o To make a file non-executable, rsync turns off all its
`x' permissions.
o To make a file executable, rsync turns on each `x' per-
mission that has a corresponding `r' permission enabled.
If --perms is enabled, this option is ignored.
-A, --acls
This option causes rsync to update the destination ACLs to be
the same as the source ACLs. The option also implies --perms.
The source and destination systems must have compatible ACL
entries for this option to work properly. See the --fake-super
option for a way to backup and restore ACLs that are not compat-
ible.
-X, --xattrs
This option causes rsync to update the remote extended
attributes to be the same as the local ones.
For systems that support extended-attribute namespaces, a copy
being done by a super-user copies all namespaces except sys-
tem.*. A normal user only copies the user.* namespace. To be
able to backup and restore non-user namespaces as a normal user,
see the --fake-super option.
--chmod
This option tells rsync to apply one or more comma-separated
"chmod" strings to the permission of the files in the transfer.
The resulting value is treated as though it was the permissions
that the sending side supplied for the file, which means that
this option can seem to have no effect on existing files if
--perms is not enabled.
In addition to the normal parsing rules specified in the
chmod(1) manpage, you can specify an item that should only apply
to a directory by prefixing it with a `D', or specify an item
that should only apply to a file by prefixing it with a `F'.
For example:
--chmod=Dg+s,ug+w,Fo-w,+X
It is also legal to specify multiple --chmod options, as each
additional option is just appended to the list of changes to
make.
See the --perms and --executability options for how the result-
ing permission value can be applied to the files in the trans-
fer.
-o, --owner
This option causes rsync to set the owner of the destination
file to be the same as the source file, but only if the receiv-
ing rsync is being run as the super-user (see also the --super
and --fake-super options). Without this option, the owner of
new and/or transferred files are set to the invoking user on the
receiving side.
The preservation of ownership will associate matching names by
default, but may fall back to using the ID number in some cir-
cumstances (see also the --numeric-ids option for a full discus-
sion).
-g, --group
This option causes rsync to set the group of the destination
file to be the same as the source file. If the receiving pro-
gram is not running as the super-user (or if --no-super was
specified), only groups that the invoking user on the receiving
side is a member of will be preserved. Without this option, the
group is set to the default group of the invoking user on the
receiving side.
The preservation of group information will associate matching
names by default, but may fall back to using the ID number in
some circumstances (see also the --numeric-ids option for a full
discussion).
--devices
This option causes rsync to transfer character and block device
files to the remote system to recreate these devices. This
option has no effect if the receiving rsync is not run as the
super-user (see also the --super and --fake-super options).
--specials
This option causes rsync to transfer special files such as named
sockets and fifos.
-D The -D option is equivalent to --devices --specials.
-t, --times
This tells rsync to transfer modification times along with the
files and update them on the remote system. Note that if this
option is not used, the optimization that excludes files that
have not been modified cannot be effective; in other words, a
missing -t or -a will cause the next transfer to behave as if it
used -I, causing all files to be updated (though rsync's delta-
transfer algorithm will make the update fairly efficient if the
files haven't actually changed, you're much better off using
-t).
-O, --omit-dir-times
This tells rsync to omit directories when it is preserving modi-
fication times (see --times). If NFS is sharing the directories
on the receiving side, it is a good idea to use -O. This option
is inferred if you use --backup without --backup-dir.
--super
This tells the receiving side to attempt super-user activities
even if the receiving rsync wasn't run by the super-user. These
activities include: preserving users via the --owner option,
preserving all groups (not just the current user's groups) via
the --groups option, and copying devices via the --devices
option. This is useful for systems that allow such activities
without being the super-user, and also for ensuring that you
will get errors if the receiving side isn't being running as the
super-user. To turn off super-user activities, the super-user
can use --no-super.
--fake-super
When this option is enabled, rsync simulates super-user activi-
ties by saving/restoring the privileged attributes via special
extended attributes that are attached to each file (as needed).
This includes the file's owner and group (if it is not the
default), the file's device info (device & special files are
created as empty text files), and any permission bits that we
won't allow to be set on the real file (e.g. the real file gets
u-s,g-s,o-t for safety) or that would limit the owner's access
(since the real super-user can always access/change a file, the
files we create can always be accessed/changed by the creating
user). This option also handles ACLs (if --acls was specified)
and non-user extended attributes (if --xattrs was specified).
This is a good way to backup data without using a super-user,
and to store ACLs from incompatible systems.
The --fake-super option only affects the side where the option
is used. To affect the remote side of a remote-shell connec-
tion, specify an rsync path:
rsync -av --rsync-path="rsync --fake-super" /src/ host:/dest/
Since there is only one "side" in a local copy, this option
affects both the sending and receiving of files. You'll need to
specify a copy using "localhost" if you need to avoid this, pos-
sibly using the "lsh" shell script (from the support directory)
as a substitute for an actual remote shell (see --rsh).
This option is overridden by both --super and --no-super.
See also the "fake super" setting in the daemon's rsyncd.conf
file.
-S, --sparse
Try to handle sparse files efficiently so they take up less
space on the destination. Conflicts with --inplace because it's
not possible to overwrite data in a sparse fashion.
NOTE: Don't use this option when the destination is a Solaris
"tmpfs" filesystem. It doesn't seem to handle seeks over null
regions correctly and ends up corrupting the files.
-n, --dry-run
This makes rsync perform a trial run that doesn't make any
changes (and produces mostly the same output as a real run). It
is most commonly used in combination with the -v, --verbose
and/or -i, --itemize-changes options to see what an rsync com-
mand is going to do before one actually runs it.
The output of --itemize-changes is supposed to be exactly the
same on a dry run and a subsequent real run (barring intentional
trickery and system call failures); if it isn't, that's a bug.
Other output is the same to the extent practical, but may differ
in some areas. Notably, a dry run does not send the actual data
for file transfers, so --progress has no effect, the "bytes
sent", "bytes received", "literal data", and "matched data" sta-
tistics are too small, and the "speedup" value is equivalent to
a run where no file transfers are needed.
-W, --whole-file
With this option rsync's delta-transfer algorithm is not used
and the whole file is sent as-is instead. The transfer may be
faster if this option is used when the bandwidth between the
source and destination machines is higher than the bandwidth to
disk (especially when the "disk" is actually a networked
filesystem). This is the default when both the source and des-
tination are specified as local paths.
-x, --one-file-system
This tells rsync to avoid crossing a filesystem boundary when
recursing. This does not limit the user's ability to specify
items to copy from multiple filesystems, just rsync's recursion
through the hierarchy of each directory that the user specified,
and also the analogous recursion on the receiving side during
deletion. Also keep in mind that rsync treats a "bind" mount to
the same device as being on the same filesystem.
If this option is repeated, rsync omits all mount-point directo-
ries from the copy. Otherwise, it includes an empty directory
at each mount-point it encounters (using the attributes of the
mounted directory because those of the underlying mount-point
directory are inaccessible).
If rsync has been told to collapse symlinks (via --copy-links or
--copy-unsafe-links), a symlink to a directory on another device
is treated like a mount-point. Symlinks to non-directories are
unaffected by this option.
--existing, --ignore-non-existing
This tells rsync to skip creating files (including directories)
that do not exist yet on the destination. If this option is
combined with the --ignore-existing option, no files will be
updated (which can be useful if all you want to do is delete
extraneous files).
--ignore-existing
This tells rsync to skip updating files that already exist on
the destination (this does not ignore existing directories, or
nothing would get done). See also --existing.
This option can be useful for those doing backups using the
--link-dest option when they need to continue a backup run that
got interrupted. Since a --link-dest run is copied into a new
directory hierarchy (when it is used properly), using --ignore
existing will ensure that the already-handled files don't get
tweaked (which avoids a change in permissions on the hard-linked
files). This does mean that this option is only looking at the
existing files in the destination hierarchy itself.
--remove-source-files
This tells rsync to remove from the sending side the files
(meaning non-directories) that are a part of the transfer and
have been successfully duplicated on the receiving side.
--delete
This tells rsync to delete extraneous files from the receiving
side (ones that aren't on the sending side), but only for the
directories that are being synchronized. You must have asked
rsync to send the whole directory (e.g. "dir" or "dir/") without
using a wildcard for the directory's contents (e.g. "dir/*")
since the wildcard is expanded by the shell and rsync thus gets
a request to transfer individual files, not the files' parent
directory. Files that are excluded from transfer are also
excluded from being deleted unless you use the --delete-excluded
option or mark the rules as only matching on the sending side
(see the include/exclude modifiers in the FILTER RULES section).
Prior to rsync 2.6.7, this option would have no effect unless
--recursive was enabled. Beginning with 2.6.7, deletions will
also occur when --dirs (-d) is enabled, but only for directories
whose contents are being copied.
This option can be dangerous if used incorrectly! It is a very
good idea to first try a run using the --dry-run option (-n) to
see what files are going to be deleted.
If the sending side detects any I/O errors, then the deletion of
any files at the destination will be automatically disabled.
This is to prevent temporary filesystem failures (such as NFS
errors) on the sending side causing a massive deletion of files
on the destination. You can override this with the
--ignore-errors option.
The --delete option may be combined with one of the
--delete-WHEN options without conflict, as well as
--delete-excluded. However, if none of the --delete-WHEN
options are specified, rsync will choose the --delete-during
algorithm when talking to an rsync 3.0.0 or newer, and the
--delete-before algorithm when talking to an older rsync. See
also --delete-delay and --delete-after.
--delete-before
Request that the file-deletions on the receiving side be done
before the transfer starts. See --delete (which is implied) for
more details on file-deletion.
Deleting before the transfer is helpful if the filesystem is
tight for space and removing extraneous files would help to make
the transfer possible. However, it does introduce a delay
before the start of the transfer, and this delay might cause the
transfer to timeout (if --timeout was specified). It also
forces rsync to use the old, non-incremental recursion algorithm
that requires rsync to scan all the files in the transfer into
memory at once (see --recursive).
--delete-during, --del
Request that the file-deletions on the receiving side be done
incrementally as the transfer happens. This is a faster method
than choosing the before- or after-transfer algorithm, but it is
only supported beginning with rsync version 2.6.4. See --delete
(which is implied) for more details on file-deletion.
--delete-delay
Request that the file-deletions on the receiving side be com-
puted during the transfer, and then removed after the transfer
completes. If the number of removed files overflows an internal
buffer, a temporary file will be created on the receiving side
to hold the names (it is removed while open, so you shouldn't
see it during the transfer). If the creation of the temporary
file fails, rsync will try to fall back to using --delete-after
(which it cannot do if --recursive is doing an incremental
scan).
--delete-after
Request that the file-deletions on the receiving side be done
after the transfer has completed. This is useful if you are
sending new per-directory merge files as a part of the transfer
and you want their exclusions to take effect for the delete
phase of the current transfer. It also forces rsync to use the
old, non-incremental recursion algorithm that requires rsync to
scan all the files in the transfer into memory at once (see
--recursive). See --delete (which is implied) for more details
on file-deletion.
--delete-excluded
In addition to deleting the files on the receiving side that are
not on the sending side, this tells rsync to also delete any
files on the receiving side that are excluded (see --exclude).
See the FILTER RULES section for a way to make individual exclu-
sions behave this way on the receiver, and for a way to protect
files from --delete-excluded. See --delete (which is implied)
for more details on file-deletion.
--ignore-errors
Tells --delete to go ahead and delete files even when there are
I/O errors.
--force
This option tells rsync to delete a non-empty directory when it
is to be replaced by a non-directory. This is only relevant if
deletions are not active (see --delete for details).
Note for older rsync versions: --force used to still be required
when using --delete-after, and it used to be non-functional
unless the --recursive option was also enabled.
--max-delete=NUM
This tells rsync not to delete more than NUM files or directo-
ries. If that limit is exceeded, a warning is output and rsync
exits with an error code of 25 (new for 3.0.0).
Also new for version 3.0.0, you may specify --max-delete=0 to be
warned about any extraneous files in the destination without
removing any of them. Older clients interpreted this as "unlim-
ited", so if you don't know what version the client is, you can
use the less obvious --max-delete=-1 as a backward-compatible
way to specify that no deletions be allowed (though older ver-
sions didn't warn when the limit was exceeded).
--max-size=SIZE
This tells rsync to avoid transferring any file that is larger
than the specified SIZE. The SIZE value can be suffixed with a
string to indicate a size multiplier, and may be a fractional
value (e.g. "--max-size=1.5m").
The suffixes are as follows: "K" (or "KiB") is a kibibyte
(1024), "M" (or "MiB") is a mebibyte (1024*1024), and "G" (or
"GiB") is a gibibyte (1024*1024*1024). If you want the multi-
plier to be 1000 instead of 1024, use "KB", "MB", or "GB".
(Note: lower-case is also accepted for all values.) Finally, if
the suffix ends in either "+1" or "-1", the value will be offset
by one byte in the indicated direction.
Examples: --max-size=1.5mb-1 is 1499999 bytes, and
--max-size=2g+1 is 2147483649 bytes.
--min-size=SIZE
This tells rsync to avoid transferring any file that is smaller
than the specified SIZE, which can help in not transferring
small, junk files. See the --max-size option for a description
of SIZE.
-B, --block-size=BLOCKSIZE
This forces the block size used in rsync's delta-transfer algo-
rithm to a fixed value. It is normally selected based on the
size of each file being updated. See the technical report for
details.
-e, --rsh=COMMAND
This option allows you to choose an alternative remote shell
program to use for communication between the local and remote
copies of rsync. Typically, rsync is configured to use ssh by
default, but you may prefer to use rsh on a local network.
If this option is used with [user@]host::module/path, then the
remote shell COMMAND will be used to run an rsync daemon on the
remote host, and all data will be transmitted through that
remote shell connection, rather than through a direct socket
connection to a running rsync daemon on the remote host. See
the section "USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CON-
NECTION" above.
Command-line arguments are permitted in COMMAND provided that
COMMAND is presented to rsync as a single argument. You must
use spaces (not tabs or other whitespace) to separate the com-
mand and args from each other, and you can use single- and/or
double-quotes to preserve spaces in an argument (but not back-
slashes). Note that doubling a single-quote inside a single-
quoted string gives you a single-quote; likewise for double-
quotes (though you need to pay attention to which quotes your
shell is parsing and which quotes rsync is parsing). Some exam-
ples:
-e 'ssh -p 2234'
-e 'ssh -o "ProxyCommand nohup ssh firewall nc -w1 %h %p"'
(Note that ssh users can alternately customize site-specific
connect options in their .ssh/config file.)
You can also choose the remote shell program using the RSYNC_RSH
environment variable, which accepts the same range of values as
-e.
See also the --blocking-io option which is affected by this
option.
--rsync-path=PROGRAM
Use this to specify what program is to be run on the remote
machine to start-up rsync. Often used when rsync is not in the
default remote-shell's path (e.g.
--rsync-path=/usr/local/bin/rsync). Note that PROGRAM is run
with the help of a shell, so it can be any program, script, or
command sequence you'd care to run, so long as it does not cor-
rupt the standard-in & standard-out that rsync is using to com-
municate.
One tricky example is to set a different default directory on
the remote machine for use with the --relative option. For
instance:
rsync -avR --rsync-path="cd /a/b && rsync" host:c/d /e/
-C, --cvs-exclude
This is a useful shorthand for excluding a broad range of files
that you often don't want to transfer between systems. It uses a
similar algorithm to CVS to determine if a file should be
ignored.
The exclude list is initialized to exclude the following items
(these initial items are marked as perishable -- see the FILTER
RULES section):
RCS SCCS CVS CVS.adm RCSLOG cvslog.* tags TAGS
.make.state .nse_depinfo *~ #* .#* ,* _$* *$ *.old *.bak
*.BAK *.orig *.rej .del-* *.a *.olb *.o *.obj *.so *.exe
*.Z *.elc *.ln core .svn/ .git/ .bzr/
then, files listed in a $HOME/.cvsignore are added to the list
and any files listed in the CVSIGNORE environment variable (all
cvsignore names are delimited by whitespace).
Finally, any file is ignored if it is in the same directory as a
.cvsignore file and matches one of the patterns listed therein.
Unlike rsync's filter/exclude files, these patterns are split on
whitespace. See the cvs(1) manual for more information.
If you're combining -C with your own --filter rules, you should
note that these CVS excludes are appended at the end of your own
rules, regardless of where the -C was placed on the command-
line. This makes them a lower priority than any rules you spec-
ified explicitly. If you want to control where these CVS
excludes get inserted into your filter rules, you should omit
the -C as a command-line option and use a combination of --fil-
ter=:C and --filter=-C (either on your command-line or by
putting the ":C" and "-C" rules into a filter file with your
other rules). The first option turns on the per-directory scan-
ning for the .cvsignore file. The second option does a one-time
import of the CVS excludes mentioned above.
-f, --filter=RULE
This option allows you to add rules to selectively exclude cer-
tain files from the list of files to be transferred. This is
most useful in combination with a recursive transfer.
You may use as many --filter options on the command line as you
like to build up the list of files to exclude. If the filter
contains whitespace, be sure to quote it so that the shell gives
the rule to rsync as a single argument. The text below also
mentions that you can use an underscore to replace the space
that separates a rule from its arg.
See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on this
option.
-F The -F option is a shorthand for adding two --filter rules to
your command. The first time it is used is a shorthand for this
rule:
--filter='dir-merge /.rsync-filter'
This tells rsync to look for per-directory .rsync-filter files
that have been sprinkled through the hierarchy and use their
rules to filter the files in the transfer. If -F is repeated,
it is a shorthand for this rule:
--filter='exclude .rsync-filter'
This filters out the .rsync-filter files themselves from the
transfer.
See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on how
these options work.
--exclude=PATTERN
This option is a simplified form of the --filter option that
defaults to an exclude rule and does not allow the full rule-
parsing syntax of normal filter rules.
See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on this
option.
--exclude-from=FILE
This option is related to the --exclude option, but it specifies
a FILE that contains exclude patterns (one per line). Blank
lines in the file and lines starting with `;' or `#' are
ignored. If FILE is -, the list will be read from standard
input.
--include=PATTERN
This option is a simplified form of the --filter option that
defaults to an include rule and does not allow the full rule-
parsing syntax of normal filter rules.
See the FILTER RULES section for detailed information on this
option.
--include-from=FILE
This option is related to the --include option, but it specifies
a FILE that contains include patterns (one per line). Blank
lines in the file and lines starting with `;' or `#' are
ignored. If FILE is -, the list will be read from standard
input.
--files-from=FILE
Using this option allows you to specify the exact list of files
to transfer (as read from the specified FILE or - for standard
input). It also tweaks the default behavior of rsync to make
transferring just the specified files and directories easier:
o The --relative (-R) option is implied, which preserves
the path information that is specified for each item in
the file (use --no-relative or --no-R if you want to turn
that off).
o The --dirs (-d) option is implied, which will create
directories specified in the list on the destination
rather than noisily skipping them (use --no-dirs or
--no-d if you want to turn that off).
o The --archive (-a) option's behavior does not imply
--recursive (-r), so specify it explicitly, if you want
it.
o These side-effects change the default state of rsync, so
the position of the --files-from option on the command-
line has no bearing on how other options are parsed (e.g.
-a works the same before or after --files-from, as does
--no-R and all other options).
The filenames that are read from the FILE are all relative to
the source dir -- any leading slashes are removed and no ".."
references are allowed to go higher than the source dir. For
example, take this command:
rsync -a --files-from=/tmp/foo /usr remote:/backup
If /tmp/foo contains the string "bin" (or even "/bin"), the
/usr/bin directory will be created as /backup/bin on the remote
host. If it contains "bin/" (note the trailing slash), the
immediate contents of the directory would also be sent (without
needing to be explicitly mentioned in the file -- this began in
version 2.6.4). In both cases, if the -r option was enabled,
that dir's entire hierarchy would also be transferred (keep in
mind that -r needs to be specified explicitly with --files-from,
since it is not implied by -a). Also note that the effect of
the (enabled by default) --relative option is to duplicate only
the path info that is read from the file -- it does not force
the duplication of the source-spec path (/usr in this case).
In addition, the --files-from file can be read from the remote
host instead of the local host if you specify a "host:" in front
of the file (the host must match one end of the transfer). As a
short-cut, you can specify just a prefix of ":" to mean "use the
remote end of the transfer". For example:
rsync -a --files-from=:/path/file-list src:/ /tmp/copy
This would copy all the files specified in the /path/file-list
file that was located on the remote "src" host.
-0, --from0
This tells rsync that the rules/filenames it reads from a file
are terminated by a null ('\0') character, not a NL, CR, or
CR+LF. This affects --exclude-from, --include-from,
--files-from, and any merged files specified in a --filter rule.
It does not affect --cvs-exclude (since all names read from a
.cvsignore file are split on whitespace).
If the --iconv and --protect-args options are specified and the
--files-from filenames are being sent from one host to another,
the filenames will be translated from the sending host's charset
to the receiving host's charset.
-s, --protect-args
This option sends all filenames and some options to the remote
rsync without allowing the remote shell to interpret them. This
means that spaces are not split in names, and any non-wildcard
special characters are not translated (such as ~, $, ;, &,
etc.). Wildcards are expanded on the remote host by rsync
(instead of the shell doing it).
If you use this option with --iconv, the args will also be
translated from the local to the remote character-set. The
translation happens before wild-cards are expanded. See also
the --files-from option.
-T, --temp-dir=DIR
This option instructs rsync to use DIR as a scratch directory
when creating temporary copies of the files transferred on the
receiving side. The default behavior is to create each tempo-
rary file in the same directory as the associated destination
file.
This option is most often used when the receiving disk partition
does not have enough free space to hold a copy of the largest
file in the transfer. In this case (i.e. when the scratch
directory is on a different disk partition), rsync will not be
able to rename each received temporary file over the top of the
associated destination file, but instead must copy it into
place. Rsync does this by copying the file over the top of the
destination file, which means that the destination file will
contain truncated data during this copy. If this were not done
this way (even if the destination file were first removed, the
data locally copied to a temporary file in the destination
directory, and then renamed into place) it would be possible for
the old file to continue taking up disk space (if someone had it
open), and thus there might not be enough room to fit the new
version on the disk at the same time.
If you are using this option for reasons other than a shortage
of disk space, you may wish to combine it with the
--delay-updates option, which will ensure that all copied files
get put into subdirectories in the destination hierarchy, await-
ing the end of the transfer. If you don't have enough room to
duplicate all the arriving files on the destination partition,
another way to tell rsync that you aren't overly concerned about
disk space is to use the --partial-dir option with a relative
path; because this tells rsync that it is OK to stash off a copy
of a single file in a subdir in the destination hierarchy, rsync
will use the partial-dir as a staging area to bring over the
copied file, and then rename it into place from there. (Specify-
ing a --partial-dir with an absolute path does not have this
side-effect.)
-y, --fuzzy
This option tells rsync that it should look for a basis file for
any destination file that is missing. The current algorithm
looks in the same directory as the destination file for either a
file that has an identical size and modified-time, or a simi-
larly-named file. If found, rsync uses the fuzzy basis file to
try to speed up the transfer.
Note that the use of the --delete option might get rid of any
potential fuzzy-match files, so either use --delete-after or
specify some filename exclusions if you need to prevent this.
--compare-dest=DIR
This option instructs rsync to use DIR on the destination
machine as an additional hierarchy to compare destination files
against doing transfers (if the files are missing in the desti-
nation directory). If a file is found in DIR that is identical
to the sender's file, the file will NOT be transferred to the
destination directory. This is useful for creating a sparse
backup of just files that have changed from an earlier backup.
Beginning in version 2.6.4, multiple --compare-dest directories
may be provided, which will cause rsync to search the list in
the order specified for an exact match. If a match is found
that differs only in attributes, a local copy is made and the
attributes updated. If a match is not found, a basis file from
one of the DIRs will be selected to try to speed up the trans-
fer.
If DIR is a relative path, it is relative to the destination
directory. See also --copy-dest and --link-dest.
--copy-dest=DIR
This option behaves like --compare-dest, but rsync will also
copy unchanged files found in DIR to the destination directory
using a local copy. This is useful for doing transfers to a new
destination while leaving existing files intact, and then doing
a flash-cutover when all files have been successfully trans-
ferred.
Multiple --copy-dest directories may be provided, which will
cause rsync to search the list in the order specified for an
unchanged file. If a match is not found, a basis file from one
of the DIRs will be selected to try to speed up the transfer.
If DIR is a relative path, it is relative to the destination
directory. See also --compare-dest and --link-dest.
--link-dest=DIR
This option behaves like --copy-dest, but unchanged files are
hard linked from DIR to the destination directory. The files
must be identical in all preserved attributes (e.g. permissions,
possibly ownership) in order for the files to be linked
together. An example:
rsync -av --link-dest=$PWD/prior_dir host:src_dir/ new_dir/
Beginning in version 2.6.4, multiple --link-dest directories may
be provided, which will cause rsync to search the list in the
order specified for an exact match. If a match is found that
differs only in attributes, a local copy is made and the
attributes updated. If a match is not found, a basis file from
one of the DIRs will be selected to try to speed up the trans-
fer.
This option works best when copying into an empty destination
hierarchy, as rsync treats existing files as definitive (so it
never looks in the link-dest dirs when a destination file
already exists), and as malleable (so it might change the
attributes of a destination file, which affects all the hard-
linked versions).
Note that if you combine this option with --ignore-times, rsync
will not link any files together because it only links identical
files together as a substitute for transferring the file, never
as an additional check after the file is updated.
If DIR is a relative path, it is relative to the destination
directory. See also --compare-dest and --copy-dest.
Note that rsync versions prior to 2.6.1 had a bug that could
prevent --link-dest from working properly for a non-super-user
when -o was specified (or implied by -a). You can work-around
this bug by avoiding the -o option when sending to an old rsync.
-z, --compress
With this option, rsync compresses the file data as it is sent
to the destination machine, which reduces the amount of data
being transmitted -- something that is useful over a slow con-
nection.
Note that this option typically achieves better compression
ratios than can be achieved by using a compressing remote shell
or a compressing transport because it takes advantage of the
implicit information in the matching data blocks that are not
explicitly sent over the connection.
See the --skip-compress option for the default list of file suf-
fixes that will not be compressed.
--compress-level=NUM
Explicitly set the compression level to use (see --compress)
instead of letting it default. If NUM is non-zero, the --com-
press option is implied.
--skip-compress=LIST
Override the list of file suffixes that will not be compressed.
The LIST should be one or more file suffixes (without the dot)
separated by slashes (/).
You may specify an empty string to indicate that no file should
be skipped.
Simple character-class matching is supported: each must consist
of a list of letters inside the square brackets (e.g. no special
classes, such as "[:alpha:]", are supported).
The characters asterisk (*) and question-mark (?) have no spe-
cial meaning.
Here's an example that specifies 6 suffixes to skip (since 1 of
the 5 rules matches 2 suffixes):
--skip-compress=gz/jpg/mp[34]/7z/bz2
The default list of suffixes that will not be compressed is this
(several of these are newly added for 3.0.0):
gz/zip/z/rpm/deb/iso/bz2/t[gb]z/7z/mp[34]/mov/avi/ogg/jpg/jpeg
This list will be replaced by your --skip-compress list in all
but one situation: a copy from a daemon rsync will add your
skipped suffixes to its list of non-compressing files (and its
list may be configured to a different default).
--numeric-ids
With this option rsync will transfer numeric group and user IDs
rather than using user and group names and mapping them at both
ends.
By default rsync will use the username and groupname to deter-
mine what ownership to give files. The special uid 0 and the
special group 0 are never mapped via user/group names even if
the --numeric-ids option is not specified.
If a user or group has no name on the source system or it has no
match on the destination system, then the numeric ID from the
source system is used instead. See also the comments on the
"use chroot" setting in the rsyncd.conf manpage for information
on how the chroot setting affects rsync's ability to look up the
names of the users and groups and what you can do about it.
--timeout=TIMEOUT
This option allows you to set a maximum I/O timeout in seconds.
If no data is transferred for the specified time then rsync will
exit. The default is 0, which means no timeout.
--contimeout
This option allows you to set the amount of time that rsync will
wait for its connection to an rsync daemon to succeed. If the
timeout is reached, rsync exits with an error.
--address
By default rsync will bind to the wildcard address when connect-
ing to an rsync daemon. The --address option allows you to
specify a specific IP address (or hostname) to bind to. See
also this option in the --daemon mode section.
--port=PORT
This specifies an alternate TCP port number to use rather than
the default of 873. This is only needed if you are using the
double-colon (::) syntax to connect with an rsync daemon (since
the URL syntax has a way to specify the port as a part of the
URL). See also this option in the --daemon mode section.
--sockopts
This option can provide endless fun for people who like to tune
their systems to the utmost degree. You can set all sorts of
socket options which may make transfers faster (or slower!).
Read the man page for the setsockopt() system call for details
on some of the options you may be able to set. By default no
special socket options are set. This only affects direct socket
connections to a remote rsync daemon. This option also exists
in the --daemon mode section.
--blocking-io
This tells rsync to use blocking I/O when launching a remote
shell transport. If the remote shell is either rsh or remsh,
rsync defaults to using blocking I/O, otherwise it defaults to
using non-blocking I/O. (Note that ssh prefers non-blocking
I/O.)
-i, --itemize-changes
Requests a simple itemized list of the changes that are being
made to each file, including attribute changes. This is exactly
the same as specifying --out-format='%i %n%L'. If you repeat
the option, unchanged files will also be output, but only if the
receiving rsync is at least version 2.6.7 (you can use -vv with
older versions of rsync, but that also turns on the output of
other verbose messages).
The "%i" escape has a cryptic output that is 11 letters long.
The general format is like the string YXcstpoguax, where Y is
replaced by the type of update being done, X is replaced by the
file-type, and the other letters represent attributes that may
be output if they are being modified.
The update types that replace the Y are as follows:
o A < means that a file is being transferred to the remote
host (sent).
o A > means that a file is being transferred to the local
host (received).
o A c means that a local change/creation is occurring for
the item (such as the creation of a directory or the
changing of a symlink, etc.).
o A h means that the item is a hard link to another item
(requires --hard-links).
o A . means that the item is not being updated (though it
might have attributes that are being modified).
o A * means that the rest of the itemized-output area con-
tains a message (e.g. "deleting").
The file-types that replace the X are: f for a file, a d for a
directory, an L for a symlink, a D for a device, and a S for a
special file (e.g. named sockets and fifos).
The other letters in the string above are the actual letters
that will be output if the associated attribute for the item is
being updated or a "." for no change. Three exceptions to this
are: (1) a newly created item replaces each letter with a "+",
(2) an identical item replaces the dots with spaces, and (3) an
unknown attribute replaces each letter with a "?" (this can hap-
pen when talking to an older rsync).
The attribute that is associated with each letter is as follows:
o A c means either that a regular file has a different
checksum (requires --checksum) or that a symlink, device,
or special file has a changed value. Note that if you
are sending files to an rsync prior to 3.0.1, this change
flag will be present only for checksum-differing regular
files.
o A s means the size of a regular file is different and
will be updated by the file transfer.
o A t means the modification time is different and is being
updated to the sender's value (requires --times). An
alternate value of T means that the modification time
will be set to the transfer time, which happens when a
file/symlink/device is updated without --times and when a
symlink is changed and the receiver can't set its time.
(Note: when using an rsync 3.0.0 client, you might see
the s flag combined with t instead of the proper T flag
for this time-setting failure.)
o A p means the permissions are different and are being
updated to the sender's value (requires --perms).
o An o means the owner is different and is being updated to
the sender's value (requires --owner and super-user priv-
ileges).
o A g means the group is different and is being updated to
the sender's value (requires --group and the authority to
set the group).
o The u slot is reserved for future use.
o The a means that the ACL information changed.
o The x means that the extended attribute information
changed.
One other output is possible: when deleting files, the "%i"
will output the string "*deleting" for each item that is being
removed (assuming that you are talking to a recent enough rsync
that it logs deletions instead of outputting them as a verbose
message).
--out-format=FORMAT
This allows you to specify exactly what the rsync client outputs
to the user on a per-update basis. The format is a text string
containing embedded single-character escape sequences prefixed
with a percent (%) character. For a list of the possible escape
characters, see the "log format" setting in the rsyncd.conf man-
page.
Specifying this option will mention each file, dir, etc. that
gets updated in a significant way (a transferred file, a recre-
ated symlink/device, or a touched directory). In addition, if
the itemize-changes escape (%i) is included in the string, the
logging of names increases to mention any item that is changed
in any way (as long as the receiving side is at least 2.6.4).
See the --itemize-changes option for a description of the output
of "%i".
The --verbose option implies a format of "%n%L", but you can use
--out-format without --verbose if you like, or you can override
the format of its per-file output using this option.
Rsync will output the out-format string prior to a file's trans-
fer unless one of the transfer-statistic escapes is requested,
in which case the logging is done at the end of the file's
transfer. When this late logging is in effect and --progress is
also specified, rsync will also output the name of the file
being transferred prior to its progress information (followed,
of course, by the out-format output).
--log-file=FILE
This option causes rsync to log what it is doing to a file.
This is similar to the logging that a daemon does, but can be
requested for the client side and/or the server side of a non-
daemon transfer. If specified as a client option, transfer log-
ging will be enabled with a default format of "%i %n%L". See
the --log-file-format option if you wish to override this.
Here's a example command that requests the remote side to log
what is happening:
rsync -av --rsync-path="rsync --log-file=/tmp/rlog" src/ dest/
This is very useful if you need to debug why a connection is
closing unexpectedly.
--log-file-format=FORMAT
This allows you to specify exactly what per-update logging is
put into the file specified by the --log-file option (which must
also be specified for this option to have any effect). If you
specify an empty string, updated files will not be mentioned in
the log file. For a list of the possible escape characters, see
the "log format" setting in the rsyncd.conf manpage.
--stats
This tells rsync to print a verbose set of statistics on the
file transfer, allowing you to tell how effective rsync's delta-
transfer algorithm is for your data.
The current statistics are as follows:
o Number of files is the count of all "files" (in the
generic sense), which includes directories, symlinks,
etc.
o Number of files transferred is the count of normal files
that were updated via rsync's delta-transfer algorithm,
which does not include created dirs, symlinks, etc.
o Total file size is the total sum of all file sizes in the
transfer. This does not count any size for directories
or special files, but does include the size of symlinks.
o Total transferred file size is the total sum of all files
sizes for just the transferred files.
o Literal data is how much unmatched file-update data we
had to send to the receiver for it to recreate the
updated files.
o Matched data is how much data the receiver got locally
when recreating the updated files.
o File list size is how big the file-list data was when the
sender sent it to the receiver. This is smaller than the
in-memory size for the file list due to some compressing
of duplicated data when rsync sends the list.
o File list generation time is the number of seconds that
the sender spent creating the file list. This requires a
modern rsync on the sending side for this to be present.
o File list transfer time is the number of seconds that the
sender spent sending the file list to the receiver.
o Total bytes sent is the count of all the bytes that rsync
sent from the client side to the server side.
o Total bytes received is the count of all non-message
bytes that rsync received by the client side from the
server side. "Non-message" bytes means that we don't
count the bytes for a verbose message that the server
sent to us, which makes the stats more consistent.
-8, --8-bit-output
This tells rsync to leave all high-bit characters unescaped in
the output instead of